Sabuntawa mai rikitarwa
 Sabuntawa mai rikitarwa | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Sabuntawa |
| Fuskar |
strategic management (en)  |
| Yana haddasa |
disruption (en) |
| Mai ganowa ko mai ƙirƙira |
Clayton Christensen (en) |
| Time of discovery or invention (en) | 1995 |
A cikin ka'idar kasuwa, sabon abu ne wanda ke haifar da sabon kasuwa da cibiyar sadarwa mai daraja ko shiga a kasan kasuwar da ke akwai kuma a ƙarshe ya kawar da kamfanonin da ke jagorantar kasuwa, samfuran, da kawance. A ka'idar, sababbin abubuwa masu rikitarwa suna da wuyar jagorantar kamfanoni su kasance a saman masana'antar su.[1] Kalmar, "kirkirkirar rikice-rikice" ta shahara ne daga masanin kimiyya na Amurka Clayton Christensen da abokan aikinsa tun daga shekarar 1995. [1]
Ba duk sababbin abubuwa ba ne masu tayar da hankali, koda kuwa suna da juyin juya hali. Misali, motoci na farko a ƙarshen karni na 19 ba sabon abu ba ne mai kawo cikas ba, saboda motoci na farkon abubuwa ne masu tsada waɗanda ba su rushe kasuwar Motocin da aka ja da doki ba. Koyaya, motar da aka samar da yawa ta kasance sabon abu ne mai rikitarwa, saboda ta canza kasuwar sufuri, yayin da shekaru talatin na farko na motoci ba su yi ba.
Masu baƙi da 'yan kasuwa a cikin farawa suna samar da sababbin abubuwa masu rikitarwa, maimakon kamfanonin da ke kan kasuwa. Yanayin kasuwanci na shugabannin kasuwa ba ya ba su damar bin sabbin abubuwa masu rikitarwa lokacin da suka fara fitowa, saboda ba su da isasshen riba da farko kuma saboda ci gaban su na iya ɗaukar albarkatun da ba su da yawa daga ci gaba da sababbin abubuwa (waɗanda ake buƙata don yin gasa da gasa ta yanzu). [2] Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi suna iya ƙirƙirar sababbin abubuwa fiye da manyan ƙungiyoyi.[3] Tsarin rushewa na iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don bunkasa fiye da hanyar al'ada kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da shi ya fi girma fiye da sauran nau'ikan sababbin abubuwa, gine-gine ko juyin halitta, amma da zarar an tura shi cikin kasuwa, yana samun saurin shiga da kuma tasirin da ya fi girma a kan kasuwannin da aka kafa.[4]
Tarihin amfani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Ci gaba
- Wani sabon abu wanda ba ya shafar kasuwannin da ke akwai. Zai iya zama ko dai:
- Juyin Halitta
- Wani sabon abu wanda ke inganta samfurin a cikin kasuwar da ke akwai ta hanyoyin da kwastomomi ke tsammani (misali, allurar man fetur don injunan man fetur, wanda ya maye gurbin carburetors).
- Juyin Juya Halin (yana ci gaba amma yana ci gaba)
- Wani sabon abu da ba a tsammani ba, amma duk da haka bai shafi kasuwannin da ke akwai ba (misali, motoci na farko a ƙarshen karni na 19, waɗanda abubuwa ne masu tsada, kuma saboda haka an sayar da kaɗan).
- Rashin jituwa
- Wani sabon abu wanda ke haifar da sabon kasuwa ko ya shiga a kasan kasuwar da ke akwai ta hanyar samar da dabi'u daban-daban, wanda a ƙarshe (kuma ba zato ba tsammani) ya wuce masu aiki (misali, ƙananan farashi, Ford Model T mai araha, wanda ya sauya motocin dawakai)
Labarin an yi niyya ne ga shugabannin gudanarwa waɗanda ke yin kudade ko yanke shawara na sayen a cikin kamfanoni, da kuma al'ummar bincike, wanda ke da alhakin gabatar da fashewar fashewa ga kasuwar mabukaci. Ya bayyana kalmar a cikin littafinsa The Innovator's Dilemma . [2] Innovator's Dilemma ya binciki yanayin masana'antar fitar da faifai (dashi na faifai da masana'antar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tare da saurin juyin halitta na fasaha, shine nazarin fasahar abin da kwari ke cikin nazarin kwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda aka gaya wa Christensen a cikin shekarun 1990 ) da kuma masana'antar tonowa da motsa duniya (inda aikin ruwa a hankali, duk da haka, a ƙarshe, kayan aikin kebul ne).[2] A cikin ci gaba tare da Michael E. Raynor, The Innovator's Solution, Christensen ya maye gurbin kalmar fasahar rushewa tare da kirkire-kirkire masu rushewa saboda ya fahimci cewa yawancin fasahohi ba su da rikice-rikice ko ci gaba da halayyar; maimakon haka, tsarin kasuwanci ne wanda ke gano mahimmin ra'ayin da ke haifar da nasarar kasuwa kuma daga baya yana aiki a matsayin mai rushewa.