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Sakamako na bauta

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Sakamakom bauta
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Reparations (transitional justice)
Fuskar Slavery
Has cause (en) Fassara historical debt (en) Fassara

Sakamako na bauta ya shafi tsarin biyan kuɗi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam na bautar da ake yi a Amurka da abin da ya gada ga waɗanda aka yi wa bauta da/ko zuriyarsu. Akwai ra'ayoyi don ramuwa a falsafar shari'a da ramuwa a cikin adalcin tsaka-tsaki. Ana iya ɗaukar fansa da yawa, ciki har da taimako na zahiri da na kuɗi ga zuriyar waɗanda aka bautar, godiya ko ba da uzuri ga mutane ko al'ummomin da bautar ta shafa, ko girmama abubuwan tunawa da mutanen da aka bautar da su ta hanyar sanya wa abubuwa suna. “Waɗanda aka yi wa bauta” na iya nufin bautar da ta gabata ko kuma bautar da ke gudana a ƙarni na 21.

Kamar yadda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ayyana, "rayya" na nufin matakan da gwamnati ke ɗauka na gyara take hakkin ɗan Adam ta hanyar samar da fa'idodi da dama na abubuwan amfani ga waɗanda abin ya shafa ko iyalansu da kuma al'ummomin da abin ya shafa da al'umma baki ɗaya. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta sanya sunayen waɗannan abubuwan da ake buƙata don wani abu don cancanta a matsayin ramawa: ramawa, diyya, gyarawa da gamsuwa.

Wasu ramuwar gayya na bauta sun samo asali ne tun a ƙarni na 18 a Arewacin Amurka, amma tushen irin waɗannan ayyuka ya taru a ƙarni na 21, inda gwamnatoci da daidaikun mutane a Burtaniya, Amurka, da turawan mulkin mallaka suka ɗauki matakai daban-daban.

Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

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Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gaba daya lamba 60/147 yana nuni da matakan gyara take hakkin dan Adam ciki har da dawo da abinda aka rasa da kuma diyya.[1]

Nau'uka

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Rarraba na iya ɗaukar nau'i-nau'i masu yawa, ciki har da matakai masu amfani kamar aikin tabbatarwa; biyan kuɗi na mutum ɗaya; ƙauyuka; tallafin karatu da sauran tsare-tsaren ilimi; tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare don magance rashin adalci; ko kuma diyya ta ƙasa mai alaƙa da 'yancin kai. Sauran nau’o’in ramako sun haɗa da uzuri da amincewa da zalunci; [2] kawar da abubuwan tarihi da kuma canza sunan titunan da ke girmama bayi da masu kare bayi; ko sanya wa gini sunan wanda aka bautar ko kuma wani mai alaka da rushewa. [3] [4]

Shugabannin ƙungiyoyin ramuwa na Amurka sun ɓullo da tsarin gyaran launin fata masu zuwa don rarraba sassan ramuwa don bauta: 1. Hisabi: Fahimtar ko kokawa da menene, wanene, ta yaya, da dalilin ayyukan da suka haifar da cutarwa. 2. Amincewa: Shigar da jama'a cewa an yi ɓarna 3. Ladabi: Mallaka da sadaukar da kai don ɗaukar mataki, dakatarwa da gyara lahani. 4. Gyara: Ayyukan ramawa, diyya na kuɗi, da gyarawa, matakan da aka ɗauka don shigar da adalcin launin fata a cikin tsarin da "warkar da rauni"

Gabaɗaya ba a kirga taimakon raya ƙasa azaman ramawar ba. [5]

Ta yankin da aka yi ta

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Netherlands

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A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, firaministan Netherlands, Mark Rutte, ya nemi afuwa a madadin Gwamnatin Dutch saboda rawar da ta taka a bautar a wani taron da aka yi a National Archives a The Hague, inda akwai wakilan kungiyoyi daban-daban. Gwamnatin ta kuma yi alkawarin bayar da Yuro miliyan 200 don "wayar da kan jama'a, haɓaka haɗin kai da magance tasirin bautar a yau," kuma tana shirin yin bikin tunawa da tarihin bautar a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2023, tare da ƙasashen Dutch Caribbean, Suriname, da sauran ƙasashe.[6][7]

Ramuwar Gayya Ga Maigidan Bayi (1837)

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Dokar Slave Compensation Act 1837 ta kasance doka daga Majalisar Dokoki ta Birtaniya, wadda aka sanya hannu a kanta a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1837, domin kawo ‘yanci tare da biyan diyya. [8] Maigidan bayi sun karbi kimanin £20 miliyan a matsayin diyya a cikin fiye da kyaututtuka 40,000 don bayi da aka 'yanta a yankunan mulkin mallakar Caribbean, Mauritius da Cape of Good Hope. [9] Wannan adadi ya kai kusan kashi 40 cikin 100 na kasafin kudin shekara na Baitul Mal na Birtaniya, kuma an kiyasta cewa yana daidai da kimanin £16.5bn a cikin kuɗin yau. [10] Wasu daga cikin kudaden an maida su 3.5% na kudaden fansho na gwamnati, wanda ya sa aikin ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo. [11]

