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SWAPO

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SWAPO
Bayanai
Iri jam'iyyar siyasa
Ƙasa Namibiya
Ideology (en) Fassara democratic socialism (en) Fassara, left-wing nationalism (en) Fassara, anti-imperialism (en) Fassara, Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa da African nationalism (en) Fassara
Political alignment (en) Fassara Bangaren hagu da left-wing (en) Fassara
Aiki
Mamba na Socialist International (en) Fassara
National Assembly
63 / 104
National Council of Namibia
28 / 42
Mulki
Shugaba Sam Nujoma da Hifikepunye Pohamba (mul) Fassara
Sakatare Sophia Shaningwa (en) Fassara
Hedkwata Windhoek
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 19 ga Afirilu, 1960
Wanda ya samar
Founded in Windhoek
swapoparty.org.na

Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma ( SWAPO / ˈswɑːp oʊ / ; Afrikaans Afrikaans , SWAVO; German , SWAVO), wanda aka fi sani da SWAPO Party of Namibia, jam'iyyar siyasa ce kuma tsohuwar gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai a Namibiya (tsohuwar Afirka ta Kudu ta Kudu ). An kafa ta a shekarar 1960, ita ce jam'iyya mai mulki a Namibiya tun bayan da kasar ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Jam'iyyar na ci gaba da samun rinjaye a adadi da rinjaye daga kabilar Ovambo .

SWAPO ta samu rinjayen kashi biyu bisa uku a majalisar daga 1994 zuwa 2019. A babban zaben da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba 2019, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 65.5% na yawan kuri'un jama'a da kuma kujeru 63 daga cikin kujeru 104 na majalisar dokokin kasar . Haka kuma tana da kujeru 28 daga cikin 42 na majalisar wakilai ta kasa . Daga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017 har zuwa rasuwarsa a watan Fabrairun 2024, shugaban kasar Namibia Hage Geingob ya ci gaba da zama shugaban SWAPO bayan an zabe shi a matsayin a babban taron jam'iyyar.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fage da tushe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kafa kasar Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1884. Bayan yakin duniya na daya, kungiyar hadin kan kasashen duniya ta bai wa kasar Birtaniya Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka wadda a da ta kasance karkashin mulkin mallakar Jamus . Lokacin da Jam'iyyar National Party ta lashe zaben 1948 a Afirka ta Kudu kuma daga baya ta gabatar da dokokin wariyar launin fata, an kuma yi amfani da waɗannan dokokin ga Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka wanda aka dauke shi a matsayin lardin Afirka ta Kudu na biyar .

An kafa SWAPO a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1960 a matsayin wanda zai gaji Kungiyar Jama'ar Ovamboland . Shugabannin sun sauya sunan jam'iyyar ne domin nuna cewa tana wakiltar dukkan 'yan kasar Namibiya. Amma, kungiyar tana da tushe a tsakanin mutanen Ovambo na arewacin Namibiya, wadanda suka zama kusan rabin yawan jama'a.

Gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1962, SWAPO ta zama babbar ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ga mutanen Namibiya. Ta zabi wasu kungiyoyi irin su South West Africa National Union (SWANU), daga baya a 1976 Namibia African People's Democratic Organization . SWAPO sun yi amfani da dabarun sari-ka-noke wajen yakar sojojin tsaron Afrika ta Kudu . A ranar 26 ga Agustan 1966, babban rikici na farko ya faru, lokacin da wata ƙungiya ta 'yan sandan Afirka ta Kudu, da ke samun goyon bayan sojojin saman Afirka ta Kudu, suka yi musayar wuta da dakarun SWAPO. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar wannan kwanan wata a matsayin farkon abin da ya zama sananne a Afirka ta Kudu da Yaƙin kan iyaka .

Wani muhimmin al'amari a yakin neman 'yancin kai shi ne yajin aikin ma'aikatan kwantiragin Namibiya 1971-72, wanda ya yi gwagwarmayar kawar da tsarin aikin kwangila da 'yancin kai daga Afirka ta Kudu. Babban manufar ita ce haɓaka ƴancin kai a ƙarƙashin jagorancin SWAPO. [1] [2]

A shekara ta 1973, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da SWAPO a matsayin 'kadaitaccen wakili' na mutanen Namibiya. Gwamnatin Norway ta fara ba da taimako kai tsaye ga SWAPO a cikin 1974. [3]

Kasar Angola ta sami 'yencin kanta a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1975 bayan yakin neman 'yencin kai . Jam'iyyar Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), wadda Cuba da Tarayyar Soviet suka goyi bayan, ta hau mulki. A cikin Maris 1976, MPLA ta ba da sansanonin SWAPO a Angola don kai hare-hare kan sojojin Afirka ta Kudu.

