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Ruwan Famfo

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Ruwan Famfo
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Ƙaramin ɓangare na liquid water (en) Fassara
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Ruwan fanfo na gida a kan kwanon wanke hannu na yumbu

Ruwan fanfo (wanda kuma aka sani da gudun ruwa, ruwan burtala ko ruwan hukuma) shine ruwa da ake samarwa ta hanyar fanfo, wato bawul mai rarraba ruwa. A ƙasashe da dama, ruwan fanfo yawanci yana da ingancin ruwan sha. Ana yawan amfani da ruwan fanfo don sha, girki, da wanke-wanke. Ana rarraba ruwan fanfo na gida ta hanyar tsarin aikin tukunyar ruwa na gida (plumbing), wanda ya wanzu tun lokacin dauri amma mutane ƙalilan ne ke samun sa har zuwa rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19 lokacin da ya fara bazuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa na yanzu. Ruwan fanfo ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da yawa a lokacin ƙarni na 20, kuma a halin yanzu yana ranci ne galibi tsakanin mutane masu fama da talauci, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Hukumomin gwamnati galibi suna tsara ingancin ruwan fanfo. Kiranta da "ruwan fanfo" yana rabe shi da sauran manyan nau'ikan ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu; waɗannan sun haɗa da ruwa daga tankunan tara ruwan sama, ruwa daga fanfunan ƙauye ko na gari, ruwa daga rijiya, ko ruwan da ake ɗauko wa daga ƙoramu, korama, ko tabkuna (wanda tsaftarsa na iya bambanta).

Sharuɗɗa (Terminology)

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Wata kalma mai ma'ana ɗaya da ruwan fanfo ita ce ruwan burtala (piped water), kalmar da Tsarin Sanya Ido na Haɗin Gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF ke amfani da ita wajen bayyana halin da ake ciki na samun ruwan sha a ƙasashe masu tasowa.[1] Ruwan burtala ba lallai bane ya zama mai ingancin ruwan sha amma ana lissafta shi a matsayin "ingantaccen tushen ruwa" a cikin tsarin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6. Sauran ingantattun tushen ruwa sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ruwan sama, da ruwan kwalba ko ruwan da motar tanki ke kawowa.[1]:12

Kayan aiki da Na'urori

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Fanfon ruwan sha na waje a ƙauyen Desa Dasan Geria, West Lombok

Duk abin da ke cikin gini wanda ke amfani da ruwa ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗayan rukunoni biyu; kayan aiki (fixture) ko na'ura (appliance). Da yake wuraren amfani da ke sama suna yin aikinsu, yawancinsu suna samar da ɓangarorin sharar gida/ruwan datti da za su buƙaci cirewa ta hanyar gefen sharar gida/ruwan datti na tsarin. Mafi ƙanƙanta shine gibin iska (air gap). Dubi kula da haɗin gwiwa da rigakafin kwararar baya don bayani daki-daki na hanyoyin rigakafin kwararar baya da na'urorin da ake amfani da su a yanzu, ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin injina da na jiki.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Kayan aiki (Fixtures) sune na'urorin da ke amfani da ruwa ba tare da ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki ba.

Kayan haɗi da Bawuloli

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Tsarin samar da ruwan sha ya ƙunshi bututu, kayan haɗi (fittings), da bawuloli.

Rage kwararar Ruwa

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Ana iya rage kwararar ruwa ta hanyar fanfo ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan robobi masu rage kwarara marasa tsada. Waɗannan suna taƙaita kwarara tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 50%, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa da rage nauyi a kan wuraren samar da ruwa da kuma wuraren kula da ruwan datti.

Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su

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Ana iya yin shigar da bututun ruwa ta amfani da kayan roba da na ƙarfe[2] kamar haka:

Roba (Plastic)

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  • polybutylene (PB)
  • high density cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X)
  • block copolymer of polypropylene (PP-B)
  • the polypropylene copolymer (PP-H)
  • random copolymer of polypropylene (random) (PP-R)
  • Layer: cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum, high-density polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-HD)
  • Layer: polyethylene crosslinked, aluminum, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-X)
  • Layer copolymer of a random polypropylene, aluminum, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R / Al / PP-R)
  • polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated (PVC-C)
  • polyvinyl chloride - not softened (ruwan sanyi kawai) (PVC-U)

Karfe (Metals)

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  • carbon steel, na yanzu da aka yi mishi galvanize
  • ƙarfe mai jure tsatsa (corrosion resistant steel)
  • Deoxidized High Phosphorus copper (Cu-DHP)
  • kura/gubar (lead) (ba a amfani da shi don sabbin shigarwa saboda gubarsa)

Sauran kayayyaki, idan an ba da damar yin amfani da bututun da aka yi da su kuma aka yi amfani da su sosai wajen gina tsarin samar da ruwa.