Dokar, wadda aka sani da 1 and 2 Vict. 3, ta kasance babbar dokar duniya da ta tabbatar da ‘yancin bayi ta hanyar biyan diyya. Ta baiwa Kwamishinonin Rage Bashin Ƙasa damar tara £20 miliyan ta hanyar fitar da hannun jari na gwamnati, hanyar ɗaukar bashi da aka ɗora akan kudaden haraji na gaba domin biya maigidan bayi diyya kan "asarar dukiyarsu."[Ana bukatan hujja]

Birtaniya

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A shekarun 2010, misalan diyya na ƙasashen duniya don bautar sun ƙunshi amincewa da rashin adalci na bauta da kuma neman afuwa game da hannu amma ba a ba da diyya ta kayan abu ba.[12][13] A watan Yuni na 2023, ƙungiyar Brattle Group ta gabatar da rahoto a wani taron a Jami'ar West Indies inda aka kiyasta diyyar da za a bi, don lahani a lokacin da kuma bayan zamanin bautar transatlantic fiye da dala tiriliyan 100.[14][15] A watan Oktoba na 2023, an gudanar da taron diyya na UK kuma aka ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa cewa dole ne a "bi da cimma" cikakken adalci na diyya.[16][17]

Diyyar masu bauta (1837)

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Dokar Diyyar Bauta ta 1837 wata doka ce ta Majalisa a Burtaniya, wacce aka sanya hannu a kanta a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1837, don kawo 'yantar da bayi tare diyya.[18] An bi masu bayi kusan fam miliyan 20 a matsayin diyya a cikin kyaututtuka sama da 40,000 don bayi da aka 'yantar a yankunan Caribbean, Mauritius da Cape of Good Hope.[19] Wannan yana wakiltar kusan kashi 40 cikin 100 na kasafin kuɗin shekara na Baitul Mal na Burtaniya kuma an ƙididdige shi daidai da fam biliyan 16.5 a yau.[10] An canza wasu daga cikin biyan kuɗin zuwa cikin kuɗin gwamnati na kashi 3.5, wanda ya haifar da tsawaita lokaci.[20]

Sanarwar Abuja da ARM (1993)

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Ƙungiyar Africa Reparations Movement, wacce aka fi sani da ARM (UK), an kafa ta a shekara ta 1993 bayan sanarwar Abuja da aka bayyana a taron farko na Pan-African Conference on Reparations a Abuja, Najeriya, a wannan shekarar. Taron ne kungiyar Organisation of African Unity (OAU) da gwamnatin Najeriya suka kira.[21]

A farkon shekara ta 1993, dan majalisar Burtaniya Bernie Grant ya zagaya kasar yana magana game da bukatar a biya diyya ga bautar.[22] A ranar 10 ga Mayu 1993, ya gabatar da kuduri a majalisar House of Commons na Burtaniya cewa majalisa ta amince da sanarwar kuma ta amince da cewa sanarwar "ta yi kira ga al'ummar duniya da su amince da cewa har yanzu ba a biya bashin da ba a taba yi wa al'ummar Afirka ba, kuma ta bukaci duk kasashen da suka wadatar da bautar da mulkin mallaka da su duba batun biyan diyya ga Afirka da Afirka a cikin Diaspora; ta kuma amince da ci gaba da illolin tattalin arziki da na sirri na cin zarafin Afirka da Afirka a cikin Diaspora da kuma wariyar launin fata da ta haifar; kuma ta goyi bayan OAU yayin da take kara himma wajen bin sawun biyan diyya." Kudurin ya samu goyon bayan Bernie Grant, Tony Benn, Tony Banks, John Austin-Walker, Harry Barnes, da Gerry Bermingham. Wasu 'yan majalisar Labour Party 46 suka sanya hannu don goyon bayan kudurin, ciki har da shugaban adawa na gaba, Jeremy Corbyn.[23]

Sanarwar Abuja ta yi kira da a kafa kwamitocin biyan diyya a ko'ina cikin Afirka da kuma Diaspora. Bernie Grant ya kafa ARM UK a watan Disamba 1993[24] a matsayin wanda ya kafa tare da shugabanta, tare da babban rukuni da suka hada da: sakatare Sam Walker; mai kula da kudi Linda Bellos da amintattu Patrick Wilmott, Stephen A. Small (malamin Burtaniya wanda ya kware a fannin bautar[25][26]), da Hugh Oxley.[24]

Manufar ARM ita ce:[27]

  • yin amfani da duk hanyoyin halatta don samun diyya ga bautar da mulkin mallaka na mutanen Afirka a Afirka da kuma a cikin Diaspora
  • yin amfani da duk hanyoyin halatta don dawo da kayayyakin tarihin Afirka daga ko'ina a halin yanzu
  • neman afuwa daga gwamnatocin yammacin duniya game da bautar da mulkin mallaka na mutanen Afirka
  • yin kamfe don amincewa da gudunmawar da mutanen Afirka suka bayar ga tarihin duniya da wayewa
  • yin kamfe don bayyana tarihin Afirka daidai don maido da mutunci da girman kai ga mutanen Afirka
  • ilimantarwa da wayar da kan matasan Afirka, a nahiyar da kuma a cikin Diaspora, game da manyan al'adun Afirka, harsuna da wayewa

Bayan mutuwar Bernie Grant a shekara ta 2000, ARM UK ta daina aiki.[28]

