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Ruwa na yanzu

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Ruwan teku
Lines masu launin fari suna bin diddigin kwararar ruwa a duniya.
Bayyanawa da ke nuna raƙuman teku na duniya daga Janairu 1, 2010, zuwa Disamba 31, 2012, a matakin teku, sannan a 2,000 m (6,600 ft) m (6,600 a ƙasa da matakin teku  
Halin da ke kewaye da kankara na Antarctica

Ruwa na teku wanda ke ci gaba da motsi, da jagorancin motsin ruwan teku wanda aka samar da wasu dakarun da ke aiki akan ruwa, gami da iska, Tasirin Coriolis, raƙuman ruwa, cabbeling, da bambancin zafin jiki da salinity.[1] Hanyoyin ruwan suna da zurfi, saiti na bakin teku, da hulɗa tare da wasu raƙuman ruwa suna tasiri ga shugabanci da ƙarfin halin yanzu. Ruwan teku yana motsawa a kwance, a kan sikelin da zai iya mamaye dukkan teku, da kuma tsaye, tare da raƙuman ruwa na tsaye (upwelling da downwelling) suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin motsi na abubuwan igiya jiki da iskar gas, kamar carbon dioxide, tsakanin farfajiya da zurfin teku.

Ruwan teku suna gudana don ya na nesa mai nisa kuma tare suna ƙirƙirar belin jigilar duniya, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance yanayi yawancin yankuna na Duniya. Fiye da haka, ruwan teku yana tasiri ga zafin jiki na yankunan da suke tafiya. Misali, ruwan zafi da ke tafiya tare da mafi yawan bakin teku yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki na yankin ta hanyar dumama iska ta teku da ke busawa a kansu. Wataƙila misali mafi ban sha'awa shine Gulf Stream, wanda, tare da fadada Arewacin Atlantic Drift, ya sa arewa maso yammacin Turai ya fi dacewa saboda babban latitude fiye da sauran yankuna a wannan latitude. Wani misali shine Lima, Peru, wanda yanayin sanyi na subtropical ya bambanta da na latitudes na wurare masu zafi da ke kewaye da shi saboda Humboldt Current.

Mafi girman halin a yanzu na teku shine Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), halin yanzu da iska ke motsawa wanda ke gudana a gefen agogo ba tare da katsewa ba a kusa da Antarctica. ACC ta haɗa dukkan Yankunan teku tare, kuma tana ba da hanyar haɗi tsakanin yanayi da zurfin teku saboda yadda ruwa ke tashi da kuma sauka a kowane bangare.

Ruwan teku sune alamu na motsi na ruwa wanda ke tasiri yankunan yanayi da yanayin yanayi a duniya. Da farko iska ce ke motsa su da kuma yawan ruwan teku, kodayake wasu dalilai da yawa suna rinjayar su - gami da siffar da kuma tsarin tafkin teku da suke gudana ta hanyar. Nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa guda biyu - raƙuman ƙasa da ruwa mai zurfi [2] - suna taimakawa wajen bayyana halayyar da kwararar ruwan teku a fadin duniya. Ta hanyar zafin jiki, akwai nau'ikan raƙuman teku guda biyu: raƙuman ruwa masu zafi da raƙuman ruwan sanyi.

Dalilan da suka haifar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rashin ruwa na Kerguelen Plateau a cikin Kudancin Tekun yana sarrafa hanyar Kerguelen mai zurfi na yammacin iyakar yanzu, wani ɓangare na cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya na raƙuman teku.[3][4]

Ruwa na teku yana motsawa ta iska, ta hanyar jan hankali na wata a cikin nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa, da kuma tasirin bambance-bambance a cikin ruwa.[5] Tsarin teku ya bayyana kuma ya bayyana motsi na ruwa a cikin teku.

Ocean temperature and motion fields can be separated into three distinct layers: mixed (surface) layer, upper ocean (above the thermocline), and deep ocean. Ocean currents are measured in units of sverdrup (Sv), where 1 Sv is equivalent to a volume flow rate of 1,000,000 cubic metres (35,000,000 cu ft) per second.