Namibiya Mai 'Yancin Kai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lokacin da Namibiya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1990, SWAPO ta zama babbar jam'iyyar siyasa. Ko da yake kungiyar ta ƙi amincewa da kalmar South West Africa kuma ta fi son amfani da Namibiya, asalin sunan ƙungiyar — wanda aka samo daga tsohon sunan yankin — ya yi zurfi cikin yunkurin neman 'yancin kai fiye da yadda za a iya sauyawa. Duk da haka, cikakken asalin sunan ba a amfani da shi yanzu; kawai takaitaccen sunan SWAPO ne ya rage.[4] SWAPO, tare da yawancin gwamnatin Namibiya da harkokin mulkinta, har yanzu kabilar Ovambo ce ke da rinjaye, duk da "ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce da dama don kawar da wannan fahimta".[5]

Shugaban SWAPO Sam Nujoma ne aka ayyana a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na farko bayan SWAPO ta lashe zaɓen farko a 1989. Bayan shekara goma, Nujoma ya canza kundin tsarin mulki domin ya sami damar tsayawa takara a wa'adi na uku a 1999, duk da cewa kundin ya kayyade wa'adin shugaban ƙasa zuwa biyu.[Ana bukatan hujja]

A 2004, dan takarar shugaban ƙasa na SWAPO shi ne Hifikepunye Pohamba, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin wanda Nujoma ya zaɓa da kansa.[6][7]

A 2014, dan takarar SWAPO shi ne Hage Geingob, wanda ya kasance mataimakin shugaban SWAPO. A zaɓen 2019, shugaban ƙasa Geingob ya lashe wa'adin mulki na biyu na shekaru biyar a matsayin shugaban Namibiya.[8]

Motar yakin neman zaɓe na SWAPO

Manufa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kafa SWAPO ne da nufin cimma 'yancin kai na Namibiya, kuma saboda haka tana daga cikin motsin kishin Afirka. Kafin samun 'yancin kai, tana da akidar zamantakewa (socialist),[9] kuma akidar Marxist–Leninist,[10] akida ce da ba a bar ta nan take ba bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1990 lokacin da SWAPO ta zama jam'iyyar mulki.[11] A hukumance, jam'iyyar ta rungumi akidar dimokuradiyyar zamantakewa, har sai taron zaben 2017 ya amince da sauya akidar zuwa zamantakewa mai “halayyar Namibiya”,[12] duk da cewa wasu 'yan Namibiya sun ce wannan sauyin ba shi da tushe daga matakin kasa.[13]

Masu sharhi daban-daban sun fassara siyasar SWAPO ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Gerhard Tötemeyer, wanda mamba ne na jam'iyyar, ya dauki siyasar bayan 'yancin kai a matsayin ta neoliberal da dimokuradiyyar zamantakewa.[9] Henny Seibeb, dan adawa daga kungiyar Landless People's Movement, ya bayyana akidar jam'iyyar yanzu a matsayin kishin kasa mai sassauci tare da alamun akidu kamar dogmatism, kama-karya, da statism.[14]

Tsari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shugaban jam’iyya shi ne matsayi mafi girma a cikin SWAPO; a shekarar 2012, tsohon shugaban Namibia Pohamba ne ke da wannan matsayi. Mataimakin shugaban jam’iyyar kuma shi ne tsohon shugaban Namibia Hage Geingob, wanda aka zabe shi wannan matsayi a shekarar 2007 sannan aka sake tabbatar da shi a taron SWAPO a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012, har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2024. Matsayi na uku mafi girma a cikin SWAPO shi ne sakataren janar, wanda Nangolo Mbumba ke rike da shi a watan Disamba na 2012. Na hudu kuwa shi ne mataimakin sakataren janar, gwamnan Omaheke Laura McLeod-Katjirua.[15]