Class action (2004)

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A shekarar 2004, lauya mai rikitarwa na diyya Ed Fagan ya kaddamar da karar hadin gwiwa kan kasuwar inshora Lloyd's of London dangane da rawar da suka taka wurin inshorar jiragen bayi da suka shiga cikin cinikin bayi na ƙetaren teku.[29][30][31] An kasa samun nasarar wannan kara.[32]

Neman gafara

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A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2006, Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Tony Blair ya fitar da bayani yana nuna "baƙin ciki mai zurfi" dangane da rawar Birtaniya a cikin cinikin bayi, yana cewa abin "kunya ne matuka". Masu fafutukar neman diyya a Birtaniya sun soki wannan jawabi, inda Esther Stanford ta ce Blair ya kamata ya bayar da "gafara mai ma'ana", wadda za a bi da "matakan diyya daban-daban da suka haɗa da biyan diyya".[13] Blair ya sake fitar da wata gafara a 2007 bayan ganawa da Shugaban Ghana John Kufuor.[33]

A ranar 24 ga Agusta 2007, tsohon Magajin Garin London Ken Livingstone ya bayar da gafara a bainar jama’a dangane da rawar London a cinikin bayi na ƙetaren teku a yayin bikin cika shekaru 200 da kafa dokar hana cinikin bayi ta 1807. A cikin jawabin, Livingstone ya bukaci Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta kafa dokar da za ta samar da ranar tunawa da bayi a duk faɗin ƙasar UK.[34]

Blair ya sake bayar da gafara a 2007 bayan ganawa da Shugaban Ghana John Kufuor a yayin bikin cika shekaru 50 na samun ‘yancin Ghana. Duk da cewa ya kara bayyana baƙin ciki da kira cinikin bayi na ƙetaren teku “tabo ne a tarihi”, masu sukar ra’ayi sun yi amannar cewa ya kasa bayyana rawar Birtaniya da nauyin da ya rataya a kanta. Masu fafutuka na diyya sun ce irin wannan jawabi, duk da yana da ma’ana ta alama, bai kai ga tabbatar da adalci mai ma'ana ko haifar da sauyin dokar da za a jingina da shi.[35]

Magadan Bautar Daƙiƙa

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A watan Fabrairu 2023, tsohuwar ma’aikaciyar jarida ta BBC Laura Trevelyan, wadda danginta ke da gonakin runbun a Grenada, ta je Grenada don bayar da uzuri bisa cutar da suka jawo tare da bayar da diyya. Danginta sun nemi gafara daga ƙasar Grenada bisa illar bautar da suka yi, kuma ƙungiyar ta buƙaci Firayim Ministan Birtaniya da Sarki Charles su bayar da uzuri na hukuma a madadin Birtaniya. [36]

A watan Afrilu 2023, ta kafa ƙungiyar Magadan Bautar Daƙiƙa tare da wasu, wadda ke ƙunshe da zuriyar waɗanda suka amfana daga bautar daƙiƙa ta Birtaniya, suna kuma son gyara tarihi. Dangin Trevelyan sun bada gudunmawa ta kuɗi don shirye-shiryen ilimi a Grenada ta hannun CARICOM, kuma suna fatan cewa ƙungiyar Magadan Bautar Daƙiƙa za ta kawo irin waɗannan ayyuka a babban mataki. sauran mambobin ƙungiyar sun haɗa da David Lascelles, na 8 Earl na Harewood; Charles Gladstone, zuriyar Firayim Minista William Gladstone; jarumi Alex Renton; [36] Richard Atkinson; John Dower (na dangin Trevelyan); Rosemary Harrison; da Robin Wedderburn. [37]

Amurka

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Bautar daular ta ƙare a Amurka a shekarar 1865 tare da ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka da kuma tabbatar da Gyara ta Goma Sha Uku ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka, wadda ta bayyana cewa “Ba bautar daular ko aiki da tilas ba za su kasance ba a cikin Amurka, ko a wani wuri da ke ƙarƙashin ikon ta, sai dai a matsayin hukunci ga laifi da aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar kotu.”[38] A wancan lokacin, an kiyasta cewa kimanin miliyan huɗu na Baƙar fata (Afirka-Amurkawa) ne aka ‘yantar.[39]

Akwai wasu lokuta na biyan diyya saboda bautar daular da suka faro tun daga 1783 a Arewacin Amurka,[2] tare da ƙaruwa cikin misalan zamani na biyan diyya a Amurka a shekarar 2020, yayinda kira na neman diyya ya ƙaru saboda zanga-zangar rashin adalci daga jami’an tsaro da kuma matsalolin wariyar launin fata da ke ci gaba da faruwa a Amurka.[40] Ana kuma kiraye-kirayen biyan diyya ga wariyar launin fata a lokaci guda da na bautar daular.[41][3]

Goyon baya da adawa

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A cikin siyasa, an gabatar da kudurin doka a matakin ƙasa mai suna "Dokar Ƙirƙirar Kwamitin Bincike na Biyan Diyya ga 'Yan Afirka-Amurka", wanda tsohon wakili John Conyers Jr. (D-MI) ya gabatar a Majalisar Dokoki ta Amurka duk shekara daga 1989 har zuwa murabus dinsa a 2017.[42] Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, kudurin ya bukaci a ƙirƙiri kwamitin bincike da zai duba “tasirin bautar daular a rayuwar zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arzikin ƙasa.”[43] Duk da haka, akwai wasu birane da cibiyoyi da suka fara aiwatar da biyan diyya a Amurka (duba sashen Legislation and other actions).