Akwai manyan nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa guda biyu, raƙuman ƙasa da raƙuman ruwan zurfi. Gabaɗaya, tsarin iska ne ke motsa raƙuman ruwa na ƙasa kuma raƙuman ruwan da ke zurfi suna motsawa ta hanyar bambance-bambance a cikin yawan ruwa saboda bambance-mbance a cikin zafin ruwa da salinity.[6]

Gudanar da iska

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Ruwa na teku yana motsawa ta hanyar iska, manyan iskõki masu rinjaye suna motsa manyan raƙuman teku masu ɗorewa, kuma iska ta yanayi ko ta lokaci-lokaci tana motsa raƙuman ruwa na irin wannan juriya ga iskõkin da ke fitar da su, [7] kuma Tasirin Coriolis yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban su. [8] Rarraba saurin Ekman yana haifar da raƙuman ruwa da ke gudana a kusurwa zuwa iskõki masu motsawa, kuma suna haɓaka nau'ikan sa'o'i na yau da kullun a arewacin arewa da juyawa a kudancin kudancin.[9] Bugu da ƙari, yankunan raƙuman ruwa na teku suna motsawa tare da yanayi; wannan ya fi shahara a cikin raƙuman iska.

Rashin teku mai zurfi gabaɗaya suna da halin yanzu wanda ba daidai ba ne, a cikin wannan reshe mai gudana na gabashin ma'auni yana da faɗi kuma yana da yawa yayin da halin da ke gudana a yammacin yamma yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci.

Yankin zagayawar thermohaline

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Haɗuwa da bayanan da NASA / JPL suka tattara ta hanyar na'urori masu auna sigina daban-daban, masu bincike sun sami damar "ƙetare" saman teku don gano "Meddies" - ruwan zafi mai zafi wanda ya samo asali a cikin Bahar Rum sannan ya nutse fiye da rabin mil a ƙarƙashin ruwa a cikin Tekun Atlantika. An nuna Meddies a ja a cikin wannan adadi na kimiyya.

Babban sikelin sikelin yana motsawa ta hanyar gradients a cikin ruwa, wanda hakan ya dogara da bambancin zafin jiki da salinity. Wannan yaduwar thermohaline kuma an san shi da belin jigilar teku. Inda ake lura da motsi mai mahimmanci na raƙuman teku, wannan an san shi da upwelling da downwelling. Adjective thermohaline ya samo asali ne daga thermo- yana nufin zafin jiki da -haline yana nufin abun ciki na gishiri, abubuwan da suka hada kai suna ƙayyade yawan ruwan teku.

Zazzagewar thermohaline wani yanki ne na zazzagewar teku mai girman gaske wanda ke gudana ta hanyar ɗimbin yawa na duniya waɗanda ke haifar da zafi na saman ƙasa da ruwan ruwa.[1][2]. Ruwan ruwan saman da iska ke tukawa (kamar kogin Gulf) suna tafiya zuwa lungu da sako daga Tekun Atlantika mai daidaitawa, sanyaya a kan hanya, kuma a ƙarshe suna nutsewa a manyan latitudes (samfurin Ruwan Ruwa na Arewacin Atlantika). Wannan ruwa mai kauri daga nan yana kwarara cikin kwalayen teku. Yayin da mafi yawansa ke tasowa a cikin Tekun Kudu, mafi tsufa ruwa (tare da lokacin wucewa na kusan shekaru 1000) [3] ya tashi a Arewacin Pacific.[4]. Don haka ana yin cuɗanya mai yawa tsakanin raƙuman teku, da rage bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin su da kuma mayar da tekunan duniya tsarin duniya. A kan tafiyarsu, yawan ruwa yana jigilar makamashi (a cikin nau'in zafi) da kwayoyin halitta (kakarsu, narkar da abubuwa da iskar gas) a duniya. Don haka, yanayin yawo yana da babban tasiri akan yanayin duniya. A wani lokaci ana kiran zazzagewar thermohaline, bel ɗin jigilar teku, babban mai jigilar teku, ko bel ɗin jigilar kaya na duniya. A wasu lokatai, ana amfani da shi daidai gwargwado don komawa ga meridionalMOC).

