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Ruwa na kasa

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Ruwa na kasa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naland waters (en) Fassara da raw water (en) Fassara
Ta biyo bayaRuwa na sama
Kyauta ta samuQ1520885 Fassara
Karatun tahydrogeology (en) Fassara
Hannun riga daRuwa na sama
Hoton da ke nuna ruwan kasa a cikin ruwa (a cikin shuɗi) (1, 5 da 6) a ƙasa da teburin ruwa (4), da rijiyoyi daban-daban guda uku (7, 8 da 9) da aka haƙa don isa gare shi.

ruwa mai zurfi shine ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma cikin duwatsu. Kimanin kashi 30 cikin dari na duk ruwan da ake samu a duniya shine ruwan kasa.[1] Ana kiran wani dutse ko ajiyar da ba a haɗa shi ba a lokacin da zai iya samar da ruwa mai yawa. Rashin zurfin da sararin ƙasa ko karyewa da kuma ramuka a cikin dutse ya cika da ruwa ana kiransa teburin ruwa. Ana sake caji ruwan kasa daga farfajiya; yana iya fitowa daga farfajiyar halitta a maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ruwa, kuma yana iya samar da oasis ko wetlands. Ana kuma janye ruwan kasa sau da yawa don aikin gona, birni, da amfani da masana'antu ta hanyar gina da aiki da rijiyoyi cirewa. Nazarin rarraba da motsi na ruwan kasa shine hydrogeology, wanda kuma ake kira hydrology na ruwa.

Yawanci, ana tunanin ruwan kasa a matsayin ruwa da ke gudana ta cikin ruwa mai zurfi, amma, a cikin ma'anar fasaha, yana iya ƙunsar danshi na ƙasa, permafrost (ƙasa mai daskarewa), ruwa marar motsi a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙwayoyin ruwa, da zurfin geothermal ko ruwa mai. Ana zaton ruwan kasa don samar da man fetur wanda zai iya rinjayar motsi na kuskuren. Wataƙila yawancin ƙasa na Duniya sun ƙunshi wasu ruwa, wanda za'a iya haɗa shi da wasu ruwa a wasu lokuta.

Ruwan ƙasa sau da yawa ya fi rahusa, ya fi dacewa kuma ba shi da haɗari ga gurɓataccen ruwa fiye da Ruwa na sama. Sabili da haka, ana amfani dashi don samar da ruwan sha na jama'a. Misali, ruwan kasa yana samar da mafi girman tushen ajiyar ruwa mai amfani a Amurka, kuma California a kowace shekara tana janye mafi yawan ruwan kasa na dukkan jihohin.[2] Rashin ruwa na karkashin kasa yana dauke da ruwa da yawa fiye da ƙarfin duk tafkuna da tabkuna a Amurka, gami da Great Lakes. Yawancin samar da ruwa na birni ana samun su ne kawai daga ruwan kasa.[3] Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 sun dogara da shi a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko a duk duniya.[4]

Amfani da ruwa na karkashin kasa na mutum yana haifar da matsalolin muhalli. Misali, ruwan da aka gurɓata ba shi da ganuwa kuma yana da wuyar tsaftacewa fiye da gurɓataccen koguna da tabkuna. Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa mafi yawa yakan haifar da zubar da sharar gida a ƙasa. Manyan tushe sun haɗa da masana'antu da na gida da wuraren zubar da shara, taki mai da yawa da magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi amfani da su a aikin gona, tafkunan sharar masana'antu, tarkace da aiwatar da Ruwa mai guba daga ma'adinai, fashewa masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan kasa yana iya shiga Ruwan gishiri a yankunan bakin teku kuma yana iya haifar da raguwar ƙasa lokacin da aka cire shi ba tare da dorewa ba, wanda ke haifar da nutsewar birane (kamar Bangkok) da asarar tsawo (kamar mita da yawa da suka ɓace a cikin kwarin tsakiya na California). Wadannan batutuwan sun zama masu rikitarwa ta hanyar hauhawar matakin teku da sauran tasirin canjin yanayi, musamman wadanda ke kan sake zagayowar ruwa. Ƙarƙashin axial na duniya ya canza inci 31 saboda famfo na ruwa na ƙasa.[5][6][7]

Ma’ana

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Ruwan ƙasa shi ne ruwan sha da ke cikin ƙasa a cikin sararin da ke tsakanin ƙwayoyin ƙasa da duwatsu. Hakanan yana nufin ruwan da ke gudana a cikin matattarar ruwa a ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa. Wani lokaci yana da amfani a bambanta tsakanin ruwan ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da ruwan saman ƙasa, da kuma ruwan ƙasa mai zurfi a cikin matattarar ruwa (wanda ake kira "ruwan fossil" idan ya shiga ƙasa shekaru dubban da suka gabata[8]).