A 1999, lauya kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin Baƙar fata Randall Robinson, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar TransAfrica, ya rubuta cewa tarihin tashin hankali, kisan gillar, da wariyar launin fata a Amurka sun janyo asarar dala tiriliyan 1.4 ga Baƙar fata.[44] Masanin tattalin arziki Robert Browne ya bayyana cewa, babban burin biyan diyya shi ne “mayar da al’ummar Baƙar fata zuwa matsayin tattalin arziki da za su kasance da shi in ba su fuskanci bautar daular da wariyar launin fata ba.”[45] Ya kiyasta adadin diyya da ya dace tsakanin dala tiriliyan 1.4 zuwa 4.7, ko kusan dala 142,000 ga kowane Baƙar fata da ke raye a yau.[45] Wasu kiyasi sun kai daga dala tiriliyan 5.7 zuwa 14.2[46] har zuwa dala tiriliyan 17.1.[47]

Adawa da biyan diyya na nuna a cikin jama’a gaba ɗaya. A wata bincike da aka gudanar da YouGov a 2014, kashi 37% na Amurkawa ne kawai suka yarda cewa ya kamata a ba waɗanda aka bautar da su diyya a kuɗi bayan ‘yantar da su. Ƙari akan haka, kashi 15% ne kawai suka yarda da biyan kuɗi ga zuriyar waɗanda aka bautar da su. Binciken ya nuna bambanci tsakanin farin fata da Baƙar fata. Kamar yadda ya bayyana: “Kashi 6% na farin fata ne kawai ke goyon bayan biyan kuɗi ga zuriyar bayi, yayin da 59% na Baƙar fata ke goyon baya. Haka nan, 19% na farin fata – da 63% na Baƙar fata – ke goyon bayan shirye-shiryen musamman na ilimi da koyon aiki ga zuriyar bayi.”[48]

A 2014, ɗan jaridar Amurka Ta-Nehisi Coates ya wallafa wani labari mai taken "The Case for Reparations", wanda ya bayyana ci gaba da illolin bautar daular da dokokin Jim Crow tare da sabunta buƙatar biyan diyya. Coates ya ambaci kudurin H.R.40 na John Conyers Jr., yana nuna cewa gazawar Majalisa wajen amincewa da shi na nuna rashin niyyarsu ta gyara kura-kurensu na baya.[49] A martani, ɗan jaridar ra’ayin mazan jiya Kevin D. Williamson ya rubuta labarin "The Case Against Reparations", inda ya ce: “Mutanen da ake bin diyya sun riga sun mutu.”[50]

A watan Satumba 2016, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kwararru kan Mutanen Asalin Afirka ya ƙarfafa Majalisar Dokoki ta Amurka da ta amince da H.R.40 domin nazari kan shawarwarin diyya. Duk da haka, kwamitin bai bayar da goyon baya kai tsaye ga kowanne tsarin diyya ba. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa har yanzu akwai ragowar wariyar launin fata a Amurka, yana cewa “Duk da sauye-sauyen da aka samu tun bayan ƙarshen dokokin Jim Crow da gwagwarmayar kare hakkin ‘yan adam, ra’ayoyin nuna fifikon rukuni ɗaya na ci gaba da cutar da hakkin zamantakewa, siyasa, tattalin arziki, al’adu da na ɗan Adam na Baƙar fata a yau.” Rahoton ya jaddada cewa “akidar wariyar launin fata ta hana haɗin kai a cikin jama’ar Amurka.”[51]

Batun biyan diyya ya sake samun kulawa a shekarar 2020[52] yayinda gungun Black Lives Matter suka sanya diyya cikin muhimman manufofinsu a Amurka.

A 2020, mawaki T.I. ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga biyan diyya inda ya nemi a bai wa kowanne ɗan Afirka-Amurka dala miliyan 1, yana mai cewa bautar daular ce ta haifar da yawaitar ɗaurin kurkuku, talauci, da sauran matsaloli.[53]

Caribbean

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Daga mahangar dokar kasa da kasa, akwai tambaya ko bautar da mutane, kisan kare dangi, da sauran laifukan cin zarafin bil’adama sun kasance haramun a lokacin da aka aikata su a yankin Caribbean; misali, "Ko da yake alamun aikata kisan kare dangi sun bayyana tun zamanin da, haramta shi a dokar kasa da kasa ya zama al’amari ne na farkon karni na 20". Bugu da kari, bisa ga dokokin da aka kafa a matakin kasa da kasa, gwamnati mai maye gurbin wata tsohuwar gwamnati tana da alhakin samar da adalci ta hanyar diyya.

