Sadruddin Aga Khan
_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg)
_rib.PNG){kind=small}
Sadruddin Aga Khan ( 17 January 1933 - 12 May 2003) ɗan siyasa ne kuma ɗan fafutuka ɗan asalin Faransa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1966 zuwa 1977. A lokacin da yake kan mulki, hukumar ta faɗaɗa aikinta don haɗawa da yanayin 'yan gudun hijira a wajen Turai.
Ya yi aure sau biyu, amma bai haifi 'ya'ya na kansa ba. Sadruddin ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yana da shekaru 70, kuma an binne shi a Switzerland.
Rayuwa da aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yaro da ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haife shi a Neuilly-sur-Seine, Faransa, shi kaɗai ne ɗa ga Sultan Mahomed Shah (wanda aka fi sani da suna Aga Khan III) da matarsa ta uku, matar da aka haifa a Faransa, Andrée Joséphine Carron. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a Lausanne, Switzerland, kafin ya kammala karatun Phi Beta Kappa a 1954 daga Kwalejin Harvard . A Harvard, ya zauna a Eliot House tare da Paul Matisse, jikan mai zane na Faransa Henri Matisse, tare da waɗanda suka kafa Paris Review na gaba George Plimpton da John Train, da kuma Stephen Joyce, jikan marubucin Irish James Joyce . [1] Tare da Plimpton, ya kasance edita na Harvard Lampoon . Bayan shekaru uku na binciken digiri na biyu a Cibiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Harvard, Yarima Sadruddin ya fara aiki a hidimar ƙasa da ƙasa.
Duk da cewa mahaifiyarsa 'yar Faransa ce ta rene shi a Turai, mahaifinsa, wanda shi ne limami na 48 na gado na Musulmai 'yan Nizari Ismaili, yana da tasiri sosai a kansa. Ya tuna cewa mahaifinsa "ya dage cewa na koyi Alƙur'ani kuma ya ƙarfafa ni in fahimci al'adun Musulunci da imani na asali amma ba tare da tilasta mini wani takamaiman ra'ayi ba. Mutum ne mai ƙarfin hali amma mai buɗe ido da sassaucin ra'ayi."
Ya bayyana Iran a matsayin tushen iyalinsa, duk da cewa bai taɓa zama a can ba. Lokacin da yake yaro, kakarsa ta uba ta kan karanta masa manyan waƙoƙin tarihin Farisa. Yana da ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya, Faransanci, Iran, da Switzerland, kuma ya iya magana da Faransanci, Turanci, Jamusanci da Italiyanci, yayin da kuma yake magana da wasu harsunan Farisa da Larabci .
Sadruddin ya shiga Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) a shekarar 1958, kuma ya zama Sakataren Zartarwa na Kwamitin Ayyukanta na Duniya don Kare Nubia a shekarar 1961. Wannan shiri ya tattaro masana kayan tarihi daga Gabashin Turai da Yamma a lokacin da yakin cacar baka ya yi tsanani. Gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ta yi barazana ga tsoffin taskokin Masar ciki har da Abu Simbel, haikalin Philae da Kalabsha, da majami'un Kirista na Nubia. Daga baya zai bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da UNESCO ta samu" saboda ƙalubalen yanayin tarihi da ya faru - musamman rikice-rikicen da ke ci gaba da faruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Yaƙin Cacar Baki. [2]
Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sadruddin ya fara aiki a matsayin jakada na musamman ga Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) a shekarar 1959, inda ya mayar da hankali kan Shekarar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya (1959–1960). [3] Shirin ya shahara da Tsarin Tambari, wani shiri na taimakon jama'a wanda ke tara kuɗi ta hanyar ƙasashen da ke cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kuma tallafin Ƙungiyar Wasiku ta Duniya . A lokacin, albarkatun UNHCR sun fi mayar da hankali kan tallafawa 'yan gudun hijira da ke tsallakawa daga Gabashin Turai.
