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Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a a Turai

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Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a a Turai
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Yancin Bayanai
Fuskar Q126912112 Fassara
Wuri
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 53°30′N 15°30′E / 53.5°N 15.5°E / 53.5; 15.5

Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a da 'yancin bayanai (FOI) suna nufin haƙƙin samun damar samun bayanai da hukumomin jama'a ke riƙewa wanda aka fi sani da "yancin sani". Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a ana ɗaukar su da muhimmancin gaske don ingantaccen aiki na tsarin dimokuradiyya, yayin da yake inganta alhakin gwamnatoci da jami'an gwamnati, haɓaka sa hannun mutane da kuma ba da damar shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a. Babban jigon haƙƙin samun damar bayanan jama'a shine cewa bayanan da cibiyoyin gwamnati ke riƙewa a ƙa'idar jama'a ne kuma ana iya ɓoye su ne kawai bisa ga dalilai na halal waɗanda ya kamata a ba da cikakken bayani a cikin doka.[1] Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a ya gina a kan ka'idar cewa a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya ya kamata mutane su kasance cikin yanayin samun dama ga bayanai masu yawa don shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a da kuma al'amuran da suka shafi su.

Hakkin samun damar bayanai na jama'a wani bangare ne na ainihin haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki wanda aka tsara ta Mataki na 19 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) wanda ya bayyana cewa ainihin haƙƙin' yancin faɗakarwa ya ƙunshi' yancin "neman, karɓa da rarraba bayanai da ra'ayoyi ta kowane kafofin watsa labarai kuma ba tare da la'akari da iyakoki ba". Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a da 'yancin bayanai an san su a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin manyan tsarin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa guda uku, wato a cikin Amurka, Turai da Afirka, da kuma manyan kayan aiki na duniya [2]

Hakkin samun damar bayanai yana sanya wajibai biyu a kan hukumomin jama'a. Na farko, aikin da ake yi na yin mahimman bayanai na jama'a game da ayyukan hukumomi da gwamnatoci; na biyu, wajibi ne na amsa buƙatun mutane don bayanai, ko dai ta hanyar sakin takardun asali na jama'ar ko kwafin takardun da aka gudanar.[3]

A cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, an amince da haƙƙin bayanai da samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a a cikin kasashe da yawa kuma an karɓi dokoki da yawa na FOI a duk faɗin duniya, gami da ƙasashe masu tasowa. Idan a cikin 1990 kasashe 13 ne kawai ke da dokar 'yancin bayanai ta ƙasa, a yau akwai irin waɗannan dokoki 100 a duk faɗin duniya.[4][5]

A cikin 2015, Babban Taron UNESCO ya kada kuri'a don sanya Satumba 28 a matsayin "Ranar Duniya don Samun Bayanai ta Duniya" ko, kamar yadda aka fi sani da shi, Samun Bayani. An yi bikin ranar a matsayin "Ranar Dama ta San" tun daga shekara ta 2002. Ƙudurin UNESCO ya ba da shawarar amincewa da Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[6]

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hakkin samun damar bayanai ya gina a kan ka'idar cewa jama'a suna da damar sanin yadda ake amfani da iko da kuma kashe kuɗin jama'a, saboda mutane ne ke zabar hukumomin jama'a kuma masu biyan haraji ne ke tallafawa. Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a wani abu ne na farko ga alhakin gwamnatoci da jami'an gwamnati kuma yana ba da damar karɓar yanke shawara ta hanyar 'yan ƙasa, saboda haka yana wakiltar muhimmiyar mahimmanci don aiki mai kyau na tsarin dimokuradiyya. Ka'idodin kasa da kasa da kuma shari'ar da ke tasowa sun tabbatar da cewa bayanan da hukumomin gwamnati ke riƙewa na jama'a ne.[7] Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Samun dama ga Takardun hukuma (2009) ta bayyana cewa "duk takardun hukumi suna cikin ka'idar jama'a kuma ana iya hana su ne kawai don kare wasu hakkoki da abubuwan da suka dace".[8]

