Ruwa na kasa
 Ruwa na kasa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
land waters (en)  da raw water (en) |
| Ta biyo baya | Ruwa na sama |
| Kyauta ta samu |
Q1520885 |
| Karatun ta |
hydrogeology (en) |
| Hannun riga da | Ruwa na sama |
.PNG)
ruwa mai zurfi shine ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma cikin duwatsu. Kimanin kashi 30 cikin dari na duk ruwan da ake samu a duniya shine ruwan kasa.[1] Ana kiran wani dutse ko ajiyar da ba a haɗa shi ba a lokacin da zai iya samar da ruwa mai yawa. Rashin zurfin da sararin ƙasa ko karyewa da kuma ramuka a cikin dutse ya cika da ruwa ana kiransa teburin ruwa. Ana sake caji ruwan kasa daga farfajiya; yana iya fitowa daga farfajiyar halitta a maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ruwa, kuma yana iya samar da oasis ko wetlands. Ana kuma janye ruwan kasa sau da yawa don aikin gona, birni, da amfani da masana'antu ta hanyar gina da aiki da rijiyoyi cirewa. Nazarin rarraba da motsi na ruwan kasa shine hydrogeology, wanda kuma ake kira hydrology na ruwa.
Yawanci, ana tunanin ruwan kasa a matsayin ruwa da ke gudana ta cikin ruwa mai zurfi, amma, a cikin ma'anar fasaha, yana iya ƙunsar danshi na ƙasa, permafrost (ƙasa mai daskarewa), ruwa marar motsi a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙwayoyin ruwa, da zurfin geothermal ko ruwa mai. Ana zaton ruwan kasa don samar da man fetur wanda zai iya rinjayar motsi na kuskuren. Wataƙila yawancin ƙasa na Duniya sun ƙunshi wasu ruwa, wanda za'a iya haɗa shi da wasu ruwa a wasu lokuta.
Ruwan ƙasa sau da yawa ya fi rahusa, ya fi dacewa kuma ba shi da haɗari ga gurɓataccen ruwa fiye da Ruwa na sama. Sabili da haka, ana amfani dashi don samar da ruwan sha na jama'a. Misali, ruwan kasa yana samar da mafi girman tushen ajiyar ruwa mai amfani a Amurka, kuma California a kowace shekara tana janye mafi yawan ruwan kasa na dukkan jihohin.[2] Rashin ruwa na karkashin kasa yana dauke da ruwa da yawa fiye da ƙarfin duk tafkuna da tabkuna a Amurka, gami da Great Lakes. Yawancin samar da ruwa na birni ana samun su ne kawai daga ruwan kasa.[3] Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 sun dogara da shi a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko a duk duniya.[4]
Amfani da ruwa na karkashin kasa na mutum yana haifar da matsalolin muhalli. Misali, ruwan da aka gurɓata ba shi da ganuwa kuma yana da wuyar tsaftacewa fiye da gurɓataccen koguna da tabkuna. Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa mafi yawa yakan haifar da zubar da sharar gida a ƙasa. Manyan tushe sun haɗa da masana'antu da na gida da wuraren zubar da shara, taki mai da yawa da magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi amfani da su a aikin gona, tafkunan sharar masana'antu, tarkace da aiwatar da Ruwa mai guba daga ma'adinai, fashewa masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan kasa yana iya shiga Ruwan gishiri a yankunan bakin teku kuma yana iya haifar da raguwar ƙasa lokacin da aka cire shi ba tare da dorewa ba, wanda ke haifar da nutsewar birane (kamar Bangkok) da asarar tsawo (kamar mita da yawa da suka ɓace a cikin kwarin tsakiya na California). Wadannan batutuwan sun zama masu rikitarwa ta hanyar hauhawar matakin teku da sauran tasirin canjin yanayi, musamman wadanda ke kan sake zagayowar ruwa. Ƙarƙashin axial na duniya ya canza inci 31 saboda famfo na ruwa na ƙasa.[5][6][7]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "What is Groundwater? | International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre". www.un-igrac.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-14.
- ↑ National Geographic Almanac of Geography, 2005, ISBN 0-7922-3877-X, p. 148.
- ↑ "What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?". The USGS Water Science School. United States Geological Survey. 23 May 2013. Retrieved 21 Jan 2014.
- ↑ Famiglietti, J. S. (November 2014). "The global groundwater crisis". Nature Climate Change (in Turanci). 4 (11): 945–948. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4..945F. doi:10.1038/nclimate2425. ISSN 1758-6798. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ↑ Weisberger, Mindy (2023-06-26). "Humans pump so much groundwater that Earth's axis has shifted, study finds". CNN (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ↑ Castelvecchi, Davide (2023). "Rampant Groundwater Pumping Has Changed the Tilt of Earth's Axis". Nature (in Turanci). doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01993-z. PMID 37328564 Check
|pmid=value (help). S2CID 259183868 Check|s2cid=value (help). Retrieved 2023-08-15. - ↑ "Humans Have Shifted Earth's Axis by Pumping Lots of Groundwater". Smithsonian Magazine (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-15.
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Ofishin Ruwa na USGS
- IAH, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Hydrogeologists
- Tsarin Shirin Ruwa na Duniya don ilimin ruwa na ƙasa
- UGPRO 7 shekaru bincike a kan "Hotuna na Ruwa na Ruwa ga Talakawa" (2013-2020)