Tun daga shekarun 2000 wani shirin kasa da kasa da ake kira Argo yana tsara yanayin zafin jiki da tsarin salinity na teku tare da rundunar dandamali masu sarrafa kansa waɗanda ke iyo tare da raƙuman teku. Bayanan da aka tattara za su taimaka wajen bayyana rawar da teku ke takawa a yanayin duniya.[10]

Tasirin yanayi da muhalli

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Ruwan teku yana shafar yanayin zafi a duk faɗin duniya. Misali, ruwan teku wanda ke kawo ruwan dumi a arewacin Atlantic zuwa arewa maso yammacin Turai kuma yana tarawa kuma a hankali yana toshe kankara daga samarwa tare da bakin teku, wanda kuma zai toshe jiragen ruwa daga shiga da fita cikin hanyoyin ruwa da tashar jiragen ruwa, saboda haka ruwan teku yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rinjayar yanayin yankunan da suke gudana.[11] Ruwa na teku yana da mahimmanci a cikin nazarin tarkace na ruwa.[12][13]

Plankton suna warwatsewa ta hanyar ruwan teku.

Upwellings da ruwan sanyi na teku da ke gudana daga yankuna masu zafi da ke kusa da su suna kawo abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda ke tallafawa ci gaban plankton, waɗanda ke da mahimman abubuwan ganima ga nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu da yawa a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa.

Ruwan teku kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin warwatsewa da rarraba kwayoyin halitta da yawa, gami da waɗanda ke da kwai na Pelagic ko matakan larval.[14] Misali shine sake zagayowar rayuwa na European Eel . Ana iya ɗaukar nau'o'in ƙasa, alal misali tururuwa da lizards, a kan tarkace mai iyo ta hanyar ruwa don mallaki sabbin yankuna da tsibirai.[14]

Ruwan teku da canjin yanayi

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Ci gaba da hauhawar yanayin yanayi ana sa ran yana da tasiri daban-daban akan ƙarfin raƙuman teku, yaduwar iska da kuma tsarin warwatsewa.[15][16][17] Ruwan teku suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rinjayar yanayi, kuma sauye-sauye a cikin yanayi yana tasiri ga ruwan teku.[16]

Canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar yana haifar da canje-canje na dogon lokaci a cikin teku da yaduwar yanayi. Tattara iskar gas tana kama karin zafi a cikin tsarin Duniya, yana haifar da yanayin da teku su yi dumi. Musamman, sama da kashi 90% na wannan zafi da aka kama yana shanyewa ta teku. Akwai alamu cewa mahimman alamu na yaduwa suna canzawa, tare da karuwar shaidu da ke nuna cewa Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation na iya raguwa.

A cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, bayanan zafin jiki na teku da aka sake ginawa sun nuna cewa hanyoyin iyakar yamma suna dumama sau biyu na matsakaicin duniya.[18] Wadannan abubuwan lura sun nuna cewa iyakar iyakar yammacin na iya karuwa saboda wannan canjin zafin jiki, kuma yana iya ci gaba da girma a nan gaba.[16] Akwai shaidar cewa dumama ta ƙasa saboda Canjin yanayi na ɗan adam ya hanzarta ruwan teku a cikin kashi 77% na teku na duniya.[17] Musamman, karuwar shimfidawa tsaye saboda dumama na saman yana kara karfin teku na sama, yayin da canje-canje a cikin gradients na kwance wanda ya haifar da bambancin dumama a fadin yankuna daban-daban na teku yana haifar da hanzarta raƙuman yanki.[17]

"Akwai shawarwarin da ke nuna cewa yankin na Atlantic meridional jujjuyawar wurare dabam dabam (AMOC) yana cikin haɗarin rugujewa saboda sauyin yanayi, wanda zai yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin arewacin Turai da kuma yaɗuwa, kodayake wannan batu yana da rigima kuma ya kasance yanki mai aiki na bincike.[4][5][6] Rahoton "State of the cryosphere", ya sadaukar da sarari mai mahimmanci ga AMOC, yana mai cewa yana iya kan hanyar rushewa saboda narkewar kankara da dumamar ruwa. A lokaci guda kuma, Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) shima yana raguwa kuma ana sa ran zai rasa kashi 20% na karfinsa nan da shekara ta 2050, "tare da tasirin yaduwa kan yanayin teku da yanayi". mummunan sakamako ga mafi sanyin arewacin Turai da babban matakin teku tare da Tekun Gabashin Amurka.