A karkashin ka’idar kasa da kasa ta dokar zamani (intertemporal law), ba za a iya amfani da haramtattun dokoki na yanzu akan abubuwan da suka faru a baya ba. Akwai hujja ta shari’a da ke nuni da cewa, akwai keɓancewa daga wannan ka’ida musamman idan ana maganar laifukan cin zarafin bil’adama, domin kasashen Turai da wakilansu ba za su iya tsammanin cewa bautar da mutane za ta kasance doka a nan gaba ba (wanda ake kira da teleological reduction of the principle). Duk da haka, wannan fanni na doka yana da wahala sosai.[54]

Kwamitin Diyya na CARICOM

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Caribbean Community (CARICOM), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1973, kungiya ce ta kasashen gwamnati da ke hade siyasa da tattalin arziki na kasashe 15 a fadin yankin Caribbean.[55] Har zuwa shekarar 1995, CARICOM ta kunshi yankunan da ke magana da Turanci kawai har sai da aka hada Suriname (wanda ke amfani da Dutch) a shekarar 1995; Haiti da wasu kasashen da ba su da Anglophone sun biyo baya.[56][57]

A shekarar 2013, a cikin wani jerin jawabai da aka fara a Georgetown, Guyana, domin tunawa da cika shekaru 250 da tawayen bayi na Berbice na 1763, shugaban kwalejin Cave Hill Campus na University of the West Indies, Sir Hilary Beckles ya bukaci kasashen CARICOM su koyi daga matsayar da Yahudawa suka dauka bayan gallazawa da aka musu a Yakin Duniya na Biyu, inda suka kafa asusun diyya ga Yahudawa.[58][59] Bisa wannan shawara, aka kafa Kwamitin Diyya na CARICOM[60] a watan Satumba, 2013. A shekarar 2014, kasashe 15 na Caribbean suka bayyana "Shirin Matakai Goma na CARICOM don Adalci ta hanyar Diyya", inda suka nemi diyya daga Turai "...domin ciwon da bautar Atlantic ta haifar".[61] Cikin bukatun akwai neman afuwar hukumomi, dawo da 'yan Afirka zuwa kasarsu, shirye-shirye don koya da yada tarihin Afirka, da kafa cibiyoyi don inganta karatu, lafiya, da tunanin zuriyar bayi.[62] Wakilan kasashen Caribbean sun sha bayyana niyyarsu na kai batun gaban Kotun Duniya ta Shari’a (ICJ).[54] Duk da haka, as of January 2023 ba a dauki matakin kai karar Gwamnatin Barbados zuwa shari’ar kasa da kasa ba.[63]

Antigua da Barbuda

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A shekarar 2011, Antigua da Barbuda sun nemi diyya a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, inda suka ce "wariya da tashin hankali da aka yi wa mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka ya hana su ci gaba a matsayin kasashe, al’umma, da kuma mutane." [64]

A shekarar 2016, jakadan Antigua da Barbuda zuwa Amurka, Sir Ronald Sanders, ya bukaci Jami’ar Harvard "ta nuna nadama da biyan diyya ga bayi marasa suna daga Antigua da Barbuda". A cewar Sanders, Isaac Royall Jr., wanda shi ne farfesan doka na farko da aka kafa a Harvard, ya dogara ne da bayi a gonarsa da ke Antigua wajen gina makarantar koyon doka ta Harvard. Sanders ya bayar da shawarar cewa a biya wannan diyya ta hanyar bayar da guraben karatu na shekara-shekara ga ‘yan Antigua da Barbuda.[65]

Barbados

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A shekarar 2012, Gwamnatin Barbados ta kafa kwamiti mai mambobi goma sha biyu don ci gaba da jan hankalin duniya da yankin Caribbean game da batun diyya.[66][67] Barbados ya kasance kan gaba wajen "neman diyya daga tsofaffin kasashen mulkin mallaka saboda zaluncin da bayi da zuriyarsu suka sha".[68][66]

An ce Barbados ne "kan gaba" (zuwa 2021) wajen bukatar a biya diyya don bautar da mutane.[10]

Ya zuwa Janairu 2023, Kwamitin kasa na Barbados na neman diyya daga dan majalisar Burtaniya mai kudi, Richard Drax, saboda laifin danginsa na shiga cikin cinikin bayi. Har yanzu dangin Drax suna da mallakar wani katafaren fili a Barbados; ana cewa Richard Drax yana da dukiyar da ta kai "akalla fam miliyan £150".[69] Idan kwamitin ya kasa samun amincewa da a mayar da Drax Hall zuwa Barbados, gwamnati na shirin kai karar zuwa gaban kotun kasa da kasa.[63]

Guyana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekarar 2007, shugaban kasar Guyana, Bharrat Jagdeo, ya bukaci kasashen Turai da su biya diyya saboda cinikin bayi.[70] Shugaba Jagdeo ya bayyana cewa: "Ko da wasu daga cikin al’ummomin duniya sun amince da rawar da suka taka a wannan mummunan tsarin, yakamata su dauki wani mataki na gaba ta hanyar goyon bayan biyan diyya."[70]

A shekarar 2014, majalisar dokokin Guyana ta kafa "Kwamitin Diyya na Guyana" don bincike da bayyana tasirin bautar da mutane da kuma tsara bukatun diyya na hukumomi.[71]