Fiye da kasashe 100 a duniya yanzu sun karɓi damar yin amfani da dokokin bayanai na ƙasa don yin haƙƙin sani da tasiri. An karɓi dokar farko game da samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a a Sweden a cikin shekara ta 1766, amma bayan haka ya ɗauki kusan ƙarni biyu don a amince da dokar ta biyu a Finland a cikin shekara de 1951 sannan a Amurka a cikin shekara. A cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s akwai karamin ci gaba amma ci gaba a cikin dokokin FOI, tare da fadada gaske bayan 1989 saboda gwagwarmayar kungiyoyin farar hula a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai a lokacin sauye-sauyen bayan Kwaminisanci zuwa dimokuradiyya. Lalle ne, babban ci gaba a fagen samun dama ga bayanai wanda ya haifar da fadada ma'anar da kuma ikon samun dama ga bayani ya zo tare da daidaitaccen martani na jama'a don bambanta iko akan bayanan da gwamnatocin Kwaminisanci ke yi a cikin rukunin Soviet. Wannan motsi ne wanda ya haifar da ci gaban 'samun bayanai' a matsayin dama a ma'anar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wani yanke shawara na 1992 na Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Hungary ya tabbatar da cewa samun dama ga bayanai "hakkin asali" ne wanda ke bawa 'yan ƙasa damar kula da halayyar doka da ingancin gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyin masu kula da muhalli da ƙungiyoyin masu amfani sun ba da gudummawa ga tabbatar da haƙƙin sani.[9]

Dukkanin tsoffin kasashe takwas na kwaminisanci da suka shiga Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2004 suna da dokar 'yancin bayanai; Hakanan Romania da Bulgaria suna da nasu doka lokacin da suka shiga EU a shekara ta 2007 kuma Croatia ta riga ta sami damar samun damar yin amfani da dokar bayanai da ke aiki na shekaru goma lokacin da ta shiga EU a shekarar 2013.[10]

A zamanin yau, a yankin OSCE 48 daga cikin kasashe 56 suna da takamaiman damar samun bayanai.[11]

Hakkin samun damar bayanai yana sanya wajibai biyu ga gwamnatoci da hukumomin gwamnati. Na farko, aikin samar da mahimman bayanai na jama'a game da ayyukan da hukumomin jama'a suka aiwatar; na biyu, wajibi ne don amsa buƙatun mutane na samun dama ga takardu, ko dai ta hanyar samar da takardu na asali ko ta hanyar raba kwafin takardu da bayanan da aka riƙe.[11]

Samun dama ga bayanai haƙƙi ne wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangarori biyu. Na farko wani bangare ne mai aiki, wato kyakkyawan wajibin hukumomin gwamnati don samarwa, yin jama'a da rarraba bayanai game da ayyukansu, kasafin kuɗi da manufofi don 'yan ƙasa su fahimci abin da hukumomin jama'a ke yi, su iya shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a kuma su iya saka idanu kan halayyar hukumomin gwamnati. Sashe na biyu shine mai amsawa, wanda ke haifar da haƙƙin duk mutane don neman bayanai da takardu ga hukumomin jama'a, tare da haƙƙin karɓar amsar. Bisa ka'ida, duk manyan bayanai da hukumomin jama'a ke riƙe ya kamata su kasance, yayin da banbanci ga bayyanawa ya kamata ya dogara da kariya ga wasu dabi'u, kamar sirri, tsaron ƙasa ko bukatun kasuwanci.

A lokacin da aka fara amincewa da ranar samun bayanai da aka yi bikin a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2016, kungiyoyin farar hula na Turai da ke aiki don inganta haƙƙin samun bayanai na jama'a sun haifar da damuwa saboda, duk da ci gaba mai mahimmanci, har yanzu akwai gazawar da ta kai musamman game da nuna gaskiya na yanke shawara.[12] A cewar irin wadannan kungiyoyi, daga cikin manyan cikas ga budewar gwamnati akwai rashin isasshen rikodin bayanan hukumomin jama'a: ba a rubuta minti na tarurrukan jami'an gwamnati ba, ba a samun musayar tare da masu fafutuka ba, ana karɓar yanke shawara na jama'a ba tare da tabbatar da gaskiya ba ko kuma shaidar da aka rubuta ga jama'a.[12][13] Wani ƙarin matsala ya shafi wuce gona da iri na banbanci game da amfani da dalilai na sirri, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don kada a bayyana ayyukan jami'an gwamnati yayin yin ayyukan jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Turai sun damu musamman game da rashin gaskiya game da tsarin yanke shawara a matakin ƙasa da na EU, kamar yadda ya faru da ƙin da EU ta yi don bayyana takardu game da yarjejeniyar 'yan gudun hijira ta EU-Turkey.[12]

