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Ruwan teku

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Ruwan teku
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Bangare na teku
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Ruwan teku, ko ruwan teku, ruwa ne daga teku ko teku . A matsakaici, ruwan teku a cikin tekuna na duniya yana da gishirin kusan kashi 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). Wannan yana nufin cewa kowace kilogiram (kimanin lita ɗaya bisa ga girman) na ruwan teku yana da kimanin 35 grams (1.2 oz) na gishirin da aka narkar (galibi sodium ( ) da kuma chloride ( ) ions ). Matsakaicin yawan da ake samu a saman shine 1.025 kg/L. Ruwan teku ya fi ruwa mai kyau da ruwa mai tsarki yawa (yawan ruwa 1.0) kg/L a 4 °C (39 °F) ) Saboda gishirin da aka narkar yana ƙara yawan taro da girma fiye da girman. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Wurin daskarewar ruwan teku yana raguwa yayin da yawan gishiri ke ƙaruwa. A daidai lokacin da gishirin yake ƙaruwa, yana daskarewa da kusan −2 °C (28 °F) . [1] An gano ruwan teku mafi sanyi da har yanzu yake cikin yanayin ruwa da aka taɓa gani a shekarar 2010, a cikin wani rafi a ƙarƙashin wani ƙanƙarar Antarctic : zafin da aka auna ya kasance −2.6 °C (27.3 °F) . [2]

Ma'aunin pH yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar halayen sinadarai na ruwan teku, kuma akwai ma'aunin pH daban-daban da dama a cikin nazarin teku na sinadarai . [1] Babu wani ma'aunin pH da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya don ruwan teku kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'auni bisa ga ma'aunin tunani daban-daban na iya zama har zuwa raka'a 0.14.

Kadarorin

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Gishirin ƙasa

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Matsakaicin gishirin saman teku na shekara-shekara da aka bayyana a cikin Sikelin Gishiri Mai Amfani na Tekun Duniya . Bayanai daga Atlas na Tekun Duniya [2]

Duk da cewa mafi yawan ruwan teku yana da gishiri tsakanin 31 da 38 g/kg, wato kashi 3.1–3.8%, ruwan teku ba ruwan gishiri ba ne a ko'ina cikin duniya. Idan aka haɗu da ruwan da ke kwarara daga bakin kogi, ko kuma kusa da ƙanƙara mai narkewa ko kuma yawan ruwan sama mai yawa (misali damina ), ruwan teku ba zai iya zama ruwan gishiri sosai ba. Tekun da ya fi kowanne ruwan gishiri shi ne Tekun Bahar Maliya, inda yawan fitar ruwa, ƙarancin ruwan sama da kuma ƙarancin kwararar kogi, da kuma yawan zagayawar ruwa ke haifar da ruwan gishiri. Gishirin da ke cikin ruwan da ke keɓe na iya zama mafi girma har yanzu. – kusan sau goma fiye da haka a yanayin Tekun Matattu . A tarihi, an yi amfani da ma'aunin gishiri da yawa don kimanta cikakken gishirin ruwan teku. Wani ma'auni mai shahara shine "Scale na Salinity Mai Amfani" inda aka auna gishirin a cikin "raka'o'in gishiri masu amfani (PSU)". Ma'aunin gishirin yanzu shine ma'aunin "Reference Salinity" [1] tare da gishirin da aka bayyana a cikin raka'a na "g/kg".

Yawan yawa

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Yawan ruwan teku na sama ya kasance daga kimanin 1020 zuwa 1029 kg / m3, dangane da zafin jiki da salinity. A zafin jiki na 25 ° C, salinity na 3 g / kg da matsin lamba na 1 atm, yawan ruwan teku shine 1023.6 kg / m3. [3][4] A cikin zurfin teku, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, ruwan teku na iya kaiwa ga yawan 1050 kg / m3 ko mafi girma. Yawan ruwan teku ma yana canzawa tare da salinity. Brines da aka samar da su ta hanyar tsire-tsire na ruwan teku na iya samun salinities har zuwa 120 g / kg. Yawan ruwan teku na yau da kullun na 120 g / kg salinity a 25 ° C da matsin yanayi shine 1088 kg / m3 . [3][4]          

ƙimar pH

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Darajar pH a saman tekuna a lokacin kafin masana'antu (kafin 1850) ta kasance kusan 8.2. Tun daga lokacin, yana raguwa saboda wani tsari da ɗan adam ke haifarwa wanda ake kira acidification na teku wanda ke da alaƙa da hayakin carbon dioxide : Tsakanin 1950 da 2020, matsakaicin pH na saman teku ya faɗi daga kimanin 8.15 zuwa 8.05. [5]

Darajar pH na ruwan teku a zahiri tana ƙasa da 7.8 a cikin zurfin ruwan teku sakamakon lalacewar abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan ruwan. Zai iya kaiwa har zuwa 8.4 a cikin ruwan saman a yankunan da ke da yawan amfanin halittu .

Ma'aunin pH yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar halayen sinadarai na ruwan teku, kuma akwai ma'aunin pH daban-daban da dama a cikin nazarin teku na sinadarai . [1] Babu wani ma'aunin pH da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya don ruwan teku kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'auni bisa ga ma'aunin tunani daban-daban na iya zama har zuwa raka'a 0.14.

Sinadarin sinadarai

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Zane da ke nuna yawan ions na gishiri daban-daban a cikin ruwan teku. Abun da ke cikin jimlar sinadaran gishirin shine: 55%, 30.6%, 7.7%, 3.7%, 1.2%, 1.1%, sauran 0.7%, ta hanyar taro.

