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Ruwan dutse

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Ruwan dutse
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Dome (geology), volcanic landform (en) Fassara da Dutsen Volcano
Bangare na Dutsen Volcano
Rhyolitic lava dome na Chaitén Volcano yayin fashewar 2008-2010
Ɗaya daga cikin Inyo Craters, misali na dome rhyolite
Nea Kameni gani daga Thera, Santorini

A cikin ilimin volcanology, dome na lava madauwari ce mai siffar tudu, wanda ya haifar da jinkirin extrusion na lava na danko daga dutsen mai aman wuta. Barkewar ginin gida ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, musamman a madaidaitan iyakokin faranti. Kusan kashi 6 cikin 100 na fashewar fashewar abubuwa a duniya suna haifar da lava. [1] Geochemistry na lava domes na iya bambanta daga basalt (misali Semeru, 1946) zuwa rhyolite (misali Chaiten, 2010) kodayake yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin tsaka-tsaki (kamar Santiaguito, dacite - andesite, yanzu). Siffar siffar kubba ana danganta shi da babban danko wanda ke hana lava yin nisa sosai. Ana iya samun wannan babban danko ta hanyoyi biyu: ta yawan silica a cikin magma, ko kuma ta hanyar zubar da magma ruwa. Tun da ɗigon basaltic da andesitic domes yanayi cikin sauri da sauƙi rabuwa ta hanyar ƙarin shigar da lava na ruwa, yawancin ɗakunan da aka adana suna da babban abun ciki na silica kuma sun ƙunshi rhyolite ko dacite .

An ba da shawarar wanzuwar lava don wasu gine-gine a kan wata, Venus da Mars, misali saman Mars a yammacin Arcadia Planitia da kuma cikin Terra Sirenum . [2] [3]

Dome kuzarin kawo cikas

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Lava domes a cikin ramin Dutsen St. Helens

Lava domes suna tasowa ba tare da annabta ba, saboda abubuwan da ba na layi ba wanda ke haifar da crystallization da fitar da iskar gas mai ɗanɗano sosai a cikin magudanar dome. Domes suna fuskantar matakai daban-daban kamar girma, rugujewa, ƙarfafawa da yashwa . [4]

Lava domes suna girma ta hanyar ci gaban kubba na endogenic ko girma dome exogenic . Tsohuwar tana nufin faɗaɗa ƙwarƙwarar lava saboda kwararar magma zuwa cikin kubba, kuma na biyun yana nufin ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa na lava da aka sanya a saman kubbar. Shi ne babban dankowar lava wanda ke hana shi yin nisa daga mashin da yake fitar da shi, yana haifar da wani siffa mai kama da kubba na lava mai ɗaki sannan ta yi sanyi a hankali. [5] Spines da lava flows ne na kowa extrusive kayayyakin na lava domes. Gidaje na iya kaiwa tsayin mita ɗari da yawa, kuma suna iya girma sannu a hankali har tsawon watanni (misali dutsen mai aman wuta na Unzen ), shekaru (misali Dutsen Dutsen Soufrière ), ko ma ƙarni (misali Dutsen Merapi volcano). Gefen waɗannan gine-gine sun ƙunshi tarkacen dutsen da ba su da ƙarfi. Saboda yawan matsa lamba na iskar gas na tsaka-tsaki, ɓangarorin gidaje na iya fuskantar fashewar fashewar abubuwa a cikin lokaci. [6] Idan wani ɓangare na kubba na lava ya rushe kuma ya fallasa magma mai matsa lamba, ana iya samar da kwararar pyroclastic . Sauran hadurran da ke da alaƙa da gidajen lava sune lalata dukiyoyi daga kwararar lava, gobarar daji, da lahar da suka taso daga sake tattara toka da tarkace. Domes na Lava ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan fasalulluka na tsari na yawancin stratovolcanoes a duniya. Lava domes suna da saurin fashe fashe masu haɗari da ba a saba gani ba tunda suna iya ƙunsar silica mai arzikin rhyolitic.