Samun dama ga bayanai a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban turawa gaba da ci gaban haƙƙin samun dama a matsayin hakki na asali ya kasance saboda gwagwarmayar ƙungiyoyin farar hula wanda ya bambanta ikon gwamnatoci akan bayanai a cikin ƙasashen Kwaminisanci a cikin rukunin Soviet. Wani muhimmin takarda a wannan ma'anar shine hukuncin Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Hungary na 1992 wanda ya tabbatar da cewa samun dama ga bayanai "hakkin asali" ne mai mahimmanci ga kulawar ɗan ƙasa kan halayyar doka da ingancin gwamnati.

A hankali, yanke shawara da yawa na kotuna na kasa da na kasa suna bi da samun dama ga bayanai a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali, don haka samar da shari'a mai ƙarfi ga 'yan ƙasa da ke zuwa kotuna don kare duk wani ƙin yarda da hukumomi don samar da damar samun bayanai na jama'a.[11] Irin waɗannan yanke shawara sun dogara ne akan jerin sanarwa na kasa da kasa, alkawuran kare hakkin dan adam da tarurruka a matakin kasa da kasa. Da farko dai, an amince da haƙƙin samun damar bayanai na jama'a a matsayin muhimmiyar haƙƙi kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin Mataki na 19 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights; a cikin Mataka ta 19 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa; da kuma a cikin Matakai na 13 na Yarjejeniya ta Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. A matakin yanki, duk manyan tsarin yanki guda uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam, wato a cikin Amurka, Turai da Afirka, sun amince da 'yancin bayanai a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan Adam na duniya.[14] A watan Yulin 2011, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tabbatar da cewa haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da aka tsara a Mataki na 19 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun damar bayanai na jama'a.[11]

Fa'idodin zamantakewa na samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a: lissafi, shiga, inganci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayyanawa da aka inganta ta hanyar haƙƙin samun damar bayanan jama'a ya haifar da jerin manyan fa'idodi ga al'ummomin dimokuradiyya, musamman lissafi, shiga da inganci. Na farko, samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a yana inganta lissafin jama'a yayin da yake taimakawa wajen sanya gwamnatoci da jami'an gwamnati da yawa ga ayyukansu da yanke shawara. Na biyu, haƙƙin sani yana haɓaka sa hannun mutane yayin da yake samar da bayanai waɗanda zasu iya taimaka wa 'yan ƙasa su yanke shawara mafi inganci kan batutuwan da ke shafar rayuwarsu kai tsaye da kuma shiga tare da ra'ayoyi masu ilimi a cikin muhawara ta jama'a da kuma tsarin yanke shawara. Na uku, samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a yana ba da gudummawa ga ingancin yanke shawara yayin da bayyanawa ke ƙarfafa cibiyoyin jama'a su inganta sarrafawa da shirya bayanai kuma suna iya taimakawa wajen inganta sadarwa tsakanin hukumomin jama'a.[11] Har ila yau, samun damar samun bayanai yana ba da wasu manufofi na zamantakewa. Misali, samun damar yin amfani da bayanan kiwon lafiya na iya taimaka wa mutane su inganta yanke shawara na mutum da kuma yanke shawara mafi kyau game da maganin kiwon lafiya, shirin kudi da sauransu. A ƙarshe, samun damar samun bayanai na iya sauƙaƙa ingantattun ayyukan kasuwanci kamar yadda wasu bayanan da hukumomin gwamnati ke riƙe da su da suka shafi batutuwan tattalin arziki na iya zama da amfani sosai ga kamfanoni sabili da haka na iya taimakawa wajen kara tasirin bangaren kasuwanci.[15][16]

