Samar da doka daga masu doka
 doka | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
Dokar, legal action (en)  da Tsarin mulki |
| Bangare na |
statutory law (en) |
| Has cause (en) |
legislative process (en) |
| Karatun ta |
Legisprudence (en) |
| Gudanarwan |
legislator (en) |
Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, shafi na 1 Doka ita ce hanya ko sakamakon yin rajista, zartarwa, ko ƙaddamar da dokoki ta hanyar majalisa, majalisa, ko hukumar gudanarwa mai kamanceceniya.[1] Kafin wani abu na doka ya zama doka ana iya saninsa da lissafin kudi, kuma ana iya kiransa gabaɗaya da “doka” yayin da ake ci gaba da la’akari da shi don bambanta shi da sauran kasuwancin. Doka na iya samun dalilai da yawa: don tsarawa, ba da izini, don haramtawa, ba da (kudade), don sanya takunkumi, bayar da izini, bayyanawa, ko ƙuntatawa. Ana iya bambanta shi da wani aikin da ba na doka ba ta wata hukuma mai zartarwa ko a ƙarƙashin ikon dokar doka[2]
Dubawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Doka don tsarawa ko gyara wani lissafin yana buƙatar gano ainihin batun ta hanyar da ta dace.[3] Lokacin shiga cikin dokoki, masu tsarawa da masu tsara manufofi dole ne su yi la'akari da mafi kyawun hanyoyin da za a magance matsalolin[4] Matsaloli masu yuwuwa a cikin tanadin lissafin na iya haɗawa da aiwatar da takunkumi, niyya ɗabi'un kai tsaye, ba da izinin aikin hukuma, da sauransu.[5]
Yawancin lokaci dan majalisa ne ke gabatar da doka (misali dan majalisa ko majalisa), ko kuma ta bangaren zartarwa, inda 'yan majalisa ke muhawara a kan ta kuma galibi ana gyara su kafin zartarwa. Yawancin manyan majalisu suna zartar da ɗan ƙaramin kaso ne kawai na kudurorin da aka gabatar a wani zama.[6]
Shiga jama'a a cikin dokoki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk kundin tsarin mulki na zamani da dokoki na asali sun ƙunshi kuma sun bayyana ra'ayi da ka'idar ikon mallakar jama'a, wanda ke nufin cewa mutane su ne tushen ikon jama'a ko ikon gwamnati. Ma'anar ikon mallakar jama'a yana ɗauka ne kawai cewa a cikin al'ummar da aka tsara don aiwatar da siyasa, ra'ayin jama'a gaba ɗaya shine kawai ma'auni na siyasa. Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin muhimmin abu a cikin tsarin dubawa da ma'auni da dimokuradiyya mai wakilci. Don haka, jama'a suna da haƙƙin kai tsaye ko da shiga cikin aiwatar da doka. Wannan rawar da take takawa ta danganta ƴan ƙasa da gwamnatinsu da ƴan majalisa tana da alaƙa da ra'ayi na halal. Yin amfani da ikon mulkin dimokuradiyya a kan tsarin majalisa da tsarin tsara manufofi na iya faruwa ko da lokacin da jama'a ke da fahimtar matakin farko na majalisar dokoki ta kasa da membobinta. Ilimin al'umma hanya ce mai mahimmanci don ƙarfafa sa hannun jama'a da amincewa da tsarin doka.[6]
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Article 289(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
- ↑ Wim Voermans (December 2009). "Is the European Legislator after Lisbon a real Legislature?". Legislacao Cadernos de Ciencia de Legislacao. 50: 391–413 [402]. Within the category of legal acts provided for by the TFEU, a distinction is made between legislative acts and non-legislative acts. Legislative acts are decisions adopted under the ordinary or special legislative procedure (Article 289(3) of the TFEU) and non-legislative acts are decisions that are adopted pursuant to delegation or for the purpose of implementing a legislative act (Articles 35 See Article 288 of the TFEU, last 290 and 291 of the TFEU)
- ↑ "African Parliamentary Knowledge Network Legislative Handbook: Using Evidence to Design and Assess Legislation"
- ↑ ."African Parliamentary Knowledge Network Legislative Handbook: Using Evidence to Design and Assess Legislation"
- ↑ "African Parliamentary Knowledge Network Legislative Handbook: Using Evidence to Design and Assess Legislation"
- ↑ "The Public Participation in the Drafting of Legislation in Hungary"