Ruwan Daɗi
 Ruwan Daɗi | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | ruwa |
| Bangare na |
kogin, pond (en)  da Süßwassersee (mul) |
| Ta biyo baya |
brackish water (en) |
| Karatun ta |
aquatic science (en) |
| Hannun riga da |
brine (en) |
Ruwan daɗi ko ruwa mara gishiri shine kowane irin ruwa na halitta mai gudanarwa ko daskarewa wanda ke ɗauke da ƙarancin sinadaran gishiri da sauran daskararrun abubuwa da suka narke a ciki. Wannan kalma ba ta haɗa da ruwan teku ko ruwan gishiri-gishiri ba, amma tana haɗa da ruwan ma'adinai mara gishiri, kamar maɓubbugan ruwa na chalybeate. Ruwan daɗi na iya haɗawa da daskarewar ruwa da narkakken ƙanƙara a cikin kankara ta fili, kankara ta daji, kankara ta glacier, filayen dusar ƙanƙara da kankara ta iceberg, ruwan sama na halitta kamar ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, kankara/ƙanƙara mai gauraye da ruwa, da kuma guduwar ruwa na saman ƙasa wanda ke samar da sassan ruwa na cikin ƙasa kamar dausayi, tafkuna, guraren ruwa, koramu, da koguna, gami da ruwan ƙasa dake cikin rumbun ruwa na ƙasa (aquifers), kogunan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, da tafkunan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar dukkan halittu masu rai. Yawancin halittu suna iya rayuwa a cikin ruwan gishiri, amma yawancin tsirrai masu jijiyoyin jiki da yawancin kwari, dabbobi masu rayuwa a ruwa da kan ƙasa (amphibians), dabbobi masu rarrafe, dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye suna buƙatar ruwan daɗi don su rayu.
Ruwan daɗi shine albarkatun ruwa wanda yafi amfani da gaggawa ga ɗan adam. Ruwan daɗi ba koyaushe bane yake zama ruwan sha, wato ruwan da yake da lafiya don ɗan adam ya sha. Yawancin ruwan daɗi na duniya (na saman ƙasa da na ƙarƙashin ƙasa) ba su dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba idan ba a tace su ko yi musu magani ba. Ruwan daɗi na iya gurɓata cikin sauƙi ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam ko kuma saboda hanyoyin halitta, kamar zaizayar ƙasa.
Ruwan daɗi ya kai ƙasa da kashi 3% na albarkatun ruwa na duniya, kuma kashi 1% kaɗai na wannan adadin ne ake iya samun sa cikin sauƙi. Kusan kashi 70% na ajiyar ruwan daɗi na duniya yana daskare a Antarctica. Kashi 3% kaɗai na sa ake ɗebowa don amfanin ɗan adam. Harkar noma tana amfani da kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na duk ruwan daɗi da ake ɗebowa daga muhalli.[1][2][3]
Ruwan daɗi abu ne mai sabuntuwa kuma mai canzawa, amma iyataccen albarkatun ƙasa ne. Ruwan daɗi yana sake cika ta hanyar tsarin dabi'ar zagayowar ruwa, inda ruwa daga tekuna, tafkuna, gajimare, ƙasa, koguna da madatsun ruwa yake yin tiruri, ya samar da gajimare, kuma ya dawo cikin ƙasa a matsayin ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara.[4]
To sai dai a wasu yankuna, idan aka yi amfani da ruwan daɗi ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam fiye da yadda yake sabuntuwa ta halitta, wannan na iya haifar da raguwar samun ruwan daɗi (ko ƙarancin ruwa) daga saman ƙasa da hanyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma yana iya haifar da mummunar barna ga muhallin da ke kewaye da shi.[5] Gurɓataccen ruwa shima yana rage samun ruwan daɗi. A inda ake da ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa, mutane sun ɓullo da fasahohi kamar cire gishiri daga ruwan teku (desalination) da sake sarrafa ruwan sha don faɗaɗa wadatar ruwan. Sai dai, saboda tsadar kuɗi (na farawa da na gudanarwa) da kuma - musamman ga cire gishiri - buƙatar makamashi mai yawa, waɗannan hanyoyi sun kasance galibi ana amfani da su ne kawai a takaitattun gurare.
