Ruwan sama, Girbi a cikin Sahel
 Ruwan sama, Girbi a cikin Sahel | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Iri | Sashen gudanarwa |
Girbin ruwan sama a yankin Sahel hade ne da dabarun noma na ‘yan asali da sabbin abubuwa[1] wadanda suke “dasa ruwan sama” da rage yawan iska, ta yadda amfanin gona zai samu danshin kasa na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo. A cikin wuraren da ba su da wadatar albarkatu na yankin Sahel na Afirka, tsarin ban ruwa da takin mai magani sau da yawa suna da tsada mai tsada kuma don haka ba a saba gani ba: don haka haɓaka ko kiyaye amfanin amfanin gona ta fuskar canjin yanayi ya dogara da haɓaka tsarin noma na yankin don “ƙara ajiyar ruwa a cikin ƙasa da kuma sake cika ƙasa mai gina jiki. Girbin ruwan sama yana da tasiri idan aka haɗa shi da tsarin sabunta ƙasa da sarrafa al'amura.[2]
Fage
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sahel yanki ne na Afirka da aka ayyana ta hanyar muhalli (maimakon yanayin siyasa). Sunan Sahel ya fito ne daga harshen larabci sāḥil (Larabci: ساحل) yana siffanta iyaka, gaɓar ruwa ko gefensa, wanda ya siffanta daidai da yankunan riƙo na Afirka inda savanna ta zama hamadar sahara. (A cewar taƙaitaccen ƙamus na Oxford na Sunaye na Duniya, "Larabawa sun ɗauki Sahara a matsayin babban teku tare da Sahel a matsayin bakin teku."[3]) Sahel ya ratsa Senegal, Gambiya, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Kamaru, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, da Eritriya a cikin bel000 zuwa 1,00 km00 (1,00 km00) spa. 5,400 km (3,360 mi) daga Tekun Atlantika a yamma zuwa Bahar Maliya a gabas. Yankin Sahel yana da alamar raguwar matakan hazo daga kudu zuwa arewa, amma abin da ke bayyana yanayin busasshen ba lallai ba ne ruwan sama ya ragu. A wasu lokuta bushewar yana faruwa ne saboda yawan ƙawancewar da ake ci gaba da yi (saboda zafi ko bushewar iska). Ruwan sama da ba a iya faɗi ba sau da yawa shi ma wani abu ne.[4]
Kididdigar yawan al'ummar yankin Sahel sun bambanta dangane da wanne yanki na siyasa ya hada, amma alkaluman yana kusa da mutane miliyan 100, [7] ciki har da 'yan gudun hijira kusan miliyan daya da kuma mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu. Kasashen yankin Sahel sun fi fama da talauci. Misali, kogin Volta yana da kusan mutane miliyan 20 da ke zaune a kasashen Burkina Faso da Ghana; Kashi 61 na Burkinabe da kashi 45 na mutanen Ghana suna rayuwa a kasa da dalar Amurka 1 kowace rana. Kimanin manoma miliyan 12 a yankin (ciki har da mutane a Nijar, Chadi, Mauritania, Mali, da kuma watakila Burkina Faso da Senegal), lokaci-lokaci ko kuma "suna cikin mawuyacin hali ga rashin abinci da abinci mai gina jiki."
Samar da abinci na rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Aikin noma yana ba da gudummawar tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 70 na GDP ga tattalin arzikin mafi yawan ƙasashen sahara. Manyan tsarin noma na yankin Sahel su ne ciyayi, kiwo, da gaurayawan noman hatsi da tushen amfanin gona. Tushen amfanin gona galibin dankalin turawa ne da rogo; hatsi galibi gero ne da dawa, tare da wasu masara; the "North-South rainfall gradient gradient ... a jere daga arewa-kudu rinjaye na gero, dawa da masara." Canjin yanayi a cikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa an yi hasashen rage noman hatsin Sahel da kashi biyu, musamman saboda karuwar zafi. Kwamitin tsakanin gwamnatoci kan sauyin yanayi ya kuma yi hasashen raguwar lambobi biyu saboda karuwar yawan ruwan sama.[5]
Babban amfanin gona a gida yana da kimanin kashi 90 cikin 100 na abinci a yankin Sahel, kuma kashi 90 cikin 100 na waɗannan amfanin gona ana noman su ne ta hanyar amfani da noman ruwan sama kawai. An yi la'akari da cewa ba za a yi yuwuwar sauyin sauyi na Afirka gaba ɗaya zuwa tsarin ban ruwa na duniya na farko, kuma yankin Sahel yana da "mafi ƙayyadaddun damar noman ruwa." Ban ruwa mai injina, inda ake da shi, yawanci yana iyakance ga amfanin gona mai riba mai riba, maimakon rayuwa. Don haka, don haɓaka ko ma kula da aikin noman rani na Sahel "mafi dacewa dabarun...zai inganta yawan amfanin ruwan sama ga mafi yawan kayan abinci"[6]