Halayen fashewar dome na lava sun haɗa da marar zurfi, dogon lokaci da kuma yanayin girgizar ƙasa, wanda ake danganta shi da wuce haddi na ruwa a ɗakin da ke ba da gudummawa. Sauran sifofi na kubba na lava sun haɗa da siffar kubba mai ɗaci, zagayowar girmar kubba na tsawon lokaci, da farawar tashin tashin hankali. Za a iya amfani da matsakaicin adadin girma na kubba a matsayin maƙasudin ma'anar samar da magma, amma ba ya nuna wani tsari na tsari ga lokaci ko halaye na fashewar dome na lava.

Rushewar kubba na lava na iya haifar da toshewa da kwararar toka . [7]

Siffofin ƙasa masu alaƙa

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Cryptodomes

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Babban cryptodome na Dutsen St. Helens a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1980

A cryptodome (daga Girkanci κρυπτός, kryptos, "boye, sirri") wani tsari ne mai siffar kubba da aka yi ta hanyar tarin magma mai danko a zurfin zurfi. [8] Misalai biyu na cryptodomes sune waɗanda ke haifar da fashewar 1956 na Bezymianny da fashewar 1980 na Dutsen St. Helens . A kowane hali, fashewar fashewar ta fara ne bayan cryptodome ya haifar da gefen dutsen mai aman wuta zuwa waje kuma ya haifar da rugujewar sashe, wanda hakan ya haifar da fashewar fashewar cryptodome na karkashin kasa. [9] [10]

Lava spine/Lava spire

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Soufrière Hills lava spine kafin fashewar 1997
Girman dome na Lava yayin lokacin fashewar 2004-2008 na Dutsen St Helens

Lava spine ko lava spire girma ne wanda zai iya samuwa a saman dome na lava. Kashin baya na lava na iya ƙara rashin kwanciyar hankali na gindin dome na lava. Misali na baya-bayan nan na kashin baya shine kashin baya da aka kafa a cikin 1997 a Volcano na Soufrière Hills akan Montserrat.

Lava coulées

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Chao dacite coulée flow-domes (cibiyar hagu), arewacin Chile, ana kallo daga Landsat 8

Coulées (ko coulees) gidaje ne na lava waɗanda suka ɗanɗana wasu kwarara daga matsayinsu na asali, don haka yayi kama da ɗakuna biyu da lava .

Mafi girma da aka sani da kwararar dacite a duniya shine hadadden Chao dacite dome, wani katon dome na coulée tsakanin tsaunuka biyu a arewacin Chile . Wannan kwararar ta wuce 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) tsayi, yana da fayyace siffofi masu gudana kamar matsi da matsa lamba, da kwararar gaban 400 metres (1,300 ft) tsayi (layin duhu mai duhu a ƙasan hagu). Akwai wani fitaccen maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a gefen dutsen Llullaillaco, a Argentina, da sauran misalai a cikin Andes .

Misalai na lava domes

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Lava domes
Name of lava dome Country Volcanic area Composition Last eruption

or growth episode
Chaitén lava dome Chile Southern Volcanic Zone Rhyolite 2009
Ciomadul lava domes Romania Carpathians Dacite Pleistocene
Cordón Caulle lava domes Chile Southern Volcanic Zone Rhyodacite to Rhyolite Holocene
Galeras lava dome Colombia Northern Volcanic Zone Unknown 2010
Katla lava dome Iceland Iceland hotspot Rhyolite 1999 onwards 
Lassen Peak United States Cascade Volcanic Arc Dacite 1917
Black Butte (Siskiyou County, California) United States Cascade Volcanic Arc Dacite 9500 BP[11]
Bridge River Vent lava dome Canada Cascade Volcanic Arc Dacite ca. 300 BC
La Soufrière lava dome Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc 2021[12]
Mount Merapi lava dome Indonesia Sunda Arc Unknown 2010
Nea Kameni Greece South Aegean Volcanic Arc Dacite 1950
Novarupta lava dome United States Aleutian Arc Rhyolite 1912
Nevados de Chillán lava domes Chile Southern Volcanic Zone Dacite 1986
Puy de Dôme France Chaîne des Puys Trachyte c. 5760 BC
Santa María lava dome Guatemala Central America Volcanic Arc Dacite 2009
Sollipulli lava dome Chile Southern Volcanic Zone Andesite to Dacite 1240 ± 50 years
Soufrière Hills lava dome Montserrat Lesser Antilles Andesite 2009
Mount St. Helens lava domes United States Cascade Volcanic Arc Dacite 2008
Torfajökull lava dome Iceland Iceland hotspot Rhyolite 1477
Tata Sabaya lava domes Bolivia Andes Unknown ~ Holocene
Tate-iwa Japan Japan Arc Dacite Miocene[13]
Tatun lava domes Taiwan Andesite 648[14]
Valles lava domes United States Jemez Mountains Rhyolite 50,000-60,000 BP
Wizard Island lava dome United States Cascade Volcanic Arc Rhyodacite 2850 BC