Wata hanya madaidanciwa amma mara dorewa ita ce amfani da abinda ake kira "ruwan burbushin halittu" (fossil water) daga rumbun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kamar yadda wasu daga cikin waɗannan rumbun ruwan suka fito tun daruruwan shekaru ko ma miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata lokacin da yanayin yankunan yake da ruri mafi yawa (misali lokacin lokutan Sahara Kore) kuma ba sa sake cika a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanzu - aƙalla idan aka kwatanta da yadda ake kwashe su, waɗannan rumbun ruwan suna samar da albarkatun da ba za su iya sabuntuwa ba kamar peat ko lignite, waɗanda su ma ake ci gaba da kafuwa a wannan zamanin amma cikin sauri mai matukar gajiyarwa idan aka kwatanta da yadda ake hako su.
Ma'anoni
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ma'anar Lissafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya bayyana ruwan daɗi a matsayin ruwa mai ƙasa da kashi 500 na sassa a cikin miliyan (ppm) na gishirin da ya narke.[6]
Sauran majiyoyi suna ba da mafi girman iyaka na gishiri don ruwan daɗi, misali, 1,000 ppm[7] ko 3,000 ppm.[8]
Tsarin Muhalli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Muhallin ruwan daɗi an rarraba su zuwa ko dai tsarin lentic, wanda ke nufin ruwan da ke tsaye ciki har da tafkuna, guraren ruwa, da dausayi; lotic wanda ke nufin tsarin ruwa mai gudu; ko ruwan ƙasa wanda ke gudana a cikin duwatsu da rumbun ruwa na ƙasa. Akwai kuma wani yanki da ke haɗa tsakanin ruwan ƙasa da tsarin lotic, wato hyporheic zone, wanda ke ƙarƙashin manyan koguna da yawa kuma yana iya ƙunshi ruwa mai yawa fiye da wanda ake gani a fili. Hakanan yana iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Hanyoyin Samun Ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asalin tushen kusan duk ruwan daɗi shine hazo daga sararin samaniya, a cikin nau'ikan hazo, ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara. Ruwan daɗi dake faɗuwa a matsayin hazo, ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara yana ɗauke da abubuwan da suka narke daga sararin samaniya da abubuwa daga teku da ƙasa waɗanda gajimare mai ɗauke da ruwan sama ya ratsa ta kansu. Hazo a ƙarshe yana kaiwa ga kafuwar sassan ruwa waɗanda mutane zasu iya amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwan daɗi: tafkuna, guraren ruwa, ruwan sama, koguna, koramu, da ruwan ƙasa dake cikin rumbun ruwa na ƙasa.
A yankunan bakin teku, ruwan daɗi na iya ƙunshi babban adadin gishiri da aka samo daga teku idan yanayin iska ya ɗaga ɗigon ruwan teku zuwa cikin gajimare mai ɗauke da ruwan sama. Wannan na iya haifar da ƙarin sinadaran sodium, chloride, magnesium da sulfate gami da sauran mahadi da dama a cikin ƙananan adadi.