Rawar da yake takawa a zagayowar ruwa

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Samfuri:Further File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|Daidaici na ruwa File:Shipot.jpg|thumb|Dzherelo, tushen ruwan sha na kowa a ƙauyen Ukraine

Ruwan ƙasa ana iya ɗauka daidai da ruwan saman ƙasa: shigarwa, fitarwa da ajiya. Shigarwar halitta zuwa ruwan ƙasa shi ne shiga daga ruwan saman ƙasa, wanda dole ne ya ratsa ƙasa har ya isa ruwan ƙasa. Fitarwar halitta daga ruwan ƙasa su ne ruwan famfo da zubewa zuwa teku.[9] Ajiya na ruwan ƙasa na iya zama babba sosai idan aka kwatanta da shigarwa fiye da ruwan saman ƙasa, kuma yana da jinkirin sauyawa, duk da haka wannan ya dogara da siffofin matattarar ruwa.[10] Wannan bambanci yana sa mutane su iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa ba tare da daidaito ba na dogon lokaci ba tare da sakamako mai tsanani ba. Duk da haka, a tsawon lokaci, matsakaicin ƙimar shiga daga saman ruwan ƙasa tare da shigarwar daga rafuka shi ne iyakar matsakaicin amfani da ruwa daga wannan tushe.[11][12]

Ruwan ƙasa yana sabuntawa ta hanyar ruwan saman ƙasa daga ruwan sama, rafuka, da koguna idan wannan sabuntawa ta kai teburin ruwa.[13]

Ruwan ƙasa na iya zama dogon lokaci a matsayin "ajiyar ruwa" na zagayowar ruwa na halitta (tare da tsawon zama daga kwanaki zuwa dubban shekaru),[14][15] sabanin ajiyar ruwa na gajeren lokaci kamar yanayi da ruwan saman ƙasa (wanda ke da tsawon zama daga mintuna zuwa shekaru). Ruwan ƙasa mai zurfi (wanda yake nesa da sabuntawar saman ƙasa) na iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya kammala zagayowarsa ta halitta.

Babban Basin na Artesian a tsakiyar da gabashin Australia yana daya daga cikin manyan tsarin matattarar ruwa da aka kulle a duniya, yana shimfiɗa kusan kilomita murabba’i miliyan 2. Ta hanyar nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan da aka samo daga ƙasa mai zurfi, masu nazarin ruwan ƙasa sun gano cewa ruwan da aka fitar daga waɗannan matattarar ruwa na iya zama fiye da shekaru miliyan 1.

Ta hanyar kwatanta shekarun ruwan ƙasa da aka samo daga sassa daban-daban na Babban Basin na Artesian, masu nazarin ruwan ƙasa sun gano cewa yana ƙaruwa da shekaru a fadin Basin. Inda ruwan ke sabuntawa a matattarar ruwa a gefen Eastern Divide, shekarun suna da sabo. Yayin da ruwan ƙasa ke gudana zuwa yamma a fadin nahiyar, yana ƙaruwa da shekaru, inda tsohon ruwan ƙasa yake a sassan yamma. Wannan yana nufin cewa don ya yi tafiya kusan kilomita 1000 daga tushen sabuntawa cikin shekaru mili

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "What is Groundwater? | International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre". www.un-igrac.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  2. ↑ National Geographic Almanac of Geography, 2005, ISBN 0-7922-3877-X, p. 148.
  3. ↑ "What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?". The USGS Water Science School. United States Geological Survey. 23 May 2013. Retrieved 21 Jan 2014.
  4. ↑ Famiglietti, J. S. (November 2014). "The global groundwater crisis". Nature Climate Change (in Turanci). 4 (11): 945–948. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4..945F. doi:10.1038/nclimate2425. ISSN 1758-6798. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  5. ↑ Weisberger, Mindy (2023-06-26). "Humans pump so much groundwater that Earth's axis has shifted, study finds". CNN (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  6. ↑ Castelvecchi, Davide (2023). "Rampant Groundwater Pumping Has Changed the Tilt of Earth's Axis". Nature (in Turanci). doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01993-z. PMID 37328564 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 259183868 Check |s2cid= value (help). Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  7. ↑ "Humans Have Shifted Earth's Axis by Pumping Lots of Groundwater". Smithsonian Magazine (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  8. ↑ "Non-renewable groundwater resources: a guidebook on socially-sustainable management for water-policy makers; 2006". unesco.org. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  9. ↑ "Simplified hydrologic cycle". National Weather Service Morristown. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  10. ↑ Water Science School (8 June 2019). "Infiltration and the Water Cycle". U.S. Geological Survey. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  11. ↑ Water Science School (16 October 2019). "Aquifers and Streams". U.S. Geological Survey. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  12. ↑ Water Science School (6 June 2018). "Rivers Contain Groundwater". U.S. Geological Survey. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. ↑ United States Department of the Interior (1977). Ground Water Manual (First ed.). United States Government Printing Office. p. 4.
  14. ↑ Bethke, Craig M.; Johnson, Thomas M. (May 2008). "Groundwater Age and Groundwater Age Dating". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 36 (1): 121–152.
  15. ↑ Gleeson, Tom; Befus, Kevin M.; Jasechko, Scott; Luijendijk, Elco; Cardenas, M. Bayani (February 2016). "The global volume and distribution of modern groundwater". Nature Geoscience. 9 (2): 161–167.

Haɗin waje

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