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :02
  2. ↑ Rampey, Michael L.; Milam, Keith A.; McSween, Harry Y.; Moersch, Jeffrey E.; Christensen, Philip R. (28 June 2007). "Identity and emplacement of domical structures in the western Arcadia Planitia, Mars". Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (E6): E06011. Bibcode:2007JGRE..112.6011R. doi:10.1029/2006JE002750.
  3. ↑ Brož, Petr; Hauber, Ernst; Platz, Thomas; Balme, Matt (April 2015). "Evidence for Amazonian highly viscous lavas in the southern highlands on Mars". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 415: 200–212. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.415..200B. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.01.033.
  4. ↑ Darmawan, Herlan; Walter, Thomas R.; Troll, Valentin R.; Budi-Santoso, Agus (2018-12-12). "Structural weakening of the Merapi dome identified by drone photogrammetry after the 2010 eruption". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (in Turanci). 18 (12): 3267–3281. Bibcode:2018NHESS..18.3267D. doi:10.5194/nhess-18-3267-2018. ISSN 1561-8633.
  5. ↑ Darmawan, Herlan; Troll, Valentin R.; Walter, Thomas R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Geiger, Harri; Heap, Michael J.; Seraphine, Nadhirah; Harris, Chris; Humaida, Hanik; Müller, Daniel (2022-02-25). "Hidden mechanical weaknesses within lava domes provided by buried high-porosity hydrothermal alteration zones". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 12 (1): 3202. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.3202D. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06765-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8881499 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35217684 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ Heap, Michael J.; Troll, Valentin R.; Kushnir, Alexandra R. L.; Gilg, H. Albert; Collinson, Amy S. D.; Deegan, Frances M.; Darmawan, Herlan; Seraphine, Nadhirah; Neuberg, Juergen; Walter, Thomas R. (2019-11-07). "Hydrothermal alteration of andesitic lava domes can lead to explosive volcanic behaviour". Nature Communications (in Turanci). 10 (1): 5063. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.5063H. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13102-8. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6838104. PMID 31700076.
  7. ↑ Haraldur Sigurdsson. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ "USGS: Volcano Hazards Program Glossary - Cryptodome". volcanoes.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
  9. ↑ "USGS: Volcano Hazards Program CVO Mount St. Helens". volcanoes.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
  10. ↑ Donnadieu, F.; Merle, O.; Besson, J-C. (2001). "Volcanic edifice stability during cryptodome intrusion". Bulletin of Volcanology. 63 (1): 61–72. Bibcode:2001BVol...63...61D. doi:10.1007/s004450000122.
  11. ↑ "Shasta". Volcano World. Oregon State University. 2000. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  12. ↑ "Soufrière St. Vincent volcano (West Indies, St. Vincent): twice length and volume of new lava dome since last update". www.volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  13. ↑ Goto, Yoshihiko; Tsuchiya, Nobutaka (July 2004). "Morphology and growth style of a Miocene submarine dacite lava dome at Atsumi, northeast Japan". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 134 (4): 255–275. Bibcode:2004JVGR..134..255G. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.03.015.
  14. ↑ "Tatun Volcanic Group". Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
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