A watan Janairun 1966, an naɗa Sadruddin a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bayan ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru uku a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Kwamishinan. A lokacin yana da shekaru 33, ya zama mutum mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa jagorantar Hukumar UNHCR. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa, ya jagoranci hukumar 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin ɗaya daga cikin mawuyacin lokaci, yana daidaita martanin ƙasashen duniya ga rikicin Bangladesh na 1971 wanda ya kori mutane 10 million, ƙaura daga dubban 'yan Hutu daga Burundi zuwa Tanzania a 1972, da kuma bala'in mutanen da ke cikin jirgin ruwa na Vietnam a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. A shekarar 1972, Sadruddin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen nemo sabbin gidaje ga dubban 'yan Asiya ta Kudu da aka kora daga Uganda ta hannun Idi Amin . [4]
A shekarun 1950, yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar da ke buƙatar taimako sun fito ne daga Turai, waɗanda aka kiyasta sun kai tsakanin 200,000 zuwa 300,000. A shekarun 1970, an magance yawancin waɗannan matsalolin 'yan gudun hijira na Turai. A lokaci guda, sabbin rikice-rikicen 'yan gudun hijira sun bayyana a sassan ƙasashe masu tasowa, ciki har da Falasɗinu, Vietnam, Angola, da Aljeriya. A ƙarƙashin mulkin Sadruddin Aga Khan a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1966 zuwa 1977, wa'adin hukumar ya faɗaɗa fiye da yadda ta mayar da hankali kan Turai don magance waɗannan ƙalubalen ƙaura a duniya baki ɗaya.
Wannan lokacin ya ga ƙaruwa a girman da sarkakiyar yanayin 'yan gudun hijira a duk duniya. Hukumar UNHCR da kuma al'ummar duniya baki ɗaya sun daidaita hanyoyin da suka bi. A lokacin da Sadruddin Aga Khan ya sauka daga mulki a shekarar 1977, shi ne Kwamishina mafi daɗewa a tarihin hukumar.
Aikin diflomasiyyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun daga shekarar 1978, Sadruddin ya rike mukamai da dama a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ciki har da Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman kuma Jami'in Ofishin Jakadanci a Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Wakilin Musamman na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Batutuwan Jin Kai na Duniya da kuma Kungiyar Aiki Mai Zaman Kanta kan Gaggawar Kudi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Shirye-shiryen Jin Kai da Tallafin Tattalin Arziki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da suka shafi Jama'ar Afghanistan da kuma Wakilin Babban Sakataren Janar na Shirin Jin Kai na Tsakanin Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke magance matsalolin da ke faruwa a yankunan kan iyakokin Iraki.
A watan Satumba na shekarar 1990, an nada shi Wakilin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Taimakon Jin Kai da ya shafi Rikicin da ke tsakanin Iraki da Kuwait. A wannan lokacin, ya yi shawarwari da jami'an Iraki, ciki har da Ministan Harkokin Waje Tariq Aziz, don kafa wani shirin agaji na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga Musulmin Shi'a a yankunan da ke da fadama a kudancin Iraki, duk da rashin amincewar gwamnatin Iraki na yin aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
An zaɓi Sadruddin Aga Khan sau biyu don matsayin Sakataren Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A shekarar 1981, duk da cewa ya sami goyon baya mafi yawa a kuri'ar Majalisar Tsaro, Tarayyar Soviet ta yi watsi da nadin nasa, wanda aka ruwaito yana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗan ƙasashen yamma. An sake zaɓe shi a shekarar 1991 amma bai sami wannan matsayi ba, inda aka ruwaito Amurka da Burtaniya suna adawa da shi saboda rashin jituwa kan goyon bayansa na ƙara yawan taimakon da ake bai wa Iraki. [5]
Kare Muhalli da kuma bayar da shawarwari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekarar 1977, Sadruddin Aga Khan ya kafa Groupe de Bellerive da ke Geneva tare da Denis de Rougemont da kuma Gidauniyar Bellerive mai zaman kanta. Gidauniyar ta yi aiki tare da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, kungiyoyin agaji na kasashen biyu, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Asusun Duniya kan Yanayi (WWF). Ta mayar da hankali kan kare muhalli, kiyaye albarkatun kasa, da kuma bambancin halittu.
Gidauniyar Bellerive ta yi aiki tare da UNICEF da sauran abokan hulɗa kan shirye-shiryen da suka shafi sare dazuzzuka. Ta haɓaka haɓakawa da rarraba murhun girki masu rahusa da inganci ta amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, musamman a cikin al'ummomin karkara na Afirka. Ayyukan gidauniyar sun kuma magance batutuwa kamar kwance damarar makaman nukiliya da kiyaye nau'ikan halittu.