Haiti

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa a shekarar 1804 ta hanyar yakin juyin juya hali na Haiti, an ga cewa akwai dalilin neman diyya ga Haiti. Bayan haka, Faransa ta bukaci sabuwar kasar Haiti da ta biya gwamnatin Faransa da masu bayi fam miliyan 90 na zinariya saboda “satar” rayuwar bayin da suka yi da kuma gonakin da suka mai da riba ta hanyar amfanin su da sukarin da kofi domin a amince da ‘yancin su a hukumance.[72] Wadannan biyan kudade aka dauka a matsayin diyya ga tsofaffin masu bayi, kuma bankunan Faransa da Citibank ne suka dauki nauyin wannan bashin, wanda aka gama biya a shekarar 1947.[73]

A shekarar 2003, tsohon shugaban kasar Haiti, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, ya bukaci Faransa da ta biya Haiti diyya fiye da dalar Amurka biliyan 21, wanda shine darajar yau ta fam miliyan 90 na zinariya da aka tilasta musu su biya domin samun amincewar duniya.[74][75] Aristide daga baya ya zargi Faransa da Amurka da kifar da gwamnatinsa a wani juyin mulki a shekarar 2004, yana cewa hakan ya biyo bayan bukatarsa ta diyya.

Jamaica

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekarar 2004, wata kungiya ta ‘yan kishin kasa daga Jamaica ciki har da mambobin Rastafari, sun bukaci kasashen Turai da suka shiga cinikin bayi da su dauki nauyin mayar da ‘yan Rastafari 500,000 zuwa kasar Ethiopia (sun kiyasta wannan diyya da fam biliyan 72.5, ko kuma kimanin dalar Amurka 150,000 ga kowane mutum). Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi watsi da wannan bukata.[76]

A shekarar 2012, Gwamnatin Jamaica ta farfado da kwamitinta na diyya don tantance ko kasar ya kamata ta nemi afuwa ko diyya daga Birtaniya saboda rawar da ta taka a cinikin bayi.[76] Masu adawa sun nuna cewa rawar da Birtaniya ta taka wajen kawo karshen cinikin bayi ya isa dalili da zai sa kada a biya diyya. A shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jamaica ta sake duba batun neman diyya saboda bautar da mutane. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa gwamnatin Jamaica na neman fam biliyan 7 daga Birtaniya saboda barnar da bautar da mutane ta haifar, ciki har da fam miliyan 20 da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta biya tsofaffin masu bayi.[77]

Duniya Musulmi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An ba da shawarar biyan diyya saboda bautar tarihi a cikin duniyar Musulmi.[78]

Ta yankin asalin bayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekarar 1999, Hukumar Gaskiya ta Duniya kan Diyya da Komawar Bayi ta Afirka ta bukaci kasashen yamma su biya dala tiriliyan 777 (~$Samfuri:Format price a cikin Samfuri:Inflation/year) ga Afirka a cikin shekaru biyar.[79]

A watan Satumba 2001, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki nauyin Taron Duniya kan wariyar launin fata, ƙyamar baƙi da rashin ɗa’a da aka gudanar a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu. Taron Bita na Durban ya bayar da kuduri cewa kasashen yamma suna bin diyya ga Afirka saboda "wariyar launin fata, ƙyamar baƙi da rashin ɗa’a" da cinikin bayi na Atlantic ya haddasa.[80][81][82] Shugabanni daga wasu kasashen Afirka sun goyi bayan wannan kuduri. Tsohon Ministan Shari’a na Sudan, Ali Mohamed Osman Yassin, ya bayyana cewa cinikin bayi ne ke da alhakin matsalolin Afirka a yau.

Shugaban kasar Afirka ta Kudu Cyril Ramaphosa ya goyi bayan bayar da diyya saboda bayi da cinikin bayi, a bikin cika shekaru 20 da bayyana kudurin Durban.[83]

Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da Kudurin Caricom na Diyya Duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kafa Kundin Diyya na Duniya ta Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da Caricom a wata taro da aka yi a Ghana a watan Nuwamba 2023.[84] Shugaban Ghana, Nana Akufo-Addo, ya bayyana a taron cewa “Dukkan lokacin bayi ya hana ci gabanmu ta fuskar tattalin arziki, al’adu da bangaren tunani. Akwai labaran dangi da dama da suka rabu ... Ba za ka iya aunawa ba, amma dole ne a gane tasirin wannan annoba”.[84]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Reparations". OHCHR. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2025.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations". University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Reparations Section". Black Asheville Demands (BAD). June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  4. ↑ Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered". wlos.com. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  5. ↑ Andrews, Kehinde (2024). "The Knife is Still in Our Backs: Reparations Washing and the Limits of Reparatory Justice Campaigns". Development and Change. Wiley. 55 (4): 628–650. doi:10.1111/dech.12848. ISSN 0012-155X.
  6. ↑ "Government apologises for the Netherlands' role in the history of slavery". Government of the Netherlands. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  7. ↑ "Mission Statement". Heirs of Slavery. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  8. ↑ "1837: 1 Victoria c.3: Slavery Compensation Act". British Government. 1837. Retrieved 5 January 2023 – via The Statutes Project.
  9. ↑ BBC History magazine. Bristol Magazines Ltd. June 2010. ISSN 1469-8552.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after abolition". National African American Reparations Commission (NAARC). 7 October 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  11. ↑ Brown, Matthew (30 June 2020). "Fact check: United Kingdom finished paying off debts to slave-owning families in 2015". USA TODAY. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  12. ↑ Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. (2004). "Reparations to Africa and the Group of Eminent Persons". Cahiers d'Études africaines. 44 (173–174): 81–97. doi:10.4000/etudesafricaines.4543. S2CID 145746084. Retrieved July 20, 2020. ...a French law of 2001 that recognizes the trans-Atlantic slave trade as a crime against humanity, and the admission by the Belgians in 2002 of their role in the murder of Patrice Lumumba, first President of independent Congo.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Blair 'sorrow' over slave trade | Prime Minister Tony Blair has said he feels 'deep sorrow' for Britain's role in the slave trade". BBC News. 27 November 2006. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
  14. ↑ Mahon, Leah (August 2023). "£18 trillion – what Britain owes in reparations. Time to pay up". The Voice. pp. 6–7.
  15. ↑ Brown, Kim (2023-07-10). "Brattle Consultants Quantify Reparations for Transatlantic Chattel Slavery in Pro Bono Paper". Brattle (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  16. ↑ "UK Reparations Conference 2023 Statement". All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for Afrikan Reparations. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  17. ↑ Holloway, Lester (November 2023). "Reparations on the agenda". The Voice. p. 8. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  18. ↑ "1837: 1 Victoria c.3: Slavery Compensation Act". British Government. 1837. Retrieved 5 January 2023 – via The Statutes Project.
  19. ↑ BBC History magazine. Bristol Magazines Ltd. June 2010. ISSN 1469-8552.
  20. ↑ Brown, Matthew (30 June 2020). "Fact check: United Kingdom finished paying off debts to slave-owning families in 2015". USA TODAY. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  21. ↑ "African Union - Colonialism". Colonialism Reparation. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  22. ↑ Grant, Bernie. "Reparations or Bust!" (PDF). Information Sheet No. 3. Africa Reparations Movement (UK). pp. 1–10. ...edited version of a speech he gave in Birmingham on 12th April...
  23. ↑ "Abuja Proclamation – Early Day Motions". edm.parliament.uk. UK Parliament. 10 May 1993. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Africa Reparations Movement (UK)". Archives Hub. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  25. ↑ "Stephen A. Small". African American Studies. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  26. ↑ "Professor Stephen Small". National Museums Liverpool. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  27. ↑ African Reparations Movement records 1963 – 2000 (in Turanci). The National Archives. This record is held by the Bishopsgate Institute.
  28. ↑ Stanford-Xosei, Esther (March 2019). "The Long Road of Pan-African Liberation to Reparatory Justice". In Adi, Hakim (ed.). Black British History : New Perspectives. London: Zed. pp. 176–198. ISBN 978-1786994257.
  29. ↑ "'Ya'yan bayi sun shigar da karar dala biliyan 1 kan kamfanonin da ake zargi da alaƙa da cinikin bayi". Jet. 150 (17): 36–37. 2004.
  30. ↑ Walsh, Conal (27 March 2004). "'Ya'yan bayi sun shigar da kara da Lloyd's". The Guardian (in Turanci). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  31. ↑ "’Ya’yan bayi za su shigar da kara da Lloyd's". BBC News, 29 March 2004. An dawo da shi 15 October 2009.
  32. ↑ Stamp, Gavin (20 March 2007). "Lissafin kudin da cinikin bayi ya haifar". BBC News news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  33. ↑ "Blair ‘sorry’ kan rawar Birtaniya a cinikin bayi". BBC News, 14 March 2007. An samu dama 15 March 2007.
  34. ↑ Muir, Hugh (24 August 2007). "Livingstone ya yi kuka yayin da yake neman gafara kan bayi". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  35. ↑ "'Yan Afrika suna bikin kawar da cinikin bayi". Reuters (in Turanci). 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2025-07-04.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Baker, Nick (11 Mayu 2023). "Wadannan 'magadan bautar daƙiƙa' na Birtaniya suna ƙoƙarin biyan diyya bisa laifukan da suka gabata". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 11 Mayu 2023. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  37. ↑ "Game Da Mu". Magadan Bautar Daƙiƙa. 26 Afrilu 2023. Archived from the original on 3 Mayu 2023. Retrieved 12 Mayu 2023. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date=, and |archive-date= (help)
  38. ↑ "United States of America 1789 (rev. 1992)". Constitute Project.
  39. ↑ King, Wilma (2004). "Slavery, United States". Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood: In History and Society. 3: 757–758.
  40. ↑ Gambino, Lauren (June 20, 2020). "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?". The Guardian.