Ruwan teku ya ƙunshi ions da aka narkar fiye da dukkan nau'ikan ruwan sha mai tsafta. [6] Duk da haka, rabon solutes ya bambanta sosai. Misali, kodayake ruwan teku ya ƙunshi kusan bicarbonate sau 2.8 fiye da ruwan kogi, kashi na bicarbonate a cikin ruwan teku a matsayin rabo na duk ions da aka narkar ya yi ƙasa da na ruwan kogi. ions na bicarbonate sun ƙunshi kashi 48% na solutes na ruwan kogi amma kashi 0.14% ne kawai ga ruwan teku. [6] Bambance-bambance irin waɗannan sun faru ne saboda bambancin lokutan zama na solutes na ruwan teku; sodium da chloride suna da dogon lokacin zama, yayin da calcium (mahimmanci ga samuwar carbonate ) yana iya fashewa da sauri. [7] ions mafi yawan narkar da ke cikin ruwan teku sune sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfate da calcium. Osmolarity ɗinsa shine kusan 1000 mOsm/L. [8]

Ana samun ƙananan adadin wasu abubuwa, ciki har da amino acid a cikin yawan har zuwa microgram 2 na atom na nitrogen a kowace lita, [9] waɗanda ake tsammanin sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a asalin rayuwa .

Abun da ke cikin ruwan teku



(gishiri = 3.5%)
Sinadarin Kashi ta kowane taro
Iskar Oxygen 85.84
Hydrogen 10.82
Chlorine 1.94
Sodium 1.08
Magnesium 0.1292
Sulfur 0.091
Calcium 0.04
Potassium 0.04
Bromine 0.0067
Carbon 0.0028
Jimlar sinadarin ruwan teku (gishirin = 35)
Bangaren Mayar da hankali (mol/kg)
53.6
0.546
0.469
0.0528
0.0282
0.0103
0.0102
C <sub id="mwATs">T</sub> 0.00206
0.000844
B <sub id="mwAUU">T</sub> 0.000416
0.000091
0.000068

Sinadaran ƙwayoyin cuta

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Binciken da Cibiyar Scripps ta gudanar a shekarar 1957 ya yi samfurin ruwa a wurare biyu na pelagic da neritic a Tekun Pacific. An yi amfani da ƙididdigar ƙananan halittu da al'adu kai tsaye, ƙidaya kai tsaye a wasu lokuta tana nuna har sau 10,000 da aka samu daga al'adu. An danganta waɗannan bambance-bambancen ne da faruwar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tarin abubuwa, tasirin kafofin watsa labarai na al'adu, da kuma kasancewar ƙwayoyin da ba su aiki. An lura da raguwar adadin al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa da thermocline, amma ba ta hanyar lura da ƙananan halittu kai tsaye ba. An ga adadi mai yawa na siffofin spirilli ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa amma ba a ƙarƙashin noma ba. An san bambancin adadi a cikin lambobi da aka samu ta hanyar hanyoyin biyu a wannan da sauran fannoni. [10] A cikin shekarun 1990, ingantattun dabarun gano ƙwayoyin cuta da gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta na DNA, sun ba wa masu bincike damar shiga cikin Ƙidayar Rayuwar Ruwa damar gano dubban ƙwayoyin cuta da ba a san su ba a baya waɗanda galibi ke kasancewa a ƙananan lambobi kawai. Wannan ya nuna bambancin da ya fi yawa fiye da yadda ake tsammani a baya, don haka lita ɗaya na ruwan teku na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan sama da 20,000. Mitchell Sogin daga dakin gwaje-gwajen halittu na ruwa yana jin cewa "adadin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban a cikin tekuna zai iya wuce miliyan biyar zuwa goma."

Ana samun ƙwayoyin cuta a zurfin ruwa, da kuma a cikin laka, wasu suna da aerobic, wasu kuma anaerobic. Yawancinsu suna yin iyo kyauta, amma wasu suna wanzuwa a matsayin symbionts a cikin wasu halittu - misalan waɗannan sune ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai. Cyanobacteria sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin juyin halittar hanyoyin teku, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka stromatolites da iskar oxygen a cikin yanayi.

Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna hulɗa da diatoms, kuma suna samar da muhimmiyar alaƙa a cikin zagayowar silicon a cikin teku. Wani nau'in anaerobic, Thiomargarita namibiensis, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rushewar fashewar hydrogen sulfide daga laka mai kama da diatomaceous a bakin tekun Namibia, kuma ana samar da shi ta hanyar yawan haɓakar phytoplankton a yankin Benguela na hazo yanzu, wanda daga ƙarshe ya faɗi zuwa ƙasan teku.

Archaea mai kama da ƙwayoyin cuta ta ba wa masana kimiyyar halittu na ruwa mamaki ta hanyar rayuwarsu da bunƙasa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi, kamar hanyoyin iskar hydrothermal a ƙasan teku. Kwayoyin cuta na ruwa masu jure wa alkali kamar Pseudomonas da Vibrio spp. suna rayuwa a cikin kewayon pH na 7.3 zuwa 10.6, yayin da wasu nau'ikan za su girma ne kawai a pH 10 zuwa 10.6. [11] Archaea kuma tana wanzuwa a cikin ruwan pelagic kuma tana iya zama kusan rabin biomass na teku, a bayyane yake tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan teku. A cikin 2000, laka daga ƙasan teku ya bayyana wani nau'in Archaea wanda ke rushe methane, wani muhimmin iskar gas mai dumama yanayi kuma babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ɗumamar yanayi. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna rushe duwatsun ƙasan teku, suna tasiri ga sinadaran ruwan teku. Zubewar mai, da kwararar da ke ɗauke da najasa na ɗan adam da gurɓatattun sinadarai suna da tasiri mai kyau akan rayuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a kusa, da kuma ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da gubobi da ke shafar dukkan nau'ikan halittun ruwa . A wasu lokutan, dinoflagellates masu protist na iya fuskantar fashewar jama'a da ake kira blooms ko red tides, sau da yawa bayan gurɓataccen iska da ɗan adam ya haifar. Tsarin na iya samar da sinadarai masu narkewa da aka sani da biotoxins, waɗanda ke tafiya tare da sarkar abinci ta teku, suna lalata masu amfani da dabbobi masu yawa.