A shekarar 1990, Sadruddin ya ƙaddamar da Alp Action a taron tattalin arziki na duniya don tallafawa kiyaye muhalli a tsaunukan Turai. Shirin ya yi nufin haɓaka yawon buɗe ido da kuma rage tasirin muhalli na ayyukan nishaɗi na waje. A tsawon lokacin aikinsa, Alp Action ta aiwatar da ayyuka a ƙasashe bakwai. Ya sami kwarin gwiwa a tsarin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa na tsaunukan Kanada .
A watan Mayun 2006, an haɗa ayyukan Gidauniyar Bellerive cikin Gidauniyar Aga Khan da ke Geneva don kafa Asusun Yarima Sadruddin Aga Khan don Muhalli. [6] Asusun, wanda ke da gudummawar kimanin dala miliyan 10 na Amurka, ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin muhalli, kula da albarkatun ƙasa, yankunan da aka kare, kayayyakin more rayuwa na yawon buɗe ido, lafiyar muhalli, da bincike.
Mutuwa da tunawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sadruddin Aga Khan ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a Boston, Massachusetts, a ranar 12 ga Mayu 2003. An kai gawarsa zuwa Switzerland, inda membobin rundunar diflomasiyya, jami'an gwamnati, da waɗanda suka sani suka yi wa juna girmamawa a Château de Bellerive kuma suka sanya hannu kan littattafan ta'aziyya a wurare daban-daban na duniya.
Ruud Lubbers, babban kwamishinan UNHCR a wancan lokacin, kuma babban kwamishinan UNHCR a wancan lokacin, ya fitar da wata sanarwa inda ya yaba wa Sadruddin a matsayinsa na shugaban hukumar da kuma rawar da ya taka a lokacin da ake fuskantar kalubale.
Bisa ga buƙatarsa, an yi jana'izar sirri a Switzerland tare da 'yan uwa da danginsa. An kuma gudanar da bukukuwan gargajiya na Musulunci. An yi jana'izar daga Château de Bellerive zuwa makabartar yankin Collonge-Bellerive . Wani yabo daga Canton of Geneva ya lura da alaƙar tarihi tsakanin iyalin da yankin kuma ya ambaci asalin Farisawa. [7]
An gudanar da bikin tunawa da mutanen a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke New York a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2003. A wurin taron, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na wancan lokacin Kofi Annan ya nuna gudunmawar Sadruddin ga ayyukan jin kai da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli. [8]
Ya bar matarsa Catherine, 'ya'yansa maza uku—Alexandre, Marc, da Nicolas—da kuma danginsa na dangi, ciki har da 'yan'uwa maza, 'yan'uwa mata, da 'yan uwansu. Fatan sa ne da Catherine su binne gawarwakinsu a Masar.
Rayuwa ta sirri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Iyalan Sadruddin Aga Khan sun haɗa da mutane da dama da ke da mukamai a ƙungiyoyin siyasa da na ƙasa da ƙasa. Kakarsa ta fito ne daga zuriyar Sarkin Qajar Fath'Ali Shah .
Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya kuma ya riƙe muƙamai na gudanarwa a Birtaniya ta Indiya . Ya kuma yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya . Ɗan uwansa Aly Khan shi ne Jakadan Pakistan a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ɗan uwansa Karim Aga Khan shi ne limami na huɗu na Musulmin Ismaili. Wani ɗan uwansa, Amyn Aga Khan, ya taɓa yin aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kafin ya shiga sakatariyar Aga Khan. [9] Ɗan uwansa Yasmin Aga Khan tana da hannu a fafutukar yaƙi da cutar Alzheimer. [10]
Ya shiga ayyukan al'adu kamar kiɗa, fasaha, da adabi, kuma ya halarci tarukan al'adu a Turai da ƙasashen waje. Ya shiga ayyukan waje ciki har da yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara da kuma yin kwale-kwale. A lokacin da yake ɗalibi a Harvard a shekarar 1953, ya kafa mujallar adabi ta Paris Review . Mujallar tana ba da kyautar almara ta shekara-shekara, kyautar Aga Khan don Almara, wadda mahaifinsa ya kafa. [11]
Aure
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 27 ga Agusta 1957, ya auri Nina Dyer a Bellerive, Switzerland. Dyer, tsohuwar mai tallan kayan kwalliya kuma tsohuwar matar Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza, ta musulunta a lokacin aurensu kuma ta ɗauki sunan "Shirin." Sun sake aure a shekarar 1962 kuma ba su da 'ya'ya. Dyer ya mutu sakamakon kashe kansa a shekarar 1965.