Baya ga yanayin zafi na ruwa, tsarin iska yana da mahimmanci ga raƙuman teku.[19] Tsarin raƙuman iska yana rinjayar musayar zafi na teku, yanayin teku, kuma yana iya canza raƙuman teku.[20] A cikin Arewacin Atlantic, Pacific na equatorial, da Kudancin Tekun, an kara saurin iska da kuma manyan tsawo na raƙuman ruwa ga canjin yanayi da hanyoyin halitta da aka haɗa.[20] A cikin Gabashin Australiya na yanzu, an kuma amince da dumama duniya don karuwar damuwa ta iska, wanda ke kara wadannan raƙuman ruwa, kuma yana iya kara yawan matakan teku, saboda ƙarin dumama da raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa suka haifar.[21]

Yayinda yaduwar teku ke canzawa saboda yanayi, tsarin rarraba na yau da kullun yana canzawa. Tsarin warwatsewar kwayoyin ruwa ya dogara da yanayin teku, wanda a sakamakon haka, yana tasiri ga abubuwan da ke cikin teku.[15] Saboda yanayin yanayin muhalli na halitta, warwatsewa shine hanyar rayuwa ta jinsuna don kwayoyin halitta daban-daban.[22] Tare da karfafa iyakokin da ke motsawa zuwa ga sanduna, ana sa ran wasu nau'ikan ruwa za a sake tura su zuwa sanduna da zurfin zurfi. [15] [23] Karfafawa ko raunana hanyoyin warwatsewa ta hanyar karuwar yanayin zafi ana sa ran ba kawai zai shafi rayuwar nau'ikan ruwa na asali ba saboda rashin iya sake cika yawan su amma kuma yana iya kara yawan nau'ikan masu mamayewa.[15] A cikin murjani na Japan da macroalgae, tsarin rarrabawar kwayoyin zuwa ga sanduna na iya lalata nau'ikan asali.[24]

Muhimmancin tattalin arziki

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Sanin raƙuman ruwa na teku yana da mahimmanci wajen rage farashin jigilar kaya, tunda tafiya tare da su yana rage farashin man fetur. A zamanin Jirgin ruwa mai amfani da iska, ilimin tsarin iska da ruwan teku ya fi mahimmanci. Yin amfani da raƙuman ruwa na teku don taimakawa jiragensu zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma amfani da raƙe-yaƙe kamar raƙuman gulf don komawa gida.[25] Rashin fahimtar raƙuman teku a wannan lokacin ana zaton yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga gazawar bincike. Kogin Gulf da Canary na yanzu suna kiyaye ƙasashen yammacin Turai da dumi kuma ba su da canji, yayin da a wannan latitude yanayin Arewacin Amurka ya fi sanyi.[26] Misali mai kyau na wannan shine Agulhas Current (a ƙasa tare da gabashin Afirka), wanda ya daɗe yana hana ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa isa Indiya.

A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, masu fafatawa a duniya suna amfani da raƙuman ruwa don gina da kiyaye saurin. Hakanan ana iya amfani da raƙuman ruwa na teku don samar da wutar lantarki, tare da yankunan Japan, Florida da Hawaii ana la'akari da su don ayyukan gwaji. Amfani da raƙuman ruwa a yau har yanzu na iya tasiri ga cinikayya ta duniya, yana iya rage farashin da hayaki na jiragen ruwa.[27]

Kifi na Skipjack tuna a Indonesia.

Ruwan teku na iya tasiri ga Masana'antar kamun kifi, misalai na wannan sun haɗa da Tsugaru, Oyashio da Kuroshio dukansu suna tasiri ga zafin jiki na yammacin Arewacin Pacific, wanda aka nuna ya zama mai tsinkaya ga Skipjack tuna.[28] Har ila yau, an nuna cewa ba kawai raƙuman ruwa ne na cikin gida ba wanda zai iya shafar tattalin arzikin ƙasar, amma raƙuman makwabta na iya rinjayar yiwuwar masana'antun kamun kifi na cikin gida.[29]

Rarraba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswirar 1943 na raƙuman teku na duniya