An gano Pandoravirus salinus, wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta mai girma, mai kwayar halittar da ta fi girma fiye da kowace nau'in ƙwayar cuta, a shekarar 2013. Kamar sauran manyan ƙwayoyin cuta Mimivirus da Megavirus, Pandoravirus yana kamuwa da amoebas, amma kwayar halittarsa, wacce ke ɗauke da megabases 1.9 zuwa 2.5 na DNA, ta ninka girman Megavirus sau biyu, kuma ta bambanta sosai da sauran manyan ƙwayoyin cuta a bayyanar da kuma tsarin kwayar halitta.

A shekarar 2013, masu bincike daga Jami'ar Aberdeen sun sanar da cewa suna fara farautar sinadarai da ba a gano ba a cikin halittun da suka samo asali a cikin ramukan teku masu zurfi, suna fatan samun "tsara mai zuwa" na maganin rigakafi, suna tsammanin "rashin lafiyar kwayoyin cuta" tare da ƙarancin sabbin magunguna masu yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta. Binciken da Tarayyar Turai ta dauki nauyinsa zai fara ne a cikin Atacama Trench sannan ya ci gaba da bincike a cikin ramukan da ke kewaye da New Zealand da Antarctica.

Teku yana da dogon tarihi na zubar da sharar ɗan adam bisa ga zato cewa girmansa yana sa shi iya sha da kuma narkar da duk wani abu mai cutarwa. Duk da cewa wannan na iya zama gaskiya a ƙaramin sikelin, yawan najasa da ake zubarwa akai-akai ya lalata yanayin halittu da yawa na bakin teku, kuma ya sanya su zama barazana ga rayuwa. Kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka suna faruwa a cikin irin waɗannan ruwan, kamar Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae wanda ke haifar da kwalara, hepatitis A, hepatitis E da polio, tare da protozoans waɗanda ke haifar da giardiasis da cryptosporidiosis . Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna kasancewa akai-akai a cikin ruwan ballast na manyan tasoshin jini, kuma suna yaɗuwa sosai lokacin da aka fitar da ballast ɗin.

Sauran sigogi

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Saurin sauti a cikin ruwan teku yana kusa da 1,500 m/s (yayin da saurin sauti yawanci yana kusa da 330 m/s a cikin iska a kusan 101.3 matsin lamba na kPa, 1 yanayi), kuma ya bambanta da zafin ruwa, gishiri, da matsin lamba. Matsakaicin zafin ruwan teku shine 0.6 W/mK a 25 °C da gishirin 35 g/kg. [12] Ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar gishiri kuma yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki. [13]

Asali da tarihi

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Ana tsammanin ruwan da ke cikin teku ya fito ne daga aman wuta na Duniya, wanda ya fara shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata, wanda aka fitar ta hanyar cire gas daga dutsen da ya narke. (pp24–25)Wani sabon bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa yawancin ruwan Duniya na iya fitowa daga taurari masu tauraro mai wutsiya . [14]

Ka'idojin kimiyya da ke bayan asalin gishirin teku sun fara ne da Sir Edmond Halley a shekarar 1715, wanda ya gabatar da cewa koguna suna ɗauke gishiri da sauran ma'adanai zuwa teku bayan ruwan sama ya wanke su daga ƙasa. Da suka isa teku, waɗannan gishirin sun taru yayin da gishiri ya isa kan lokaci (duba zagayowar ruwa ). Halley ya lura cewa yawancin tafkuna waɗanda ba su da magudanar ruwa ta teku (kamar Tekun Matattu da Tekun Caspian, duba kwarin endorheic ), suna da yawan gishiri. Halley ya kira wannan tsari "yanayin yanayi na nahiyar".

Ka'idar Halley ta yi daidai. Bugu da ƙari, sodium yana fitowa daga ƙasan teku lokacin da teku ta samar. Kasancewar sauran ion mai rinjaye na gishiri, chloride, ya samo asali ne daga fitar da iskar chloride (a matsayin hydrochloric acid ) tare da wasu iskar gas daga cikin Duniya ta hanyar aman wuta da kuma hanyoyin iskar hydrothermal . Daga baya, sodium da chloride ions sun zama mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin gishirin teku.

Gishirin teku ya daɗe yana dawwama tsawon biliyoyin shekaru, wataƙila sakamakon tsarin sinadarai/ tectonic wanda ke cire gishiri gwargwadon yadda aka ajiye; misali, wuraren nutsewar sodium da chloride sun haɗa da ma'adinan evaporite, binnewar ruwa a rami, da kuma amsawar basalts na ƙasan teku. :133

Tasirin ɗan adam

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Sauyin yanayi, hauhawar matakan carbon dioxide a cikin yanayin duniya, yawan abubuwan gina jiki, da gurɓatawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban suna canza yanayin ƙasa a duniya. Yawan canji a wasu fannoni ya fi na tarihi da na baya-bayan nan a tarihin ƙasa. Manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa sun haɗa da ƙaruwar acidity, raguwar iskar oxygen a ƙarƙashin ruwa a kusa da teku da kuma ruwan pelagic, ƙaruwar matakan nitrogen a bakin teku, da ƙaruwar mercury da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu rai. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice da ƙonewar man fetur na ɗan adam, taki, da ayyukan masana'antu. Ana sa ran yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa zai ƙaru a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da mummunan tasiri ga halittun teku da sauran albarkatun ruwa. [15]

daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi burgewa game da wannan shine ƙara yawan sinadarin acid a cikin teku, wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙaruwar shan CO a cikin tekuna da ke da alaƙa da yawan CO yanayi da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa, [16] saboda yana shafar murjani, mollusks, echinoderms da crustaceans sosai (duba murjani mai launin shuɗi ).