A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1972, ya auri Catherine Aleya Beriketti Sursock a British West Indies . A da ta auri wani fitaccen ɗan Lebanon Cyril Sursock. Ba su da 'ya'ya tare, amma ya zama uban 'ya'yanta uku: Alexandre, Marc, da Nicolas Sursock.
Tarin zane-zane
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sadruddin Aga Khan ya tattara tarin fasahar Musulunci na sirri tsawon kimanin shekaru 50. [12] Tarin ya haɗa da zane-zane, zane-zane, rubuce-rubuce, da ƙananan hotuna. Ya kuma tattara fasahar asali da ta Afirka, waɗanda ya sayar kafin 1985. [12]
An ruwaito cewa sha'awarsa ga fasahar Musulunci ta fara ne tun yana ƙarami, inda ɗakin karatun littattafan Farisa da sauran rubuce-rubuce masu alaƙa da kakarsa ta uba ya yi tasiri. A lokacin da yake Harvard a shekarun 1950, ya yi sayayya a New York sannan daga baya daga dillalai a Paris, Geneva, da London. Ya kuma shiga cikin gwanjo a Sotheby's da Christie's. Ya nemi shawara daga Stuart Cary Welch, masanin tarihin fasahar Musulunci a Harvard. [12]
Tarinsa ya ƙunshi abubuwan Larabci, Farisa, Turkiyya, da Indiya tun daga ƙarni na 10 zuwa gaba. Misalai sun haɗa da shafin Alƙur'ani na asalin Arewacin Afirka wanda aka rubuta da rubutun Kufic, wanda aka kiyasta ya wuce shekaru 1,000. Tarin ya haɗa da rubutun Farisa da ayyukan zane, da kuma rubuce-rubucen Ottoman da zane-zane. [12]
An baje kolin wasu kayan tarihi daga tarin a New York, London, da Zürich. A shekarar 1998, Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya ya shirya wani baje kolin yawon bude ido mai taken "Yarima, Mawaka da Paladins," wanda ya kunshi kayayyaki daga tarin. Cikakken tarin yana nan a Gidan Tarihi na Aga Khan da ke Toronto, wanda ɗan uwansa ya kafa.
Kyaututtuka da kayan ado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sadruddin Aga Khan ya sami digirin girmamawa da kyaututtuka na ƙasa daga ƙasashe da dama, ciki har da Pakistan, Poland, da Vatican. A shekarar 1991, an zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na girmamawa na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . [13]
Ya sami kyautar kare hakkin dan adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma an ba shi kyaututtuka da dama na ƙasa:
- Bourgeois d'Honneur de Genève (Birnin Geneva) [14]
- Kwamandan Légion d'honneur (Faransa)
- Kwamandan Jarumi na Order of St. Sylvester ( Holy See )
- Tsarin Kogin Nilu (Masar)
- Kwamandan Rundunar Daular Burtaniya – KBE (Ƙasar Ingila)
Ya kuma riƙe ɗan ƙasa na girmamawa a Patmos, Girka, inda ya zauna a gida. [15]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Reed, Christopher (May–June 2002). "Pure Fabrications". Harvard Magazine (May–June 2002). Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedUnescoCourier1991 - ↑ Reed, Christopher (May–June 2002). "Pure Fabrications". Harvard Magazine (May–June 2002). Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedUNNews2003 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedTimes2003 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedPRAKDN20060531 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedPRAgaKhanBurial2003 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedPRUNMemorial2003 - ↑ "His Highness the Aga Khan". Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ↑ Reed, Christopher (May–June 2002). "Pure Fabrications". Harvard Magazine (May–June 2002). Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2018. Cite error: Invalid parameter ""name" in
<ref>tag. Did you mean "name"? - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedNYTimes1990 - 1 2 3 4 Safrani, Shehbaz H. (Nov–Dec 1984). "The Arts of the Islamic Book: The Collection of Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan". Arts of Asia. 14 (6): 55–66. Retrieved 23 August 2018. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ArtsOfAsia1984" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ↑ Reed, Christopher (May–June 2002). "Pure Fabrications". Harvard Magazine (May–June 2002). Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ↑ Reed, Christopher (May–June 2002). "Pure Fabrications". Harvard Magazine (May–June 2002). Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2018.