Ruwan Tekun Arctic

  • Baffin Island Current - Tekun Arctic na yanzu
  • Beaufort Gyre - Ruwa mai iska a yankin Arctic Ocean
  • East Greenland Current - A halin yanzu daga Fram Strait zuwa Cape Farewell daga gabashin Greenland
  • East Iceland Current - Tsarin ruwan sanyi na teku wanda a matsayin reshe na Gabashin Greenland Current
  • Labrador Current - Ruwa mai sanyi a cikin Tekun Atlantika tare da gabar tekun Labrador, Newfoundland da Nova Scotia
  • North Icelandic Jet - Ruwa mai zurfi wanda ke gudana tare da gangaren nahiyar Iceland
  • Norwegian Current - A halin yanzu wanda ke gudana daga arewa maso gabas tare da gabar tekun Atlantika na Norway
  • Transpolar Drift Stream - A halin yanzu a cikin Tekun Arctic
  • West Greenland Current - Rashin ruwa mai sanyi wanda ke gudana zuwa arewa tare da gabar yammacin Greenland
  • West Spitsbergen Current - Ruwa mai dumi, mai gishiri wanda ke gudana zuwa yammacin Spitsbergen

Ruwan Tekun Atlantika

Device to record ocean currents
Matsayi na yanzu na rikodin. Yana yin rikodin bayanai game da raƙuman ruwa (sauri, shugabanci, zurfin, zafin jiki).
  • Angola Current - Rashin teku na ɗan lokaci
  • Antilles Current - Ruwa na yanzu
  • Atlantic meridional overturning circulation - Tsarin farfajiyar da zurfin ruwa a cikin Tekun Atlantika
  • Azores Current - Ruwa na yanzu a cikin Tekun Atlantika
  • Benguela Current - Ruwa na yanzu a Kudancin Atlantic
  • Brazil Current - Ruwa na yanzu a gefen kudancin Brazil
  • Canary Current - Rashin iska wanda yake wani ɓangare na Gyre na Arewacin Atlantic
  • Cape Horn Current - Ruwan sanyi wanda ke gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas a kusa da Cape Horn
  • Caribbean Current - Tekun Atlantika na yanzu
  • East Greenland Current - A halin yanzu daga Fram Strait zuwa Cape Farewell daga gabashin Greenland
  • East Iceland Current - Tsarin ruwan sanyi na teku wanda a matsayin reshe na Gabashin Greenland Current
  • Equatorial Counter Current - Rashin ruwa mai gudana zuwa gabas wanda aka samu a cikin Tekun Atlantika, Indiya, da Pacific
  • Falkland Current - Ruwa mai sanyi zuwa arewa Tekun Atlantika na yanzu
  • Florida Current - Ruwa mai zafi
  • Guinea Current - Ruwa mai dumi mai saurin gudu wanda ke gudana zuwa gabas tare da gabar tekun Guinea na Yammacin Afirka
  • Gulf Stream - Yankin Tekun Atlantika mai zafi na yanzu
  • Irminger Current
  • Labrador Current - Ruwa mai sanyi a cikin Tekun Atlantika tare da gabar tekun Labrador, Newfoundland da Nova Scotia
  • Lomonosov Current - Ruwa mai zurfi a cikin Tekun Atlantika. daga bakin tekun Brazil zuwa Tekun Guinea
  • Loop Current - Ruwa tsakanin Cuba da Yucatán Peninsula
  • North Atlantic Current - A halin yanzu na Tekun Atlantika
  • North Brazil Current - Yankin Tekun Atlantika na Arewa
  • North Equatorial Current - A halin yanzu a cikin Tekun Pacific da Tekun Atlantika
  • Norwegian Current - A halin yanzu wanda ke gudana daga arewa maso gabas tare da gabar tekun Atlantika na Norway
  • Portugal Current - Rashin ƙarfi na teku wanda ke gudana a kudu tare da bakin tekun Portugal
  • South Atlantic Current - Gabashin teku na gabas, wanda Brazil Current ke ciyarwa
  • South Equatorial Current - Ruwa na yanzu a cikin Tekun Pacific, Atlantic, da Tekun Indiya
  • West Greenland Current - Rashin ruwa mai sanyi wanda ke gudana zuwa arewa tare da gabar yammacin Greenland
  • West Spitsbergen Current - Ruwa mai dumi, mai gishiri wanda ke gudana zuwa yammacin Spitsbergen
  • Agulhas Current - Yammacin iyakar yanzu na kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya wanda ke gudana a gabashin Afirka
  • Agulhas Return Current - Ruwa na yanzu a kudancin Tekun Indiya
  • East Madagascar Current - Yanayin kwararar teku kusa da Madagascar
  • Equatorial Counter Current - Rashin ruwa mai gudana zuwa gabas wanda aka samu a cikin Tekun Atlantika, Indiya, da Pacific
  • Indian Monsoon Current - Tsarin mulkin teku na yanzu da aka samu a yankuna masu zafi na arewacin Tekun Indiya
  • Indonesian Throughflow - Ruwa na yanzu
  • Leeuwin Current - Ruwa na yanzu daga Yammacin Australia
  • Madagascar Current - Ruwa na yanzu a Yammacin Tekun Indiya
  • Mozambique Current - Ruwa mai zafi a cikin Tekun Indiya
  • North Madagascar Current - Ruwa na teku kusa da Madagascar wanda ke gudana cikin Kudancin Equatorial Current
  • Somali Current - Yankin teku wanda ke gudana a bakin tekun Somalia da Oman a Yammacin Tekun Indiya
  • South Equatorial Current - Ruwa na yanzu a cikin Tekun Pacific, Atlantic, da Tekun Indiya
  • Southwest Madagascar Coastal Current - Ruwa mai zafi a kudu maso yammacin Madagascar
  • West Australian Current - Rashin sanyi na teku