Ruwan teku hanya ce ta sufuri a duk faɗin duniya. Kowace rana jiragen ruwa da yawa suna ketare teku don isar da kayayyaki zuwa wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ruwan teku kayan aiki ne ga ƙasashe don shiga cikin harkokin kasuwanci da sufuri na duniya yadda ya kamata, amma kowane jirgi yana fitar da hayaki wanda zai iya cutar da rayuwar ruwa, ingancin iskar yankunan bakin teku. Sufurin ruwan teku yana ɗaya daga cikin hayakin da mutane ke fitarwa cikin sauri. [17] Haɗarin da ake fitarwa daga jiragen ruwa yana haifar da haɗari mai yawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam a yankunan da ke kusa yayin da mai da iskar gas da aka saki daga ayyukan jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci ke rage ingancin iska kuma yana haifar da ƙarin gurɓatawa a ruwan teku da yankunan da ke kewaye. [18]

Wani amfani da ruwan teku da ɗan adam ke yi da shi da aka yi la'akari da shi shine amfani da ruwan teku don amfanin noma . A yankunan da ke da manyan yankunan tuddai na yashi, kamar Isra'ila, amfani da ruwan teku don ban ruwa ga shuke-shuke zai kawar da manyan kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da ruwan sabo lokacin da ba a iya samunsa cikin sauƙi. [19] Kodayake ba al'ada ba ne a yi amfani da ruwan gishiri a matsayin hanyar shuka shuke-shuke yayin da gishirin ke taruwa da lalata ƙasar da ke kewaye, an tabbatar da cewa yana da nasara a cikin ƙasa mai yashi da tsakuwa. [19] Babban tsaftace ruwan teku wani abu ne da zai taimaka wajen nasarar noman noma a cikin busasshiyar muhallin hamada . [19] Ɗaya daga cikin shuke-shuke mafi nasara a noman ruwan gishiri shine halophyte . Halophyte shuka ce mai jure gishiri wadda ƙwayoyinta ke jure wa tasirin gishiri a cikin ƙasa. [20] Endodermis yana tilasta mata ta tace gishiri mafi girma a cikin shukar saboda yana ba da damar zagayawa da ruwa ta cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. [20] An yi amfani da noman halophytes da aka yi ban ruwa da ruwan gishiri don noman abincin dabbobi ga dabbobi ; duk da haka, dabbobin da aka ciyar da waɗannan shuke-shuken sun cinye ruwa fiye da waɗanda ba su ci ba. [20] Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a san noma daga amfani da ruwan gishiri ba kuma ana amfani da shi a babban sikelin, binciken farko ya nuna cewa akwai damar samar da ƙarin amfanin gona a yankunan da ba kasafai ake iya nomawa a gonaki ba.

Amfanin ɗan adam

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Shan ruwa mai tsafta ba bisa ka'ida ba ba shi da illa, musamman idan aka sha ruwan teku tare da ruwa mai tsafta. Duk da haka, shan ruwan teku don kiyaye ruwa ba shi da amfani; dole ne a fitar da ruwa mai yawa don kawar da gishirin (ta fitsari ) fiye da adadin ruwan da aka samu daga ruwan teku. [21] A yanayi na yau da kullun, ba za a yi la'akari da shan ruwan teku mai yawa ba. A zamanin mulkin mallaka na Tahiti, ƙaramin adadin ruwan teku ya kasance sinadari ga miya sabo ( miti ) wato miti hue (da kwakwa mai tsami) da miti haʻari (an haɗa shi da madarar kwakwa ) a matsayin babban kayan ƙanshi na abinci, ba kamar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da shi kamar 'yan Hawaii waɗanda suka haɓaka gishiri mai cin nasara da kansu ba, don haka suna samun busassun gishiri don amfanin kansu. [22]

Tsarin koda yana daidaita matakan sodium da chloride a cikin jini a cikin kunkuntar iyaka kusan 9. g/L (0.9% ta nauyin jiki).

A yawancin ruwayen da ke buɗe, yawan sinadarin ya bambanta da ƙimar da aka saba da ita ta kusan kashi 3.5%, wanda ya fi yadda jiki zai iya jurewa kuma mafi yawan abin da koda za ta iya sarrafawa. Wani batu da aka saba watsi da shi a cikin iƙirarin cewa koda za ta iya fitar da NaCl a cikin yawan ruwan Baltic na kashi 2% (a cikin muhawarar akasin haka) shine cewa hanji ba zai iya shan ruwa a irin wannan yawan ba, don haka babu wani amfani a shan irin wannan ruwan. Duk da haka, gishirin ruwan saman Baltic bai taɓa zama kashi 2% ba; kashi 0.9% ne ko ƙasa da haka, don haka ba ya taɓa wuce na ruwan jiki ba. Shan ruwan teku yana ƙara yawan sinadarin NaCl na jini na ɗan lokaci. Wannan yana nuna cewa koda za ta fitar da sodium, amma yawan sinadarin sodium na ruwan teku ya fi ƙarfin kodan. Daga ƙarshe, yawan sinadarin sodium na jini yana tashi zuwa matakan guba, yana cire ruwa daga ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana hana jigilar jijiyoyi, wanda a ƙarshe yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta mai kisa da bugun zuciya . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Littattafan rayuwa suna ba da shawara akai-akai game da shan ruwan teku. Takaitaccen bayani game da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa guda 163 da aka yi a jirgin ruwa sun kiyasta cewa akwai yiwuwar mutuwa da kashi 39% ga waɗanda suka sha ruwan teku, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 3% ga waɗanda ba su sha ba. Tasirin shan ruwan teku ga beraye ya tabbatar da mummunan tasirin shan ruwan teku lokacin da aka bushe. [23]

