Salmonella

Salmonella
Scientific classification
Kingdom	Pseudomonadati (mul)
Phylum	Pseudomonadota (mul)
Class	Gammaproteobacteria (mul)
Order	Enterobacterales (mul)
Dangi	Enterobacteriaceae (mul)
genus (en)	Salmonella ,
General information
Gram stain	gram-negative bacteria (en)

''Salmonella'' wani nau'in kwayoyin cuta ne mai kama da sandar, (bacillus) Gram-negative na dangin Enterobacteriaceae . Hanyoyin Salmonella guda biyu da aka sani sune Salmonella enterica da Salmonella bongori . S. enterica  shine nau'in jinsin kuma an kara raba shi zuwa nau'o'i shida wanda ya hada da nau'ikan serotypes sama da 2,650. An sanya wa Salmonella suna ne bayan Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850-1914), likitan dabbobi na Amurka.

Nau'in Salmonella ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta, galibi ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta tare da diamita tsakanin kimanin 0.7 da 1.5 μm, tsawon daga 2 zuwa 5 μm, da kuma peritrichous flagella (duk a kusa da jikin tantanin halitta, yana ba su damar motsawa). Su ne chemotrophs, suna samun makamashi daga halayen Oxidation da raguwa, ta amfani da tushen kwayoyin. Har ila yau anaerobes ne na zaɓi, wanda ke iya samar da adenosine triphosphate tare da iskar oxygen ("aerobically") lokacin da yake samuwa, ko amfani da wasu masu karɓar lantarki ko fermentation ("anaerobically").   

Tarihin lissafi

Salmonella wani yanki ne na dangin Enterobacteriaceae. An sake duba tsarin harajin sa kuma yana da yuwuwar rikicewa. Halin halittar ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu, S. bongori da S. enterica, na ƙarshensu ya kasu kashi shida: S. e. enterica, S. e. salama, S.e. Arizona, S.e. diarizonae, S.e. houtenae, da S.e. nuni [1] [2] Ƙungiyar taxonomic ta ƙunshi fiye da 2500 serotypes (kuma serovars) da aka ayyana bisa tushen somatic O (lipopolysaccharide) da flagellar H antigens (kauffman-White rarrabuwa). An ba da cikakken sunan serotype a matsayin, misali, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium, amma ana iya rage shi zuwa Salmonella Typhimurium. Further differentiation of strains to assist clinical and epidemiological investigation may be achieved by antibiotic sensitivity testing and by other molecular biology techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and, increasingly, whole genome sequencing. A tarihi, an rarraba salmonellae a asibiti a matsayin masu cin zarafi (typhoidal) ko kuma mara amfani (nontyphoidal salmonellae) dangane da fifikon masaukin baki da bayyanar cututtuka a cikin mutane.[3]

Tarihi

Karl Eberth ne ya fara ganin 'Salmonella' a cikin 1880 a cikin takardun Peyer da spleens na marasa lafiya na typhoid. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Georg Theodor Gaffky ya sami damar girma da kwayar cutar a cikin al'ada mai tsarki. Shekara guda bayan haka, masanin kimiyyar binciken likita Theobald Smith ya gano abin da daga baya za a san shi da Salmonella enterica (var. Choleraesuis). A lokacin, Smith yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin dakin gwaje-gwaje na bincike a Sashen Kula da Dabbobi na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka. Rukunin ya kasance a karkashin gwamnatin Daniel Elmer Salmon, likitan dabbobi. Da farko, an yi tunanin Salmonella Choleraesuis shine mai haifar da kwalara ta alade, don haka Salmon da Smith sun kira shi "Hog-cholera bacillus". Ba a yi amfani da sunan Salmonella ba har zuwa 1900, lokacin da Joseph Leon Lignières ya ba da shawarar cewa a kira kwayar cutar da ƙungiyar Salmon ta gano Salmonella don girmama shi. : 16 

A ƙarshen shekarun 1930, masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na Australiya Nancy Atkinson ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na Salmonella - ɗaya daga cikin uku kawai a duniya a lokacin - a Gidan gwaje-gaje na Pathology da Bacteriology na Gwamnatin Kudancin Australia a Adelaide (daga baya Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Dabbobi). A nan ne Atkinson ya bayyana sabbin nau'ikan salmonella da yawa, gami da Salmonella Adelaide, wanda aka ware a 1943. Atkinson ta buga aikinta kan salmonellas a shekara ta 1957.

Serootyping

Ana yin serotyping ta hanyar haɗakar sel tare da antibodies don wani antigen. Zai iya ba da ra'ayi game da haɗari. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014 ya nuna cewa S. Reading ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin samfurori na matasa, amma ba mai ba da gudummawa ga salmonellosis na mutum ba.[1] Serotyping na iya taimakawa wajen gano tushen gurɓata ta hanyar daidaita serotypes a cikin mutanen da ke da serotypes cikin tushen kamuwa da cuta.[2] Za'a iya gano maganin rigakafi mai dacewa daga sanannen juriya na serotype.[3]

Sabbin hanyoyin "serotyping" sun haɗa da xMAP da PCR na ainihi, hanyoyi biyu da suka danganci jerin DNA maimakon halayen rigakafi. Wadannan hanyoyin na iya zama da sauri, godiya ga ci gaba a fasahar tsarawa. Wadannan tsarin "molecular serotyping" a zahiri suna yin kwayar halitta na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙayyade antigen na surface.