Ruwan Ruwa na Tekun Pacific

  • Alaska Current - Ruwa mai zafi yana gudana zuwa arewa tare da bakin tekun British Columbia da Alaska Panhandle
  • Aleutian Current - Yankin teku mai gudana zuwa gabas wanda ke arewacin Arewacin Pacific Current;
  • California Current - Tekun Pacific na yanzu
  • Cape Horn Current - Ruwan sanyi wanda ke gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas a kusa da Cape Horn
  • Cromwell Current - Yankin da ke gudana zuwa gabas wanda ya shimfiɗa tare da ma'auni a cikin Tekun Pacific
  • Davidson Current - Ruwa mai rikitarwa na Tekun Pacific
  • East Australian Current - Ruwan Tekun Pacific
  • East Korea Warm Current - Ruwa na teku a cikin Tekun Japan
  • Equatorial Counter Current - Rashin ruwa mai gudana zuwa gabas wanda aka samu a cikin Tekun Atlantika, Indiya, da Pacific
  • Humboldt Current - A halin yanzu na Tekun Pacific
  • Indonesian Throughflow - Ruwa na yanzu
  • Kamchatka Current - Tekun Pacific na yanzu
  • Kuroshio Current - Yankin teku mai gudana a arewacin Tekun Pacific
  • Mindanao Current - Kyakkyawan, ruwan teku mai gudana a kudu maso gabashin Philippines
  • Mindanao Eddy - Rashin sanyi na dindindin ya samo asali ne a yankin retroflection na Mindanao Current.
  • North Equatorial Current - A halin yanzu a cikin Tekun Pacific da Tekun Atlantika
  • North Korea Cold Current - Ruwan sanyi a cikin Tekun Japan
  • North Pacific Current - Ruwa na yanzu, Japan zuwa British Columbia
  • Oyashio Current - Ruwa mai sanyi a cikin Tekun Pacific
  • South Equatorial Current - Ruwa na yanzu a cikin Tekun Pacific, Atlantic, da Tekun Indiya
  • Subtropical Countercurrent - Kyakkyawan gabas na teku a tsakiyar Tekun Arewacin Pacific
  • Tasman Front - Tekun Pacific na yanzu
  • Tasman Outflow - Ruwa mai zurfi wanda ke gudana daga Tekun Pacific ya wuce Tasmania zuwa Tekun Indiya

Ruwan Kudancin Tekun

  • Antarctic Circumpolar Current - Ruwa na teku wanda ke gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas a kusa da Antarctica
  • Tasman Outflow - Ruwa mai zurfi wanda ke gudana daga Tekun Pacific ya wuce Tasmania zuwa Tekun Indiya
  • Kerguelen deep western boundary current[3][4]