Sha'awar shan ruwan teku ta fi girma ga matuƙan jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka kashe ruwansu mai kyau kuma ba su iya kama isasshen ruwan sama don sha ba. Wannan takaicin an bayyana shi da kyau ta hanyar wani layi daga littafin Samuel Taylor Coleridge mai suna The Rime of the Ancient Mariner :   Duk da cewa mutane ba za su iya rayuwa a kan ruwan teku ba maimakon ruwan sha na yau da kullun, wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa har zuwa kofuna biyu a rana, gauraye da ruwan sabo a cikin rabo 2:3, ba ya haifar da wani mummunan sakamako. Likitan Faransa Alain Bombard ya tsira daga ketare teku a cikin wani ƙaramin jirgin ruwa na roba na Zodiak ta amfani da naman kifi da ba a dafa ba, wanda galibi yana ɗauke da kusan kashi 40% na ruwa (kamar yawancin kyallen halitta), da kuma ƙaramin adadin ruwan teku da sauran abubuwan da aka girbe daga teku. An ƙalubalanci bincikensa, amma ba a iya bayar da wani bayani daban ba. A cikin littafinsa na 1948 The Kon-Tiki Expedition, Thor Heyerdahl ya ba da rahoton shan ruwan teku da aka gauraya da sabo a cikin rabo 2:3 a lokacin balaguron 1947. Bayan 'yan shekaru, wani mai kasada, William Willis, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sha kofuna biyu na ruwan teku da kofi ɗaya na sabo a kowace rana na tsawon kwanaki 70 ba tare da wata illa ba lokacin da ya rasa wani ɓangare na ruwansa.

A ƙarni na 18, Richard Russell ya ba da shawarar amfani da wannan hanyar a fannin likitanci a Burtaniya, [24] kuma René Quinton ya faɗaɗa wannan hanyar zuwa wasu ƙasashe, musamman Faransa, a ƙarni na 20. A halin yanzu, ana yin ta sosai a Nicaragua da sauran ƙasashe, ana zargin tana amfani da sabbin abubuwan da aka gano a fannin likitanci. [25] [ ana buƙatar tabbatarwa ]

Tsarkakewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kamar kowace irin ruwa mai danye ko gurɓataccen ruwa, ana iya fitar da ruwan teku ko a tace shi don kawar da gishiri, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda za su hana a ɗauke shi a matsayin abin sha . Yawancin jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku suna tace ruwan da za a iya sha daga ruwan teku ta amfani da hanyoyin kamar narkar da injin tsotsa ko narkar da walƙiya mai matakai da yawa a cikin na'urar fitar da iska, ko kuma, kwanan nan, narkar da iskar osmosis . Waɗannan hanyoyin da ke buƙatar makamashi ba su da yawa a zamanin Sail . Manyan jiragen ruwa masu jigilar kaya tare da manyan ma'aikata, kamar HMS Victory na NelsonHMS VictoryAn yi HMS Victory sanya na'urar tacewa a cikin kwale-kwalen su. Gishirin teku na halitta da ake samu ta hanyar tururi yana iya tattarawa kuma a sayar da shi a matsayin gishirin tebur, yawanci ana sayar da shi daban saboda keɓancewar ma'adinai ta musamman idan aka kwatanta da gishirin dutse ko wasu tushe.

Yawancin abincin yanki a faɗin duniya a al'ada suna haɗa ruwan teku kai tsaye a matsayin sinadari, suna dafa wasu sinadaran a cikin ruwan teku mai narkewa a madadin kayan ƙanshi na yau da kullun. Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da shahararrun masu dafa abinci na duniya Ferran Adrià da Quique Dacosta, waɗanda ƙasarsu ta Spain tana da kamfanoni shida daban-daban waɗanda ke samo ruwan teku mai tacewa don amfanin girki. Ana tallata ruwan a matsayin la sal perfecta, "cikakken gishiri", wanda ke ɗauke da ƙarancin sinadarin sodium tare da abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗanɗano. Wani gidan cin abinci da Joaquín Baeza ke gudanarwa yana samun lita 60,000 a wata daga mai samar da kayayyaki na Mediterranea [26]

Dabbobi kamar kifi, kifayen whale, kunkuru na teku, da tsuntsayen teku, kamar penguins da albatrosses, sun saba da zama a cikin wurin da ake da gishiri sosai. Misali, kunkuru na teku da kada na ruwan gishiri suna cire gishiri mai yawa daga jikinsu ta hanyar bututun hawayensu .

Haƙar ma'adinai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An fitar da ma'adanai daga ruwan teku tun zamanin da. A halin yanzu ƙarfe huɗu mafi yawa - Na, Mg, Ca da K - ana fitar da su ne daga ruwan teku a kasuwa. [27] A shekarar 2015 a Amurka, kashi 63% na samar da magnesium ya fito ne daga ruwan teku da ruwan gishiri. [28] Ana kuma samar da Bromine daga ruwan teku a China da Japan. [29] An gwada fitar da lithium daga ruwan teku a shekarun 1970, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka yi watsi da gwaje-gwajen. An yi la'akari da ra'ayin cire uranium daga ruwan teku aƙalla tun daga shekarun 1960, amma an cire gram kaɗan na uranium a Japan a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. [30] Babban batun ba shine yuwuwar fasaha ba amma farashin yanzu akan kasuwar uranium don uranium daga wasu tushe ya ninka sau uku zuwa biyar ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin farashin da aka samu ta hanyar fitar da ruwan teku. [31] [32] Irin waɗannan batutuwa suna kawo cikas ga amfani da uranium da aka sake sarrafawa kuma galibi ana kawo su ne akan sake sarrafa nukiliya da kera man MOX a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a tattalin arziki.

