Ruwa na sama
 Ruwa na sama | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
ruwa, geographical feature (en)  da raw water (en) |
| Mabiyi | Ruwa na kasa |
| Ta biyo baya |
evaporated water (en) |
| Hannun riga da | Ruwa na kasa |
ruwa na sama ruwa ne da ke saukowa daga sama i zuwa kasa, yana samar da ruwa na ƙasa a kowane bangare, kuma ana iya kiransa ruwa mai tsarki, don babu gishiri ko dan dan danon gishiri a cikin shi.
Yawancin ruwan sama ana samar da shi ta hanyar hazo. Yayin da yanayi ya yi zafi a cikin bazara, dusar ƙanƙara tana gudana zuwa koguna da koguna da ke kusa da su suna ba da gudummawa ga babban ɓangaren ruwan sha na mutum. Matsayin ruwa na sama yana raguwa sakamakon evaporation da kuma ruwa yana motsawa cikin ƙasa ya zama Ruwa na ƙasa. Baya ga amfani da shi don ruwan sha, ana amfani da ruwa na sama don ban ruwa, Maganin ruwa mai guba, dabbobi, amfani da masana'antu, wutar lantarki, da kuma nishaɗi.[1] Ga rahotanni na amfani da ruwa na USGS, ana ɗaukar Ruwa mai laushi lokacin da ya ƙunshi ƙasa da milligrams 1,000 a kowace lita (mg / L) na narkewar abubuwa.[2]
Akwai manyan nau'ikan ruwa guda uku. Ruwa na Dindindin (na dindindin) yana nan a duk shekara, kuma ya haɗa da tabkuna, koguna da wuraren da ke da ruwa (marshes da marshes). Ruwa mai tsayi (na ɗan lokaci) yana nufin ruwa wanda ke nan ne kawai a wasu lokutan shekara ciki har da tashoshi bushewa irin su Laguna, lagoons da ramukan ruwa. Ruwa mai ruwa da aka yi da mutum shine ruwa wanda za'a iya ci gaba da shi ta hanyar kayan aikin da mutane suka tara. Wannan zai zama Tafkuna na wucin gadi, canals da tafkuna na wutan lantarki (misali tafkuna na lambu) ko maras kyau.[3] Ana iya amfani da ruwan da madatsun ruwa ke riƙewa don makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin nau'in wutar lantarki. Hydropower shine tilasta ruwan sama wanda aka samo daga koguna da rafi don samar da makamashi.[4]
Aunawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana iya auna ruwan sama a matsayin runoff na shekara-shekara. Wannan ya haɗa da yawan ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara da aka bari bayan ɗaukar yanayi, evaporation daga ƙasa, da kuma gumi daga ciyayi. A yankuna kamar California, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ruwa ta California ta yi rikodin kwararar ruwa da ruwa na shekara-shekara ta hanyar amfani da cibiyar sadarwa ta kusan 500 da ke tattara bayanan lokaci na ainihi daga ko'ina cikin jihar. Wannan sa'an nan kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga tashoshin gage 8,000 waɗanda ke kula da rikodin gage na kasa na USGS. Wannan kuma ya samar da bayanan kwanan wata da takardu na bayanan ruwa a tsawon shekaru. Kungiyoyin gudanarwa waɗanda ke kula da rarraba ruwa suna iya yanke shawara game da isasshen ruwa ga bangarori. Wadannan sun hada da birni, masana'antu, noma, makamashi mai sabuntawa (hydropower), da ajiya a cikin tafkuna.[5]
Tasirin canjin yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Saboda Canjin yanayi, kankara na teku da kankara suna narkewa, suna ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar matakan teku. A sakamakon haka, ruwan gishiri daga teku ya fara shiga cikin ruwanmu mai laushi wanda ke gurɓata ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan birane da aikin gona. Har ila yau, yana shafar yanayin halittu da ke kewaye da shi yayin da yake ba da damuwa ga namun daji da ke zaune a waɗannan yankuna. NOAA ce ta rubuta shi a cikin shekarun 2012 zuwa 2016, kankara a Greenland da Antarctic sun ragu da tan biliyan 247 a kowace shekara.[6] Wannan adadin zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa yayin da dumamar duniya ke ci gaba.