[6] Fahimtar tsarin kasuwanci na Christensen, wanda ke ɗaukar fashewar fashewa daga ra'ayin da aka samo daga tunanin mai kirkiro zuwa samfurin kasuwa, yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda sabuwar fasahar ke sauƙaƙa saurin lalata fasahohin da kasuwanni da aka kafa ta hanyar mai rushewa. Christensen da Mark W. Johnson, wadanda suka kafa kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa Innosight, sun bayyana tasirin "ƙirƙirar ƙirar kasuwanci" a cikin labarin Harvard Business Review na 2008 "Reinventing Your Business Model". Ma'anar fasahar rushewa ta ci gaba da dogon al'ada na gano canjin fasaha mai mahimmanci a cikin nazarin kirkire-kirkire ta masana tattalin arziki, da aiwatarwa da aiwatayinta ta hanyar gudanarwa a matakin kamfanoni ko manufofi.[7]
A cewar Christensen, "kalmar 'ƙwarewar rikice-rikice' tana yaudara lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita don komawa ga abin da aka samo asali, ko 'darajar nan take', na halayyar kasuwa na samfurin ko sabis, maimakon cikakke, ko 'ƙididdigar tarihin', na halayen kasuwa na samfurin. "
A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, bangaren motoci ya fara rungumar hangen nesa na "fasahar rushewa" ta hanyar aiki tare da mai ba da shawara David E. O'Ryan, inda aka haɗa amfani da fasahar yanzu tare da sabon sabon abu don ƙirƙirar abin da ya kira "abinda ba daidai ba". Tsarin ko canjin fasaha gabaɗaya dole ne ya zama "mai ginawa" don inganta hanyar masana'antu ta yanzu, duk da haka yana tasiri ga dukan tsarin kasuwancin, wanda ke haifar da raguwar sharar gida, makamashi, kayan aiki, aiki, ko farashin gado ga mai amfani.
Dangane da fahimtar cewa kamfen ɗin talla mai rinjaye na iya zama daidai da ƙwarewar fasaha wajen kawo samfurin da ya ci nasara zuwa kasuwa, ka'idar Christensen ta bayyana dalilin da ya sa yawancin sababbin abubuwa masu tayar da hankali ba su da ci gaba ko fasahohi mai amfani, maimakon haɗuwa da abubuwan da ke akwai, an yi amfani da su da hankali ga cibiyar sadarwar ƙimar ƙima.
Shafin labarai na kan layi na TechRepublic ya ba da shawarar kawo ƙarshen ta amfani da kalmar, da kuma irin waɗannan kalmomin da suka danganci, suna ba da shawarar cewa, tun daga shekara ta 2014, ana amfani da shi sosai.
Ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Rushewa tsari ne, ba samfurin ko sabis ba, wanda ke faruwa daga sabon zuwa babban
- Ya samo asali ne a cikin ƙananan (ƙananan abokan ciniki) ko sabon kasuwa (inda babu wani)
- Sabbin kamfanoni ba sa kamawa da manyan abokan ciniki har sai ingancin ya kama ka'idodinsu
- Nasara ba abin da ake buƙata ba ne kuma wasu kasuwanci na iya rushewa amma sun kasa
- Sabon tsarin kasuwanci na kamfanin ya bambanta sosai daga wanda ke aiki
Christensen ya ci gaba da bunkasa da kuma inganta ka'idar kuma ya yarda cewa ba duk misalai na sababbin abubuwa ba ne suka dace da ka'idarsa. Misali, ya yarda cewa samo asali a ƙarshen kasuwa ba koyaushe bane ya haifar da sababbin abubuwa, amma a maimakon haka yana inganta tsarin kasuwanci na gasa, ta amfani da Uber a matsayin misali. A wata hira da mujallar Forbes ya ce:
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Li, Jin; Matouschek, Niko; Powell, Michael (2017). "Power Dynamics in Organizations". American Economic Journal: Microeconomics. 9 (1): 217–241. ISSN 1945-7669.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Christensen 1997.
- ↑ Wu, Lingfei; Wang, Dashun; Evans, James A. (February 2019). "Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology". Nature (in Turanci). 566 (7744): 378–382. Bibcode:2019Natur.566..378W. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0941-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 30760923. S2CID 61156556.
- ↑ Assink, Marnix (2006). "Inhibitors of disruptive innovation capability: a conceptual model". European Journal of Innovation Management. 9 (2): 215–233. doi:10.1108/14601060610663587.
- ↑ Christensen 1997. Christensen describes as "revolutionary" innovations as "discontinuous" "sustaining innovations"
- ↑ Christensen & Raynor 2003.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)