Makomar hakar ma'adinai da sinadarai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Domin a gudanar da aikin haƙo ma'adinai da abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan teku yayin da ake la'akari da ayyukan da za su dawwama, ya zama dole a sanya tsarin gudanarwa mai sa ido. Wannan yana buƙatar kula da yankunan teku da yanayinsu, tsara muhalli, jagororin da aka tsara don tabbatar da cewa ana sarrafa haƙoran, kimantawa akai-akai game da yanayin bayan haƙoran teku, da kuma sa ido akai-akai. [33] Amfani da fasaha, kamar jiragen sama marasa matuƙa na ƙarƙashin ruwa, na iya sauƙaƙe haƙoran mai dorewa. [34] Amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa marasa ƙarancin carbon zai kuma ba da damar ƙarin hanyoyin haƙowa masu dorewa yayin da rage tasirin carbon daga haƙoran ma'adinai. [34]

Kamfanin tace gishiri

Wani aikin da ake la'akari da shi sosai shine tsarin tace gishiri domin cimma ruwa mai dorewa daga ruwan teku. Duk da cewa tace gishirin yana da damuwa game da muhalli, kamar farashi da albarkatu, masu bincike suna aiki kafada da kafada don tantance hanyoyin da za su dawwama, kamar ƙirƙirar shuke-shuken ruwa masu amfani waɗanda za su iya magance manyan samar da ruwa a yankunan da waɗannan tsare-tsaren ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba. [35] Kodayake tace ruwan teku na iya amfanar al'umma sosai, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da tasirin muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da duk haƙoran ta hanyar da za ta yarda da kuma la'akari da haɗarin da ke tattare da dorewar yanayin halittu na ruwan teku.

Daidaitacce

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

ASTM International tana da ƙa'idar ƙasa da ƙasa don ruwan teku na wucin gadi : ASTM D1141-98 (Asalin ASTM D1141-52). Ana amfani da shi a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na bincike a matsayin mafita mai sake samarwa ga ruwan teku kamar gwaje-gwaje kan tsatsa, gurɓatar mai, da kimanta sabulun shara. [36]

Tsarin halittu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.  Ma'adanai da ake samu a cikin ruwan teku suma suna iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar abinci na teku da yanayin halittu. Misali, Tekun Kudu yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga zagayowar carbon na muhalli. Ganin cewa wannan jikin ruwa ba ya ɗauke da yawan ƙarfe, ƙarancin yana shafar rayuwar ruwa da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwansa. Sakamakon haka, wannan teku ba ta iya samar da phytoplankton mai yawa wanda ke hana tushen farko na sarkar abinci na teku. [37] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan phytoplankton sune diatoms wanda shine babban tushen abinci na Antarctic krill . Yayin da zagayowar ke ci gaba, manyan dabbobin teku daban-daban suna cin krill na Antarctic, amma tunda akwai ƙarancin ƙarfe daga farkon phytoplankton/diatoms, to waɗannan manyan nau'ikan suma ba su da ƙarfe. Manyan dabbobin teku sun haɗa da Baleen Whales kamar Blue Whale da Fin Whale . [37] Waɗannan whales ba wai kawai sun dogara da ƙarfe don daidaita ma'adanai a cikin abincinsu ba, har ma yana shafar adadin ƙarfe da aka sake farfaɗowa cikin teku. Fitar kifin whale kuma yana ɗauke da ƙarfen da ya sha wanda zai ba da damar sake shigar da ƙarfe cikin yanayin halittu na teku. Gabaɗaya, ƙarancin ma'adinai ɗaya kamar ƙarfe a Tekun Kudancin na iya haifar da babban jerin rikice-rikice a cikin yanayin halittu na teku wanda ke nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ruwan teku ke takawa a cikin sarkar abinci .

Bayan ƙarin bincike kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin kifin diatoms, krill, da baleen, an binciki samfuran kifin baleen a cikin ruwan teku na Antarctic. [37] Binciken ya haɗa da cewa yawan ƙarfe ya fi na waɗanda aka samu a cikin ruwan teku na Antarctic sau miliyan 10, kuma an sami krill akai-akai a cikin najasarsu wanda hakan ke nuna cewa krill yana cikin abincin kifin. [37] Kifin Antarctic yana da matsakaicin matakin ƙarfe na 174.3mg/kg na busasshen nauyi, amma ƙarfen da ke cikin krill ya bambanta daga 12 zuwa 174 mg/kg na busasshen nauyi. [37] Matsakaicin yawan ƙarfe na tsoka na kifin blue da fin whales shine 173 mg/kg na busasshen nauyi, wanda ke nuna cewa manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa suna da mahimmanci ga yanayin halittu na ruwa kamar yadda suke a Tekun Kudancin. [37] A gaskiya ma, samun ƙarin kifin whales a cikin teku zai iya ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku ta hanyar fitar da su wanda zai haɓaka ingantaccen yanayin halittu.

Kifin Krill da baleen suna aiki a matsayin manyan ma'ajiyar ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku a Tekun Kudancin. Krill na iya riƙe har zuwa kashi 24% na baƙin ƙarfe da ake samu a kan ruwan saman da ke cikin kewayonsa. [37] Tsarin ciyar da kifin krill akan diatoms yana sakin ƙarfe zuwa ruwan teku, yana nuna su a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na zagayowar ƙarfe na teku. Dangantaka mai kyau tsakanin kifin krill da baleen yana ƙara adadin ƙarfe da za a iya sake amfani da shi da adana shi a cikin ruwan teku. [37] An ƙirƙiri madauri mai kyau na amsawa, yana ƙara yawan yawan rayuwar ruwa a Tekun Kudancin.