Bututun Gubar (Lead pipes)

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Tsawon ƙarni da dama, ana yin bututun ruwa da gubar, saboda sauƙin sarrafawa da dorewarsa. Yin amfani da bututun gubar ya kasance sanadin matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin sanin haɗarin gubar a jikin ɗan adam, wanda ke haifar da barayin ciki da kuma yawan mace-macen jarirai. Bututun gubar, waɗanda aka girka su yawanci a ƙarshen shekarun 1800 a Amurka, har yanzu suna da yawa a yau, yawancinsu suna yankin Arewa maso Gabas da Tsakiyar Yamma.[3] Tasirinsu yana da ɗan kaɗan saboda datti da ke taruwa a bututun da ke dakatar da fitar gubar a cikin ruwa; sai dai, bututun gubar har yanzu suna da lahani. Yawancin bututun gubar da ke akwai a yau ana cire su kuma ana canza su da kayan da suka fi dacewa, wato jan ƙarfe (copper) ko wani nau'in roba.

Tsarin rarraba ruwa da gurbatawa

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Kasashen da ruwan fanfo yawanci ke da lafiya don sha[4]

Kayan aikin famfo na zamani (plumbing) yana kai tsafallan ruwa, mai lafiya, da sha zuwa kowane wurin amfani a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa, gami da fanfuna.[5] Yana da mahimmanci kada ruwa mai tsafta ya gurbata ta hanyar ruwan datti (zubar da sharar gida) na tsarin aikin. A tarihi, wannan gurbatar ruwan sha ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kisa ga ɗan adam.[6]

Yawancin dokoki na kiyaye ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha ba na tsarin rarrabawa bane, a'a na masana'antar tace ruwa ne. Ko da yake tsarin rarraba ruwa ya kamata ya kai ruwan da aka tace zuwa fanfunan masu amfani ba tare da lalacewar ingancin ruwa ba, abubuwa masu rikitarwa na jiki, sinadarai, da kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin na iya haifar da gurbatar ruwan fanfo.[5] Idan an sami ƙwayoyin cuta na fecal indicator, yana nuna cewa tushen ruwan na iya kasancewa ya gurbata da najasa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa.[7] Tafiyar ruwa zuwa ga masu amfani na iya ɗaukar sa'o'i da yawa ko ma kwanaki, wanda ke haifar da abin da aka sani da “shekarun ruwa.” Wannan shekarun yana wakiltar lokacin riƙewar hydraulic na tsarin, bambance-bambance a cikin amfani da ruwa, da girma da sarƙakkiyar hanyar rarrabawa. [8]

Ruwan fanfo wani lokaci yana iya fitowa da gajimare (fari-fari) kuma galibi ana kuskuren hakan a matsayin datti na ma'adinai a cikin ruwa. Yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kumfar iska da ke fitowa daga ruwan saboda canjin yanayin zafi ko matsa lamba. Saboda ruwan sanyi yana riƙe da iska fiye da ruwan ɗumi, ƙananan kumfa za su bayyana a cikin ruwa. Yana da babban abun ciki na iskar gas da aka narkar da shi wanda aka ɗumama ko aka rage matsa lamba, wanda ke rage yawan iskar gas ɗin da ruwan zai iya riƙewa. Wannan fari na gajimare mara lahani na ruwan yana ɓacewa da sauri yayin da iskar gas ɗin ke fita daga ruwan.[9]

Samar da Ruwa

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Kwatantawa da ruwan kwalba

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ko na kwalba galibi suna jagorantar ne ta hanyar ɗandano, tsaro da aka hango, da kuma dabi'un mutum. Mummunan siffofin ji a cikin ruwan fanfo—kamar mummunan ɗandano ko warine—yana ƙarfafa yawan amfani da ruwan kwalba.[10] Amfani da ruwan kwalba na roba ya ci gaba da tashi, koda a yankuna masu ingancin ruwan fanfo mai girma. Wannan ci gaban yana taimakawa ga matsalolin muhalli kamar fitar da hayaki lokacin sufuri da taruwar robobi maras rubewa.[11]

Amurka (United States)

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Matakan gurbatawa da aka samu a cikin ruwan fanfo sun bambanta tsakanin gidaje da tsarin famfo. Yayin da yawancin gidajen Amurka ke da damar yin amfani da ruwan fanfo mai inganci, buƙatar ruwan kwalba na ƙaruwa.[12] A shekara ta 2002, Zaɓen Ra'ayin Jama'a na Gallup ya bayyana cewa yiwuwar haɗarin lafiya da ke tattare da amfani da ruwan fanfo shine ɗayan babban dalilin da ke sa masu amfani da Amurka gwammace ruwan kwalba fiye da ruwan fanfo.[13]

Matakin amincewa ga ruwan fanfo ya dogara da madaidaita daban-daban, gami da dokokin gwamnati da ke akwai game da ingancin ruwa da amfani da su. A cikin 1993, ɓarnar cryptosporidiosis a Milwaukee, Wisconsin ta shafi mazauna sama da 400,000 kuma an ɗauke ta mafi girma a tarihin Amurka.[14] Ketare ƙa'idodin ruwan fanfo mai tsanani yana tasiri ga raguwar amon jama'a. [15]

