Ruwan guguwa na masana'antu
 Ruwan guguwa na masana'antu |
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Ruwan guguwa na masana'antu yana fitowa daga hazo (ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara, dusarƙara, ruwan sanyi, ko ƙanƙarar ƙanƙanta) wanda ke sauka a wuraren masana'antu (misali wuraren masana'anta, ma'adanai, filayen jirgin sama). Wannan runoff sau da yawa ana gurɓata shi da kayan da ake sarrafawa ko adanawa a shafukan, kuma wuraren suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi don sarrafa fitarwa.[1][2]
Don sarrafa ruwan guguwa na masana'antu yadda ya kamata, wuraren suna amfani da ayyukan gudanarwa mafi kyau (BMPs) waɗanda ke da niyyar hana gurbatawa shiga cikin runoff da kuma magance ruwa kafin a sake shi daga shafin. Matakan rigakafi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da kiyaye wuraren aiki masu tsabta, gudanar da binciken kayan aiki na yau da kullum, adana kayan da kyau, hana zubar, da kuma horar da ma'aikata kan dabarun rigakafin gurɓata.[3]
Don magance ruwan guguwa, wurare na iya shigar da tsarin sarrafawa kamar tsare-tsare da tafkuna, wuraren da aka gina, tsarin tacewa, ko masu raba ruwa. Wadannan tsarin suna taimakawa wajen rage gurɓataccen yanayi ta hanyar daidaitawa da abubuwa masu ƙarfi, tace ruwa, ko tallafawa hanyoyin magani na halitta kafin a fitar da ruwa.[4]
Dokar a Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A Amurka, wuraren da ke fitar da ruwan guguwa na masana'antu zuwa ruwan sama dole ne su sami izini a karkashin tsarin kawar da gurbataccen ruwa na kasa (NPDES), bisa ga Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa. Dokokin izinin ruwan sama da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta bayar suna sarrafa tsarin izini. EPA ta buga dokar ruwan sama ta "Phase I", wacce ke rufe wuraren fitar da masana'antu, a cikin 1990.
Yawancin izinin ruwan sama a Amurka hukumomi ne ke bayarwa a cikin jihohi 47 waɗanda EPA ta ba su iko. Ofisoshin yanki na EPA suna ba da izinin ruwan sama a sauran sassan ƙasar.[5]
Ana buƙatar shafuka da yawa na masana'antu bisa doka don samun Shirin Rigakafin Ruwan Guguwa (SWPPP), wanda ke tsara matakan da za su ɗauka don sarrafawa da saka idanu. A cikin Amurka, wannan ya fada ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi kamar Tsarin kawar da gurbataccen ƙasa (NPDES).
Hanyar izini ta bangarori da yawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]EPA ta buga Multi-Sector General Permit (MSGP) da farko a cikin 1995 don sarrafa yadda ya kamata a sarrafa ruwan guguwa na masana'antu, kuma lokaci-lokaci yana sabuntawa da sake ba da izinin. MSGP na 2021 ya rufe bangarori 30 na masana'antu da kasuwanci: [6]
Ginin ginin ruwan sama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin EPA, magudanar ruwa daga wuraren gine-gine kuma ana rarraba su azaman ruwan guguwar masana'antu, duk da haka ana rufe waɗannan fitar da wani tsari na izini. EPA lokaci-lokaci tana buga Izinin Gine-gine da kuma hukumomin jihar da aka yarda suna buga irin wannan izini, don tsara fitar da wuraren gini na kadada 1 (4,000 m 2 ) ko fiye. (Har ila yau, an rufe su ne wuraren da ba su da ƙasa da kadada ɗaya a girman, waɗanda ke cikin babban shirin ci gaba na yau da kullum wanda zai dame fiye da 1 acre.) [7] Baya ga aiwatar da bukatun NPDES, yawancin jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi sun kafa nasu dokoki da ka'idoji na kula da ruwan sama, kuma wasu sun buga littattafan zane-zane na maganin ruwa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan buƙatun jihohi da na gida sun faɗaɗa ɗaukar hoto fiye da bukatun tarayya. Misali, Jihar Maryland na buƙatar yazayar ƙasa da sarrafa laka a wuraren gine-gine na 5,000 sq ft (460 m 2 ) ko fiye.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Müller, Alexandra; Österlund, Heléne; Marsalek, Jiri; Viklander, Maria (2020-03-20). "The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: A review of sources". Science of the Total Environment. Elsevier. 709. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.709m6125M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136125. PMID 31905584.
- ↑ "Stormwater Discharges from Industrial Activities". United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022-11-28.
- ↑ US EPA, OW (2015-10-30). "Industrial Stormwater Fact Sheet Series". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-24.
- ↑ US EPA, OW (2015-10-28). "Stormwater Discharges from Industrial Activities". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-24.
- ↑ "NPDES State Program Authority". National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). EPA. 2023-01-03.
- ↑ "Stormwater Discharges from Industrial Activities-EPA's 2021 MSGP". NPDES. EPA. 2022-12-22.
- ↑ "Stormwater Discharges from Construction Activities". NPDES. EPA. 2023-02-27.