Halittu na kowane girma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yanayin halittu na ruwa, inda manyan da ƙananan mazauna ke ba da gudummawa daidai gwargwado wajen sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwan teku. Ba da fifiko ga murmurewar yawan kifaye saboda suna haɓaka yawan aiki a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa da kuma ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku zai ba da damar samar da tsarin daidaito da wadata ga teku. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar fa'idodin najasar kifaye a matsayin taki da kuma samar da ƙarin haske game da sake amfani da ƙarfe a cikin Tekun Kudancin. [37] Ayyuka kan kula da yanayin halittu da kiyayewa suna da mahimmanci don haɓaka ilimin yanayin halittu na ruwa.

Tasirin Muhalli da dorewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kamar kowace hanyar haƙar ma'adinai, akwai fa'idodi da rashin amfani ga muhalli. Cobalt da Lithium muhimman karafa ne guda biyu da za a iya amfani da su don taimakawa wajen amfani da fasahohin da suka fi dacewa da muhalli a sama da ƙasa, kamar samar da batura masu ƙarfafa motocin lantarki ko ƙirƙirar wutar lantarki ta iska . [38] Hanya mai kyau ta haƙar ma'adinai wadda ke ba da damar samun ƙarin dorewa ita ce cire waɗannan karafa daga ƙasan teku. Haƙar ma'adinai ta Lithium daga ƙasan teku a adadi mai yawa na iya samar da adadi mai yawa na karafa masu sabuntawa don haɓaka ayyukan da suka fi dacewa da muhalli a cikin al'umma don rage sawun carbon na ɗan adam. Haƙar ma'adinai ta Lithium daga ƙasan teku na iya yin nasara, amma nasararsa za ta dogara ne akan ayyukan sake amfani da su masu inganci a sama da ƙasa. [39]

Rayuwar ruwa tana bunƙasa a ƙasan teku

Akwai kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da cirewa daga ƙasan teku. Yawancin nau'ikan halittu masu bambancin halittu suna da tsawon rai a ƙasan teku, wanda ke nufin cewa haifuwarsu tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. [33] Kamar yadda ake girbe kifi daga ƙasan teku, cire ma'adanai da yawa, da sauri, ba tare da ingantattun tsare-tsare ba, na iya haifar da katsewar yanayin halittu na ƙarƙashin ruwa. [33] Akasin haka, wannan zai yi tasiri akasin haka kuma ya hana cire ma'adanai daga zama aiki mai dorewa na dogon lokaci, kuma zai haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfe da ake buƙata. Duk wani cire ma'adinai daga ruwan teku yana kuma haɗarin wargaza mazaunin halittun ƙarƙashin ruwa waɗanda suka dogara da yanayin halittu marasa katsewa a cikin muhallinsu saboda rikice-rikice na iya haifar da babban rikici ga al'ummomin dabbobi. [33]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

  • Artificial seawater – Mixture of dissolved salts simulating the mean seawater composition
  • Brackish water – Water with salinity between freshwater and seawater
  • Brine – Concentrated solution of salt in water
  • Brine mining – Extracting materials from saltwater
  • CORA dataset – Oceanographic temperature and salinity dataset global ocean salinity
  • Fresh water – Naturally occurring water with low amounts of dissolved salts
  • Ocean color – Explanation of the color of oceans and ocean color remote sensing
  • Saline water – Water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts
  • Sea ice – Outcome of seawater as it freezes
  • Seawater pH – Measure of the level of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution
  • Surface tension of seawater – Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area
  • Thalassotherapy – Form of therapy using seawater
  • Thermohaline circulation – Part of large-scale ocean circulation