Bambanci tsakanin ingancin ruwa na kwalba da na fanfo abu ne mai zaman muhawara. A shekarar 1999, Majalisar Kare Albarkatun Kasa (NRDC) ta fitar da sakamako mai cike da cece-kuce daga binciken shekaru 4 a kan ruwan kwalba. Binciken ya yi ikirarin cewa kashi daya bisa uku na ruwan da aka gwada sun gurbata da sinadarai na roba (synthetic organic chemicals), kwayoyin cuta (bacteria), da arsenic. Akalla samfuri guda ya wuce ka'idojin jiha na matakan gurbatawa a cikin ruwan kwalba.[16]

A Amurka, wasu hukumomin gundumomi suna ƙoƙarin yin amfani da ruwan fanfo fiye da ruwan kwalba a kadarorin gwamnati da abubuwan da ke faruwa. Masu jefa ƙuri'a a Jihar Washington sun soke harajin ruwan kwalba ta hanyar shirin ƴan ƙasa.[17][18]

Nassoshi (References)

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  1. 1 2 Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: special focus on gender. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2023
  2. ↑ "Takagi T-KJr2-IN-NG Indoor". tanklesses.com. 2020.
  3. ↑ Troesken, Werner (2006). The great lead water pipe disaster. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-20167-4. OCLC 70176961.
  4. ↑ The source Where Is the World's Most Dangerous Drinking Water? (commercial website qssuplies.co.uk, March 2023) uses data of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Destinations list, wwwnc.cdc.gov) and the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) (Unsafe drinking water, epi.yale.edu, 2022). The EPI estimates rely on data of the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study
  5. 1 2 Board., National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Public Water Supply Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks. National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology (2006). Drinking water distribution systems : assessing and reducing risks. National Academies Press. ISBN 0-309-10306-1. OCLC 71294470.
  6. ↑ Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization, Modern Marvels video series, The History Chfifr5tyk A&E Television, 1996
  7. ↑ Coyne, M. (1994). Water Quality and Fecal Indicator Bacteria. Soil Science News and Views, 15. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_views/33
  8. ↑ Domoń, A., Kowalska, B., Papciak, D., & Wojtas, E. (2025). Assessment of the stability of tap water in the distribution system. *Desalination and Water Treatment*, *322*, 101130. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130)
  9. ↑ "Why is my tap water cloudy?". www.mwra.com. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  10. ↑ Zvěřinová, I., Ščasný, M., & Otáhal, J. (2024). Bottled or Tap Water? Factors Explaining Consumption and Measures to Promote Tap Water. Water, 16(20), 3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16203011
  11. ↑ Dorigoni, A., & Bonini, N. (2023). Water bottles or tap water? A descriptive-social- norm based intervention to increase a pro-environmental behavior in a restaurant. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 86, 101971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101971
  12. ↑ Doria, Miguel F. (2006-06-01). "Bottled water versus tap water: understanding consumers' preferences". Journal of Water and Health. 4 (2): 271–276. Bibcode:2006JWH.....4..271D. doi:10.2166/wh.2006.0023. ISSN 1477-8920. PMID 16813019.
  13. ↑ Saylor, Amber; Prokopy, Linda Stalker; Amberg, Shannon (September 2011). "What's Wrong with the Tap? Examining Perceptions of Tap Water and Bottled Water at Purdue University". Environmental Management (in Turanci). 48 (3): 588–601. Bibcode:2011EnMan..48..588S. doi:10.1007/s00267-011-9692-6. ISSN 0364-152X. PMID 21643837. S2CID 22067616.
  14. ↑ Mac Kenzie, William R.; Hoxie, Neil J.; Proctor, Mary E.; Gradus, M. Stephen; Blair, Kathleen A.; Peterson, Dan E.; Kazmierczak, James J.; Addiss, David G.; Fox, Kim R.; Rose, Joan B.; Davis, Jeffrey P. (1994-07-21). "A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted through the Public Water Supply". New England Journal of Medicine. 331 (3): 161–167. doi:10.1056/NEJM199407213310304. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 7818640.
  15. ↑ Pierce, Gregory; Gonzalez, Silvia (2017-02-01). "Mistrust at the tap? Factors contributing to public drinking water (mis)perception across US households". Water Policy (in Turanci). 19 (1): 1–12. Bibcode:2017WaPol..19....1P. doi:10.2166/wp.2016.143. ISSN 1366-7017.
  16. ↑ "The Truth About Tap". NRDC (in Turanci). January 5, 2016. Retrieved 2021-04-24.
  17. ↑ McNamara, Neal (December 2, 2010). "Washington state says goodbye to bottle and candy taxes". Federal Way Mirror. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  18. ↑ "Initiative Measure 1107 Concerns reversing certain 2010 amendments to state tax laws". Washington Secretary of State · Elections Division. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

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