<b id="mwAlI">Gudun ruwa na teku</b>

  • Beaufort Gyre - Ruwa mai iska a yankin Arctic Ocean
  • Indian Ocean Gyre - Babban gyre na teku a cikin Tekun Indiya
  • North Atlantic Gyre - Babban tsarin zagaye na raƙuman teku
  • North Pacific Gyre - Babban tsarin yaduwar teku
  • Ross Gyre - Tsarin kewayawa na raƙuman teku a cikin Tekun Ross
  • South Atlantic Gyre - Gyre mai zafi a kudancin Tekun Atlantika
  • South Pacific Gyre - Babban tsarin yaduwar teku
  • Weddell Gyre - Ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyare biyu a cikin Tekun Kudancin
  • Currentology - Kimiyya da ke nazarin motsi na ciki na ruwa
  • Deep ocean water - Ruwa mai sanyi, mai gishiri mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin teku na Duniya
  • Fish migration - Motsa kifi daga wani bangare na jiki na ruwa zuwa wani a kai a kai
  • Geostrophic current - Gudun teku wanda ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin matsa lamba ya daidaita ta hanyar tasirin Coriolis
  • Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index
  • List of ocean circulation models - Misalai da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ilimin teku na zahiri.
  • Marine habitats § Ocean currents
  • Marine current power - Cire wutar lantarki daga ruwan teku
  • Ocean gyre - Duk wani babban tsarin yaduwar teku
  • Physical oceanography - Nazarin yanayin jiki da matakai a cikin teku
  • Subsurface ocean current - Ruwan teku da ke gudana a ƙarƙashin ruwan sama
  • Thermohaline circulation - Wani bangare na yaduwar teku
  • Tidal current - Ruwan ruwa wanda tasirin tasirin taurari ya haifar
  • Volta do mar - Hanyar tafiye-tafiye ta dā
  1. ↑ "What is a current?". National Ocean Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  2. ↑ "Understanding surface currents vs deep ocean currents". www.sofarocean.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-06-13.
  3. 1 2 "Massive Southern Ocean current discovered". ScienceDaily. Apr 27, 2010. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Massive" defined multiple times with different content
  4. 1 2 Yasushi Fukamachi, Stephen Rintoul; et al. (Apr 2010). "Strong export of Antarctic Bottom Water east of the Kerguelen plateau". Nature Geoscience. 3 (5): 327–331. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..327F. doi:10.1038/NGEO842. S2CID 67815755. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Fukamachi" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (16 June 2024). "What is a current?". oceanservice.noaa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  6. ↑ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1 August 2011). "Ocean currents". www.noaa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-09-14.
  7. ↑ "Current". www.nationalgeographic.org. National Geographic. 2 September 2011. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  8. ↑ "Ocean Currents of the World: Causes". 29 August 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
  9. ↑ National Ocean Service (March 25, 2008). "Surface Ocean Currents". noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
  10. ↑ Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego. "Argo". Argo (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-05.
  11. ↑ "What Is the Gulf Stream? | NOAA SciJinks – All About Weather". scijinks.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  12. ↑ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1 April 2020). "Ocean pollution and marine debris". www.noaa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-09-08.
  13. ↑ van Sebille, Erik; Aliani, Stefano; Law, Kara Lavender; Maximenko, Nikolai; Alsina, José M; Bagaev, Andrei; Bergmann, Melanie; Chapron, Bertrand; Chubarenko, Irina; Cózar, Andrés; Delandmeter, Philippe; Egger, Matthias; Fox-Kemper, Baylor; Garaba, Shungudzemwoyo P; Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke (2020-02-01). "The physical oceanography of the transport of floating marine debris". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (2): 023003. Bibcode:2020ERL....15b3003V. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab6d7d. ISSN 1748-9326. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  14. 1 2 Hays, Graeme C. (5 June 2017). "Ocean currents and marine life". Current Biology (in Turanci). 27 (11): R470–R473. Bibcode:2017CBio...27.R470H. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.044. PMID 28586681.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Wilson, Laura J.; Fulton, Christopher J.; Hogg, Andrew McC; Joyce, Karen E.; Radford, Ben T. M.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2016-05-02). "Climate-driven changes to ocean circulation and their inferred impacts on marine dispersal patterns". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 25 (8): 923–939. Bibcode:2016GloEB..25..923W. doi:10.1111/geb.12456. ISSN 1466-822X. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  16. 1 2 3 Miller, Johanna L. (2017). "Ocean currents respond to climate change in unexpected ways". Physics Today. 70 (1): 17–18. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  17. 1 2 3 Peng, Qihua; Xie, Shang-Ping; Wang, Dongxiao; Huang, Rui Xin; Chen, Gengxin; Shu, Yeqiang; Shi, Jia-Rui; Liu, Wei (2022-04-22). "Surface warming–induced global acceleration of upper ocean currents". Science Advances. 8 (16): eabj8394. Bibcode:2022SciA....8J8394P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj8394. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9020668 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35442733 Check |pmid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ Wu, Lixin; Cai, Wenju; Zhang, Liping; Nakamura, Hisashi; Timmermann, Axel; Joyce, Terry; McPhaden, Michael J.; Alexander, Michael; Qiu, Bo; Visbeck, Martin; Chang, Ping; Giese, Benjamin (2012-01-29). "Enhanced warming over the global subtropical western boundary currents". Nature Climate Change. 2 (3): 161–166. Bibcode:2012NatCC...2..161W. doi:10.1038/nclimate1353. ISSN 1758-6798. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  19. ↑ Constantin, Adrian (2021-01-02). "Frictional effects in wind-driven ocean currents". Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics. 115 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:2021GApFD.115....1C. doi:10.1080/03091929.2020.1748614. ISSN 0309-1929.
  20. 1 2 Dobrynin, Mikhail; Murawski, Jens; Baehr, Johanna; Ilyina, Tatiana (2015-02-15). "Detection and Attribution of Climate Change Signal in Ocean Wind Waves". Journal of Climate. 28 (4): 1578–1591. Bibcode:2015JCli...28.1578D. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00664.1. ISSN 0894-8755.
  21. ↑ Cai, W.; Shi, G.; Cowan, T.; Bi, D.; Ribbe, J. (2005-12-10). "The response of the Southern Annular Mode, the East Australian Current, and the southern mid-latitude ocean circulation to global warming". Geophysical Research Letters. 32 (23). Bibcode:2005GeoRL..3223706C. doi:10.1029/2005GL024701. ISSN 0094-8276.
  22. ↑ Kininmonth, Stuart (2011-04-11). "Dispersal connectivity and reserve selection for marine conservation". Ecological Modelling. 222 (7): 1272–1282. Bibcode:2011EcMod.222.1272K. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.01.012.
  23. ↑ Vergés, Adriana; Steinberg, Peter D.; Hay, Mark E.; Poore, Alistair G. B.; Campbell, Alexandra H.; Ballesteros, Enric; Heck, Kenneth L.; Booth, David J.; Coleman, Melinda A.; Feary, David A.; Figueira, Will; Langlois, Tim; Marzinelli, Ezequiel M.; Mizerek, Toni; Mumby, Peter J. (2014-08-22). "The tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems: climate-mediated changes in herbivory and community phase shifts". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1789): 20140846. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0846. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4100510. PMID 25009065.
  24. ↑ Kumagai, Naoki H.; García Molinos, Jorge; Yamano, Hiroya; Takao, Shintaro; Fujii, Masahiko; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro (2018-09-04). "Ocean currents and herbivory drive macroalgae-to-coral community shift under climate warming". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (36): 8990–8995. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.8990K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1716826115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6130349. PMID 30126981.
  25. ↑ "Atlantic Ocean - Exploration, Currents, Marine Life | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
  26. ↑ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Boundary Currents - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education". oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
  27. ↑ Chang, Yu-Chia; Tseng, Ruo-Shan; Chen, Guan-Yu; Chu, Peter C.; Shen, Yung-Ting (November 2013). "Ship Routing Utilizing Strong Ocean Currents". The Journal of Navigation. 66 (6): 825–835. Bibcode:2013JNav...66..825C. doi:10.1017/S0373463313000441. ISSN 0373-4633. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  28. ↑ Ramesh, Nandini; Rising, James A.; Oremus, Kimberly L. (2019-06-21). "The small world of global marine fisheries: The cross-boundary consequences of larval dispersal". Science. 364 (6446): 1192–1196. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.1192R. doi:10.1126/science.aav3409. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31221860.
  29. ↑ Talley, Lynne D. (April 1, 1995). "North Pacific Intermediate Water in the Kuroshio/Oyashio Mixed Water Region". American Meteorological Society. 25 (4): 475–501. Bibcode:1995JPO....25..475T. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<0475:NPIWIT>2.0.CO;2 – via AMS Publications.
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