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Page Samfuri:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. 1 2 Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001) CO2 in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands ISBN 0-444-50946-1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "zeebe" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. ↑ "World Ocean Atlas 2009". NOAA. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  3. 1 2 Nayar, Kishor G.; Sharqawy, Mostafa H.; Banchik, Leonardo D.; Lienhard V, John H. (July 2016). "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations that include pressure dependence". Desalination. 390: 1–24. Bibcode:2016Desal.390....1N. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  4. 1 2 "Thermophysical properties of seawater" (in Turanci). Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  5. ↑ Terhaar, Jens; Frölicher, Thomas L.; Joos, Fortunat (2023). "Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-[[:Samfuri:CO2]] greenhouse gases". Environmental Research Letters (in Turanci). 18 (2): 024033. Bibcode:2023ERL....18b4033T. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91. ISSN 1748-9326. S2CID 255431338 Check |s2cid= value (help). URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  6. 1 2 Gale, Thomson. "Ocean Chemical Processes". Retrieved 2 December 2006.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Pinet".
  8. ↑ "Osmolarity of sea water - Biosphere - BNID 100802". bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu.
  9. ↑ Tada, K.; Tada, M.; Maita, Y. (1998). "Dissolved free amino acids in coastal seawater using a modified fluorometric method" (PDF). Journal of Oceanography. 54 (4): 313–321. Bibcode:1998JOce...54..313T. doi:10.1007/BF02742615. S2CID 26231863. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  10. ↑ Jannasch, Holger W.; Jones, Galen E. (1959). "Bacterial Populations in Sea Water as Determined by Different Methods of Enumeration". Limnology and Oceanography. 4: 128–139. Bibcode:1959LimOc...4..128J. doi:10.4319/lo.1959.4.2.0128.
  11. ↑ Maeda, M.; Taga, N. (31 March 1980). "Alkalotolerant and Alkalophilic Bacteria in Seawater". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2: 105–108. Bibcode:1980MEPS....2..105M. doi:10.3354/meps002105.
  12. ↑ Sharqawy, Mostafa H.; Lienhard V, John H.; Zubair, Syed M. (April 2010). "The thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing correlations and data" (PDF). Desalination and Water Treatment. 16 (1–3): 354–380. Bibcode:2010DWatT..16..354S. doi:10.5004/dwt.2010.1079. S2CID 93362418. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  13. ↑ "Thermal conductivity of seawater and its concentrates". Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  14. ↑ Cowen, Ron (5 October 2011). "Comets take pole position as water bearers". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.579. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  15. ↑ Doney, Scott C. (18 June 2010). "The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry". Science. 328 (5985): 1512–1516. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1512D. doi:10.1126/science.1185198. PMID 20558706. S2CID 8792396.
  16. ↑ Doney, Scott C.; Fabry, Victoria J.; Feely, Richard A.; Kleypas, Joan A. (2009-01-01). "Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem". Annual Review of Marine Science. 1 (1): 169–192. Bibcode:2009ARMS....1..169D. doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834. PMID 21141034. S2CID 402398.
  17. ↑ Vaishnav, Parth (2014). "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Transport". Issues in Science and Technology. 30 (2): 25–28. ISSN 0748-5492. JSTOR 43315842.
  18. ↑ Iodice, Paolo; Langella, Giuseppe; Amoresano, Amedeo (2017). "A numerical approach to assess air pollution by ship engines in manoeuvring mode and fuel switch conditions". Energy & Environment. 28 (8): 827–845. Bibcode:2017EnEnv..28..827I. doi:10.1177/0958305X17734050. ISSN 0958-305X. JSTOR 90015687.
  19. 1 2 3 Boyko, Hugo (1967). "Salt-Water Agriculture". Scientific American. 216 (3): 89–101. Bibcode:1967SciAm.216c..89B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0367-89. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24931436.
  20. 1 2 3 Glenn, Edward P.; Brown, J. Jed; O’Leary, James W. (1998). "Irrigating Crops with Seawater". Scientific American. 279 (2): 76–81. Bibcode:1998SciAm.279b..76G. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0898-76. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 26070601.
  21. ↑ "Can humans drink seawater?". National Ocean Service (NOAA). 26 February 2021.
  22. ↑ Lemaitre, Yves (1972). "La hiérarchie des terms de nourriture en Tahitien" (PDF). Cah. ORSTOM (in Faransanci). IX (1): 66, 68–9. Le mot miti que nous avons traduit par « sauce salée » a également le sens de « eau de mer » (tahitien archaïque tai) [...] Lorqu'ils prennent leur repas, les Tahitiens tiennent leur miti à portée de la main pour y tremper chaque morceau de nourriture avant de le poter à la bouche. C'était le moyen de saler des Tahitiens qui, contrairement aux Hawaiens, n'utilisaient pas le sel sous forme solide (miti popaʻā « miti européen ») aux temps pré-européens.
  23. ↑ Etzion, Z.; Yagil, R. (1987). "Metabolic effects in rats drinking increasing concentrations of seawater". Comp Biochem Physiol A. 86 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(87)90275-1. PMID 2881655.
  24. ↑ "History of the 18th century medical use of sea water in Britain". drinkingseawater.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  25. ↑ "Medical use of sea water in Nicaragua". drinkingseawater.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Baker".
  27. ↑ Loganathan, Paripurnanda; Naidu, Gayathri; Vigneswaran, Saravanamuthu (2017). "Mining valuable minerals from seawater: a critical review". Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology (in Turanci). 3 (1): 37–53. Bibcode:2017ESWRT...3...37L. doi:10.1039/C6EW00268D. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  28. ↑ Campbell, Keith. "Over 40 minerals and metals contained in seawater, their extraction likely to increase in the future". Mining Weekly (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  29. ↑ "Global Bromine Industry And Its Outlook" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2026-02-16. Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  30. ↑ Ugo Bardi (2008). "Mining the Oceans: Can We Extract Minerals from Seawater?". theoildrum.com. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  31. ↑ "Viability of Uranium Extraction from Sea Water".
  32. ↑ "Cost-effective method of extracting uranium from seawater promises limitless nuclear power". 14 June 2018.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Levin, Lisa A. (2019). "SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation". Oceanography. 32 (2): 170–180. Bibcode:2019Ocgpy..32b.170L. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019.224. ISSN 1042-8275. JSTOR 26651193.
  34. 1 2 Santos, Eleonora (2024-04-16). "Innovative solutions for coastal and offshore infrastructure in seawater mining: Enhancing efficiency and environmental performance". Desalination. 575. Bibcode:2024Desal.57517282S. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2023.117282. ISSN 0011-9164.
  35. ↑ Ayaz, Muhammad; Namazi, M. A.; Din, M. Ammad ud; Ershath, M. I. Mohamed; Mansour, Ali; Aggoune, el-Hadi M. (2022-10-15). "Sustainable seawater desalination: Current status, environmental implications and future expectations". Desalination. 540. Bibcode:2022Desal.54016022A. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2022.116022. ISSN 0011-9164.
  36. ↑ "ASTM D1141-98(2013)". ASTM. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (2010-05-13). "Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill". Fish and Fisheries. 11 (2): 203–209. Bibcode:2010AqFF...11..203N. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x. ISSN 1467-2960.
  38. ↑ McCarthy, Rebecca (2020). "Deep Sea Rush: With valuable metals on the ocean floor, speculators are circling". The Baffler (54): 114–124. ISSN 1059-9789. JSTOR 26975674.
  39. ↑ Bardi, Ugo (April 2010). "Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis". Sustainability (in Turanci). 2 (4): 980–992. Bibcode:2010Sust....2..980B. doi:10.3390/su2040980. ISSN 2071-1050. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)

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