A yankunan hamada, ko yankunan da ke da busasshiyar ƙasa ko mai ƙura, iska mai ɗauke da ruwan sama na iya kwashe yashi da ƙura kuma ana iya ajiye wannan a wani wuri a cikin hazo, hakan yana sa ruwan daɗi ya gurɓata ta hanyar daskararrun abubuwa marasa narkewa da kuma abubuwan da ke narkewa na waɗancan ƙasashe. Ana iya jigilar adadi mai yawa na baƙin ƙarfe ta wannan hanyar gami da faduwar ruwan sama mai arzikin baƙin ƙarfe da aka rubuta sosai a Brazil wanda aka samo daga guguwar yashi a hamadar Sahara a rukunin Arewacin Afrika.[9]
A cikin ƙasar Afrika, an bayyana cewa tsarin kula da ruwan ƙasa yana da sarkakiya kuma baya dacewa kai tsaye da abu guda ɗaya. Ruwan ƙasa ya nuna mafi juriya ga canjin yanayi fiye da yadda ake tsammani, kuma yankunan da ke da ƙarin iyaka tsakanin 0.34 da 0.39 na ma'anar bushewa sun nuna gagarumar fahimta ga canjin yanayi. Amfani da ƙasa zai iya shafar tsarin tacewa da guduwar ruwa. Shekarun da aka fi samun sake cika ruwa sun yi daidai da mafi yawan canje-canjen hazo, kamar lokacin El Niño da La Niña. An rarrabe hankali guda uku na sake cikar ruwan sama: a yankunan da suka bushe sosai da ke da fiye da 0.67 na ma'anar bushewa, akwai daidaitaccen sake cika ruwa tare da ɗan canji kaɗan ta hanyar hazo; a mafi yawan gurare (busassun, masu rabi da rabi, da masu laushi), sake cikar ruwa na shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa yayin da hazo na shekara-shekara ya kasance sama da wani iyakance; kuma a cikin yankuna masu sarkakiya har zuwa 0.1 na ma'anar bushewa (sake cika ruwa na musamman), an sami sake cika ruwa maras tabbas (ƙarancin hazo amma babban sake cika ruwa). Fahimtar waɗannan alaƙoƙi na iya haifar da haɓaka dabarun dorewa don tattara ruwa. Wannan fahimta tana da matukar muhimmanci musamman a Afrika, inda albarkatun ruwa galibi ke da ƙaranci kuma canjin yanayi ke haifar da babban ƙalubale.[10]
Rarraba Ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ruwan gishiri a cikin tekuna, tekuna na gida da ruwan ƙasa mai gishiri suna samar da kusan kashi 97% na duk ruwan da ke Duniya. Kashi 2.5–2.75% kaɗai ne ruwan daɗi, gami da kashi 1.75–2% dake daskare a cikin kankara ta glacier, kankara da dusar ƙanƙara, kashi 0.5–0.75% azaman ruwan ƙasa mai daɗi. Teburin ruwa shine matakin da dukkan gurare dake ƙasa da shi ke cike da ruwa, yayin da yankin da ke sama da wannan matakin, inda gurare a cikin dutse da ƙasa ke ɗauke da iska da ruwa duka, ana kiransa yanki mara laushi (unsaturated zone). Ruwa a cikin wannan yanki ana kiransa da lawancin ƙasa.
A ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa, duk yankin ana kiransa yanki mai laushi (saturated zone), kuma ruwa a cikin wannan yanki ana kiransa ruwan ƙasa.[12] Ruwan ƙasa yana taka rawar gani sosai azaman babban tushen ruwa don dalilai daban-daban da suka haɗa da sha, wanki, noma, da masana'antu, kuma koda lokacin da ba a amfani da shi kai tsaye azaman hanyar ruwan sha, yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye shi saboda ikon sa na ɗaukar gurɓataccen abu daga ƙasa zuwa cikin tafkuna da koguna, waɗanda ke zama babban kaso na ruwan daɗi na sauran mutane. Kusan yana nan a ko'ina a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, yana rayuwa a cikin gurare tsakanin ɓangarorin dutse da ƙasa ko a cikin tsagewar duwatsu, yawanci a cikin mita 100 na saman ƙasa,[12] da lawancin ƙasa, kuma ƙasa da kashi 0.01% na sa a matsayin ruwan saman ƙasa a cikin tafkuna, dausayi da koguna.[13][14]
Tafkunan ruwan daɗi suna ɗauke da kusan kashi 87% na wannan ruwan saman ƙasa mai daɗi, gami da kashi 29% a cikin manyan tafkunan Afrika (African Great Lakes), kashi 22% a tafkin Baikal dake Rasha, kashi 21% a manyan tafkunan Arewacin Amurka (North American Great Lakes), da kashi 14% a sauran tafkuna. Dausayi yana da mafi yawan sauran rago tare da ƙananan adadi kawai a cikin koguna, musamman ma kogin Amazon. Sararin samaniya yana ɗauke da kashi 0.04% na ruwa.[15] A yankunan da babu ruwan daɗi a saman ƙasa, ruwan daɗi da aka samo daga hazo na iya kasancewa a saman ruwan ƙasa mai gishiri a cikin shimfidu ko rukunoni saboda ƙarancin nauyin sa. Yawancin ruwan daɗi na duniya yana daskare a cikin kankara ta fili. Yankuna da yawa suna da ƙarancin ruwan daɗi, kamar hamada.
Tsarin Muhalli na Ruwan Daɗi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ruwa abu ne mai matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar dukkan halittu masu rai. Wasu na iya amfani da ruwan gishiri amma yawancin halittu da suka haɗa da mafi yawan manyan tsirrai da yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa dole ne su sami ruwan daɗi don su rayu. Wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa na ƙasa, musamman ɓeraye na hamada, suna iya rayuwa ba tare da sun sha ruwa ba, amma suna samar da ruwa ta hanyar narkar da kwayoyin hatsi a jikinsu (metabolism), sannan suna da hanyoyin kiyaye ruwa zuwa mafi girman mataki.Samfuri:Tsari
Ƙalubale
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar duniya da ƙaruwar amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum yana sanya ƙarin matsin lamba ga iyataccen samun ruwan daɗi mai tsabta. Martanin da tsarin muhalli na ruwan daɗi yake bayarwa ga canjin yanayi ana iya bayyana shi ta fuskoki uku masu alaƙa da juna: ingancin ruwa, yawan ruwa ko girma, da lokacin ruwa. Canji a guda ɗaya galibi yana haifar da sauyi a sauran fannonin duka.[16]
Iyataccen Albarkatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mafi ƙarancin guduwar kogi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wata muhimmiyar damuwa ga tsarin muhallin ruwa ita ce tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin guduwar kogi, musamman kiyayewa da mayar da rarraba ruwa na cikin kogi.[17] Ruwan daɗi muhimmin albarkatun ƙasa ne da ya zama dole don rayuwar dukkan tsarin muhalli.
Gurɓataccen ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Al'umma da Al'ada
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Amfanin Ɗan Adam
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Amfanin ruwa sun haɗa da ayyukan noma, masana'antu, na gida, na nishaɗi da na muhalli ta halitta.
Manufofin duniya na kiyayewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manufofin Taimakawa Masu Dorewa taritari ne na manufofin duniya guda 17 da ke da alaƙa da juna waɗanda aka tsara don su zama "tsari na cimma kyakkyawar rayuwa mai dorewa ga kowa".[18] Manufofin kiyaye ruwan daɗi suna cikin Manufar Dorewa ta 6 (Tsaftataccen ruwa da tsabtar muhalli) da kuma Manufar Dorewa ta 15 (Rayuwa a ƙasa). Misali, an tsara Manufa ta 6.4 kamar haka "Gabanin shekarar 2030, a ƙara ingancin amfani da ruwa sosai a duk fannoni kuma a tabbatar da ɗosana ruwa da samar da ruwan daɗi mai dorewa don magance ƙarancin ruwa da kuma rage yawan mutanen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa sosai."[18] Wata manufar kuma, wato Manufa ta 15.1, ita ce: "Gabanin shekarar 2020, a tabbatar da kiyayewa, dawo da amfani mai dorewa na tsarin halittun ƙasa da na cikin ƙasa na ruwan daɗi da ayyukansu, musamman ma duddurukan bishiyoyi, dausayi, duwatsu da busassun ƙasashe, daidai da wajibai a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa."[18]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions". European Investment Bank (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ↑ "Competing for Clean Water Has Led to a Crisis". Environment (in Turanci). 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ↑ "Freshwater Resources | National Geographic Society". education.nationalgeographic.org. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ↑ "The Fundamentals of the Water Cycle". www.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
- ↑ Alviar, Rene (1998). "Laguna de Bay drying up fast, says task force". UP collection of Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved December 30, 2024.