Kamar yadda jam’iyyun kwaminis da na zamantakewa ke yi, SWAPO tana karkashin jagorancin politburo da central committee. Jagorancin jam’iyyar yana samun shawara daga matasa, majalisar mata, da kuma majalisar dattawa.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Politburo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Politburo na SWAPO wata kungiya ce da halin yanzu ke da mambobi 29 a tsakanin shekarar 2022–2027 (sun haɗa da shugaban jam’iyya, tsohon shugaban jam’iyya, sakataren janar, mataimakin sakataren janar, mambobin da shugaban jam’iyya ya nada da kuma mambobin da kwamitin tsakiya na SWAPO ya zaba).[16]

Kwamitin Tsakiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Takardar SWAPO akan mota a Namibia

Kwamitin Tsakiya na SWAPO ya kunshi:

  • Shugaban jam’iyya
  • Mataimakin shugaban jam’iyya
  • Sakataren janar
  • Mataimakin sakataren janar
  • Tsohon shugaban SWAPO a matsayin mamba na dindindin
  • Kwamishinonin yankuna na SWAPO guda 13
  • Mambobi 54 da aka zaba a taron jam’iyya
  • Mambobi 10 da shugaban jam’iyya ya nada

A halin yanzu, mambobin kwamitin tsakiya guda 100 su ne:[17]

Kudade da sha'anin kasuwanci

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Duk da cewa SWAPO tana karɓar kuɗi daga gwamnati don gudanar da ayyukanta, jam’iyyar tana da manyan sha’anin kasuwanci. Ta hanyar Kalahari Holdings, ta shiga haɗin gwiwa da kamfanoni da dama, musamman reshen Namibian na MultiChoice, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na bayar da talabijin ta tauraron dan adam, inda SWAPO ke da hannun jari har 51%. Kalahari Holdings tana da haɗin gwiwa da Radio Energy, Africa Online, da kuma wasu kamfanoni a fannonin yawon shakatawa, noma, ayyukan tsaro da inshorar lafiya. SWAPO na da kamfanonin Namib Contract Haulage, Namprint, Kudu Investments da Ndilimani Cultural Troupe.[18][19]

Namibia Today ita ce jaridar SWAPO,[20] kuma Asser Ntinda shi ne edita. Jaridar ba ta ci gaba da wallafa tun ranar 7 Afrilu 2011[21] kuma ta rufe gaba daya a shekara ta 2015.[22]

Cin zarafi da take hakkin dan Adam

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Wasu kungiyoyi sun zargi SWAPO da aikata munanan laifuka na take hakkin dan Adam ga mutanen da ake zargi da leken asiri a lokacin gwagwarmayar ’yancin kai. Tun farkon karni na 21, wadannan kungiyoyi sun kara matsin lamba ga gwamnati kan wannan batu. Breaking the Wall of Silence (BWS) na daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da mutane da SWAPO ta tsare a lokacin yaki suka kafa, inda aka ci zarafinsu yayin bincike.[23][24] A shekara ta 2004, BWS ta zargi cewa “A cikin gudun hij

Membobinsu

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SWAPO cikakken mamba ne na Socialist International.[25] Ta kasance mamba a cikin Non-Aligned Movement kafin Namibiya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990.[26]

Tarihin Zaɓe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Zaɓen Shugaban Ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Zaɓe Dan takarar jam'iyya Kuri'u % Sakamako
1994 Sam Nujoma 370,452 76.34% An Zaɓe Green tickY
1999 414,096 76.82% An Zaɓe Green tickY
2004 Hifikepunye Pohamba 625,605 76.45% An Zaɓe Green tickY
2009 611,241 75.25% An Zaɓe Green tickY
2014 Hage Geingob 772,528 86.73% An Zaɓe Green tickY
2019 464,703 56.3% An Zaɓe Green tickY
2024 Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah 683,560 58.07% An Zaɓe Green tickY

Zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Zaɓe Shugaban Jam’iyya Kuri’u % Kujeru +/– Matsayi Sakamako
1989 Sam Nujoma 384,567 57.33%
41 / 72
 Sabon Increase Na 1 Gwamnatin rinjaye
1994 370,452 76.34%
53 / 72
 Increase 12 Steady Na 1 Gwamnati mai rinjaye sosai
1999 414,096 76.82%
55 / 78
 Increase 2 Steady Na 1 Gwamnati mai rinjaye sosai
2004 625,605 76.44%
55 / 78
 Steady 0 Steady Na 1 Gwamnati mai rinjaye sosai
2009 Hifikepunye Pohamba 611,241 75.25%
54 / 72
 Decrease 1 Steady Na 1 Gwamnati mai rinjaye sosai
2014 785,671 80.01%
77 / 96
 Increase 23 Steady Na 1 Gwamnati mai rinjaye sosai
2019 Hage Geingob 536,861 65.45%
63 / 96
 Decrease 14 Steady Na 1 Gwamnatin rinjaye
2024 Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah 583,300 53.38%
51 / 96
 Decrease 12 Steady Na 1 Gwamnatin rinjaye

Zaɓen Majalisar Ɗinkin Ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Zaɓe Kujeru +/– Matsayi Sakamako
1992
19 / 26
 Sabon Increase Na 1 Gwamnati mai rinjaye sosai
1998
21 / 26
 Increase 2 Steady Na 1 Gwamnati mai rinjaye sosai
2004
24 / 26
 Increase 3 Steady Na 1 Gwamnati mai rinjaye sosai
2010
24 / 26
 Steady Steady Na 1 Gwamnati mai rinjaye sosai
2015
40 / 42
 Increase 16 Steady Na 1 Gwamnati mai rinjaye sosai
2020
28 / 42
 Decrease 12 Steady Na 1 Gwamnati mai rinjaye sosai

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Ovambo migrant workers general strike for rights, Namibia, 1971-72 | Global Nonviolent Action Database". nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  2. ↑ Rogers, Barbara (1972). "Namibia's General Strike". Africa Today. 19 (2): 3–8. ISSN 0001-9887. JSTOR 4185227.
  3. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  4. ↑ Matundu-Tjiparuro, Kae (19 April 2010). "The founder of Swapo". New Era. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  5. ↑ Düsing, Sandra (2002). Traditional Leadership and Democratisation in Southern Africa: A Comparative Study of Botswana, Namibia, and Southern Africa. Studien zur Politikwissenschaft. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 125–126. ISBN 9783825850654. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  6. ↑ "NAMIBIA: Election expected to be low-key". IRIN. 2004. Archived from the original on 23 November 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
  7. ↑ "Elections in Namibia". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  8. ↑ "Namibia election: president wins second term despite scandal and recession". The Guardian (in Turanci). 1 December 2019.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tötemeyer
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Soiri
  11. ↑ Dauth, Timothy (17 January 1995). "From Liberation Organisations to Ruling Parties: The ANC and SWAPO in Transition". NamNet Digest, Vol. 95, no. 3. Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named sweeping
  13. ↑ Aluteni, D. (7 December 2018). "Swapo, what is 'Socialism with a Namibian Character'?". The Namibian. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  14. ↑ Seibeb, Henny (12 May 2017). "Social Movements, Party Politics And Democracy In Namibia". The Namibian. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  15. ↑ Immanuel, Shinovene; Shipanga, Selma (3 December 2012). "Moderates prevail". The Namibian. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  16. ↑ MEMBERS OF THE POLITICAL BUREAU 2022 – 2027[permanent dead link]
  17. ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
  18. ↑ Immanuel, Shinovene (29 November 2017). "Govt is Swapo's cash cow". The Namibian. p. 1. Archived from the original on 29 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  19. ↑ Tyson, Robin (January 2008). "The South African media's (re) colonisation of Namibia". Global Media Journal: African Edition. 2 (1): 66–79. doi:10.5789/2-1-35. hdl:10520/AJA20732740_24.
  20. ↑ "SWAPO distances itself from mouthpiece's Kameeta attack". The Namibian. 18 February 2003. Archived from the original on 31 July 2003.
  21. ↑ "Namibia Today (01 April 2011 - 07 April 2011)". SWAPO. Archived from the original on 2015-10-09. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  22. ↑ Immanuel, Shinovene (26 February 2019). "Swapo ousts newspaper editor". The Namibian. p. 1. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  23. ↑ "Church council's stance on detainees revives apartheid rhetoric, charges the NSHR", The Namibian, 18 November 2003
  24. ↑ "Ex-detainee issue still runs deep", The Namibian, 4 October 2005
  25. ↑ "List of Socialist International parties in Africa". Socialist International. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.
  26. ↑ "SWAPO Party of Namibia | History & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-24.
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