  41. ↑ Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer". The Washington Post.
  42. ↑ Conyers, John (3 October 2013). "My Reparations Bill – HR 40", IBW21 (Institute of the Black World).
  43. ↑ 114th Congress (2016). "All Bill Information for H.R.40 – Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act". Congress.Gov.
  44. ↑ Robinson, Randall (1999). "He Drove the First U.S Stake in South African Apartheid". Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 24: 58.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Six White Congressmen Endorse Reparations for Slavery". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (27): 20–21. 2000-01-01. doi:10.2307/2678973. JSTOR 2678973.
  46. ↑ Craemer, Thomas (21 April 2015). "Estimating Slavery Reparations: Present Value Comparisons of Historical Multigenerational Reparations Policies". Social Science Quarterly. 96 (2): 639–655. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12151.
  47. ↑ Myers, Kristin (27 June 2019). "Slavery reparations could carry a $17 trillion price tag". Yahoo. Yahoo Finance.
  48. ↑ Moore, Peter (2 June 2014). "Overwhelming opposition to reparations for slavery and Jim Crow".
  49. ↑ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 2014). "The Case for Reparations". The Atlantic.
  50. ↑ Williamson, Kevin D. (May 24, 2014). "The Case Against Reparations". National Review.
  51. ↑ "Report of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent on its mission to the United States of America" (PDF). August 18, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2025.
  52. ↑ Peyton, Nellie; Murray, Christine (June 24, 2020). "Calls for reparations gain steam as U.S. reckons with racial injustice".
  53. ↑ "Rapper T.I. Demands $44 Trillion in Slavery Reparations". Pulptastic. July 24, 2020.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Buser, Andreas (2017). "Colonial Injustices and the Law of State Responsibility: The CARICOM Claim to Compensate Slavery and (Native) Genocide". Heidelberg Journal of International Law: 91–115. SSRN 3050647.
  55. ↑ Ramjeet, Oscar (2009-04-16). "CARICOM countries will speak with one voice in meetings with US and Canadian leaders". Caribbean Net News. Archived from the original on July 13, 2016. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  56. ↑ "Spanish agreed as CARICOM second language". www.landofsixpeoples.com. Archived from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
  57. ↑ "Who we are". Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Archived from the original on 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
  58. ↑ "UWI principal wants CARICOM to seek reparation for slavery". Jamaica Observer. February 15, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-02-15.
  59. ↑ "The New York Carib News". New York Carib News -.
  60. ↑ "Homepage". Caribbean Reparations Commission. 10 August 2016. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  61. ↑ Pilkington, Ed (March 9, 2014). "Caribbean nations prepare demand for slavery reparations". The Guardian.
  62. ↑ "Reparations for Native Genocide And Slavery". CARICOM. October 13, 2015.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Armitage, Rebecca (4 January 2023). "Benedict Cumberbatch's ancestors got rich from slavery in Barbados. Now he could be on the hook for reparations". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  64. ↑ Section, United Nations News Service (24 September 2011). "Reparations should be made for African slave trade, Antigua and Barbuda tells UN".
  65. ↑ Anders, Wendy (October 24, 2016). "Antigua and Barbuda Asks Harvard University for Slavery Reparations". The Costa Rica Star.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Stan (November 7, 2012). "Barbados Takes Lead in Fight For Reparations in the Caribbean". Atlanta Black Star.
  67. ↑ Hunter, Patrick (20 February 2013). "CARICOM and reparations for slavery". Share. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  68. ↑ Manning, Sanchez (February 26, 2013). "Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after". The Independent.
  69. ↑ Lashmar, Paul; Smith, Jonathan (26 November 2022). "Barbados plans to make Tory MP pay reparations for family's slave past". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 "Guyana calls for reparations". BBCCaribbean.com. 27 March 2007.
  71. ↑ "Establishment of the Reparations Committee of Guyana". Parliament of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana.
  72. ↑ De Côrdoba, José (January 2, 2004). "Impoverished Haiti pins hopes for future on a very old debt". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2011-03-08 – via Odious Debts.
  73. ↑ Marquand, Robert (2010-08-17). "France dismisses petition for it to pay $17 billion in Haiti reparations". The Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  74. ↑ Jackson Miller, Dionne (March 12, 2004). "HAITI: Aristide's Call for Reparations From France Unlikely to Die". Inter Press Service news. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  75. ↑ Smitha, Frank E. "Haiti, 1789 to 1806". Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 "Jamaicans Form Commission to Investigate Slavery Reparations from Britain". Associated Press. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  77. ↑ McLeod, Sheri-Kae (2021-07-15). "Jamaica Demands Billions in Slavery Reparations from UK". Caribbean News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  78. ↑ Brown, J.A.C. (2020). Bauta da Musulunci. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781786076366.
  79. ↑ "Afirka na bukatar diyya tiriliyan a kan cinikin bayi". BBC. 20 Agusta, 1999. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  80. ↑ Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. (2004-01-01). "Diyya ga Afirka da Rukunin Fitattun Mutane". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 44 (173/174): 81–97. doi:10.4000/etudesafricaines.4543. JSTOR 4393370.
  81. ↑ "Amincewa da Abin Da Ya Gabata, Bukatar Diyya daga Shugabanni a Taron Wariyar Launin Fata" (Press release). World Conference against Racism. 2 Satumba, 2001. Retrieved 15 Nuwamba, 2017. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  82. ↑ "Bukatar Dakile Wariyar da Take Shafuka da Dama a Taron" (Press release). Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Archived from the original on 7 Agusta, 2018. Retrieved 15 Nuwamba, 2017. Check date values in: |access-date= and |archive-date= (help)
  83. ↑ "Ramaphosa ya bukaci MDD ta tattauna kan diyya saboda bayi". News24. 22 Satumba, 2021. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Gentleman, Amelia (17 Nuwamba, 2023). "Kasashen Afirka da Caribbean sun yarda da neman diyya kan bayi". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 Nuwamba, 2023. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)

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