- ↑ "Groundwater Glossary". 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
- ↑ "Freshwater". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. June 2000. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
- ↑ "Freshwater". Fishkeeping glossary. Practical Fishkeeping. Archived from the original on 11 May 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
- ↑ Rizzolo, Joana A.; Barbosa, Cybelli G. G.; Borillo, Guilherme C.; Godoi, Ana F. L.; Souza, Rodrigo A. F.; Andreoli, Rita V.; Manzi, Antônio O.; Sá, Marta O.; Alves, Eliane G.; Pöhlker, Christopher; Angelis, Isabella H.; Ditas, Florian; Saturno, Jorge; Moran-Zuloaga, Daniel; Rizzo, Luciana V. (22 February 2017). "Soluble iron nutrients in Saharan dust over the central Amazon rainforest". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 17 (4): 2673–2687. Bibcode:2017ACP....17.2673R. doi:10.5194/acp-17-2673-2017. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30091978 – via ResearchGate.
- ↑ "Global climate change impacts on Sub-Sahara Africa: The case of Nigeria's shorelines", The Impact of Climate Change on Sub-Sahara Africa, Peter Lang, 2015, doi:10.3726/978-3-653-04584-0/15, ISBN 978-3-653-04584-0, retrieved 2023-12-19
- ↑ USGS – Earth's water distribution Archived 29 ga Yuni, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Ga.water.usgs.gov (11 December 2012). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
- 1 2 "Natural Quality of Water and Groundwater Contamination", Groundwater Contamination, Volume I, CRC Press, 2000-04-14, pp. 35–56, doi:10.1201/9781482278934-9, ISBN 978-0-429-18165-8, retrieved 2023-12-19
- ↑ Where is Earth's water? Archived 14 Disamba 2013 at the Wayback Machine, United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ Physicalgeography.net Archived 26 ga Janairu, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Physicalgeography.net. Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
- ↑ Gleick, Peter; et al. (1996). Stephen H. Schneider (ed.). Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ The World Bank, 2009 "Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions". pp. 19–22. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
- ↑ Peter Gleick; Heather Cooley; David Katz (2006). The world's water, 2006–2007: the biennial report on freshwater resources. Island Press. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-1-59726-106-7. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
- 1 2 3 United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313 Archived 23 Oktoba 2020 at the Wayback Machine)
- ↑ Kowane ƙaramin akwatiSamfuri:Efn-lr (kamar wanda ke wakiltar ruwan halitta) ya yi daidai da kusan kilomita mai siffar sukari 1400 na ruwa, tare da nauyin kusan ton tiriliyan 1.4 (sau 235000 na babban dala na Giza ko sau 8 na tafkin Kariba, wanda za a iya cewa shi ne abu mafi nauyi da ɗan adam ya ƙera).[11]
- ↑ Kashi 3% kawai na ruwan Duniya ne yake daɗi. Yawancinsa yana cikin kankara ta daji da kankara ta glacier (69%) da ruwan ƙasa (30%), yayin da dukkan tafkuna, koguna da dausayi idan aka haɗa su gaba ɗaya suna wakiltar ƙaramin sashe ne kawai (0.3%) na duk ajiyar ruwan daɗi na Duniya.[Ana bukatan hujja]
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