Canjin yanayi yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da sake zagayowar ruwa. Ya karu da evaporation duk da haka ya rage ruwan sama, runoff, ruwa na ƙasa, da danshi na ƙasa. Wannan ya canza matakan ruwa na sama. Canjin yanayi kuma yana inganta ƙalubalen da muke fuskanta a cikin ingancin ruwa. Ingancin ruwa na sama ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da ke kewaye da su kamar iska da kuma yanayin da ke kusa. Lokacin da waɗannan abubuwa suka gurɓata saboda aikin ɗan adam, yana canza sunadarai na ruwa.[7]
Amfani da ruwa na ƙasa da na sama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ruwan sama da na ƙasa abubuwa ne daban-daban, don haka dole ne a ɗauke su a matsayin haka. Koyaya, akwai buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa don gudanar da su biyu saboda suna cikin tsarin da ke da alaƙa da juna wanda ke da mahimmanci lokacin da buƙatar ruwa ta wuce wadatar da ke akwai (Fetter 464). Rashin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na ƙasa da na ƙasa don amfani da jama'a (ciki har da masana'antu, kasuwanci, da zama) ya haifar da wuce gona da iri. An san Aquifers kusa da tsarin kogi waɗanda aka cika su da yawa don rage maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa. Binciken da ke tallafawa wannan an samo shi a cikin kasafin kudin ruwa da yawa ga birane da yawa.
Lokaci na amsawa don Ruwa mai zurfi ne (Young & Bredehoeft 1972). Koyaya, cikakken haramtacciyar amfani da ruwan ƙasa a lokacin koma bayan ruwa zai ba da damar ruwan sama don riƙe matakan da aka buƙata don rayuwa mai ɗorewa. Ta hanyar rage famfo na ruwa na ƙasa, samar da Ruwa a saman zai iya kula da matakan su, yayin da suke caji daga hazo kai tsaye, runoff na sama, da dai sauransu.
Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta rubuta cewa kusan kashi 68 cikin 100 na ruwan da aka bayar ga al'ummomi a Amurka ya fito ne daga ruwa mai zurfi.[8]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Magungunan gurɓata muhalli
- Ruwa mai narkewa
- Mafi kyawun abun ciki na ruwa don noma
- Ma'adanai na ruwa
- Rashin ruwa na sama
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Applied Hydrogeology, Na huɗu na C.W. Fetter.
- R.A. Young da J.D. Bredehoeft Simulation na dijital don warware matsalolin gudanarwa tare da haɗin ruwa da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa daga Binciken Ruwa 8:533-56
- "Ruwa na sama," Jami'ar Jihar Iowa
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ United States Environmental Protection Agency (2017-11-02). "Fresh Surface Water". US EPA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-04-06.
- ↑ U.S Department of the Interior. "Surface-Water Use". www.usgs.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-04-06.
- ↑ Department of Environment and Natural Resources. "What is Surface Water?" (PDF). www.denr.nt.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
- ↑ U.S Energy Information Administration (2020-04-30). "Hydropower Explained".
- ↑ U.S Department of the Interior. "Surface Water & Drought". ca.water.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ↑ Rebecca, Lindsey. "Climate Change: Global Sea Level". www.climate.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ↑ Whitehead, P. G.; Wilby, R. L.; Battarbee, R. W.; Kernan, M.; Wade, A. J. (2009). "A review of the potential impacts of climate change on surface water quality". Hydrological Sciences Journal. 54 (1): 101–123. Bibcode:2009HydSJ..54..101W. doi:10.1623/hysj.54.1.101.
- ↑ Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (2018-10-10). "Water Sources". www.cdc.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-04-06.