Ka'idoji da dokoki na kasa da kasa

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A matakin kasa samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar dokokin 'yancin bayanai. Baya ga dokokin ƙasa, an tsara ka'idoji da ka'idojin samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a a cikin sanarwa da yarjejeniyoyi da yawa na kasa da kasa waɗanda suka amince da ainihin yanayin doka na haƙƙin 'yancin bayanai tare da buƙatar ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin da ya kamata su tabbatar da mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace.[17] Irin waɗannan dokoki da ka'idoji na duniya sun haɗa da:

  • Ka'idoji da sanarwa na jama'a: waɗannan sun haɗa da Ka'idojin Goma kan Hakkin Sanarwa ta hanyar Shari'a (2005); Hakkin Jama'a don Sanarwa - Ka'idojojin 'Yancin Bayanai Dokokin ta Mataki na 19 (1999); Sanarwar Atlanta da Shirin Aiki don Ci gaban Hakkin Samun Bayani (2008); Sanarutar Budapest kan Hakkin Samurori na Bayani (2008) (Shiritaccen Bayani ga Cibiyoyin Kudi na Duniya: Da' yancinmu na Sanarwa ta Duniya (2006); Sanarwa kan Bayani na Majalisar (2012);
  • Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa: waɗannan sun haɗa da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Samun Takardun hukuma (2009) da Yarjejeniya ta Aarhus kan Samun Bayani, Kasancewar Jama'a da Samun Adalci a Al'amuran Muhalli (1999);
  • Ka'idoji da Shawarwari na Gwamnati: waɗannan sun haɗa da Ka'idojin da ke kan Hakkin Samun Bayani ta Ƙungiyar Amurka (2000); Shawarwarin Majalisar Turai 2002 (2) kan samun damar takardun hukuma (2002); Sanarwar Ka'idojojin 'Yanci na Magana a Afirka ta Hukumar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Al'umma (2002); Bayarwar Maputo ta UNESCO kan Karfafa 'Yanci da Bayani (2008); Sanarantar Yammacin Bayani ta Brisbane kan Yancin Labarai da Gudanarwa na Bayani Mai Kyau Labarai (2005)
  • Rahotanni na shekara-shekara na Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yanci na Ra'ayi da Magana: Mai ba da rahoton na musamman na UN ya magance batun' yancin bayanai a cikin rahotannin shekara-sheko tun daga shekara ta 1997. Bayan haka, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta amince da sharhin Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kuma ta nemi ya kara bayani game da haƙƙin neman da karɓar bayanai. A sakamakon haka, Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fadada sharhinsa game da 'yancin bayanai a cikin rahotannin shekara-shekara na 2000.[18]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • 'Yanci na bayanai
  • Dokokin 'yancin bayanai ta ƙasa
  • Ranar Sanin Kasa da Kasa
  • Bayyanawa na mallakar kafofin watsa labarai a Turai
  • Babban Darakta na Kungiyar Bayanai da Kafofin Watsa Labarai (Hukumar Turai)
  • Kula da ɗan ƙasa
  • Bayyanawa

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Freedom of Information, UNESCO. Samfuri:Retrieved
  2. ↑ ARTICLE 19, The Public's Right to Know. Principles on Freedom of Information Legislation, 05 April 2012. Samfuri:Retrieved
  3. ↑ "Access-Info and n-ost (edited by), LegalLeaks - Toolkit. A guide for journalists on how to access governmental information, June 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  4. ↑ UNESCO.Samfuri:Retrieved
  5. ↑ "Access-Info Europe, Statement by European RTI Community on the world's First Official Access to Information Day, 28 September 2016. [[:Samfuri:Retrieved]]". Archived from the original on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-10-20. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  6. ↑ "UNESCO Names Sept. 28 Access to Information Day". freedominfo.org. 17 November 2015. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  7. ↑ "Access-Info Europe, What is the right to know". Archived from the original on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  8. ↑ Council of Europe, Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents. Council of Europe Treaty Series - No. 205, 2009.Samfuri:Retrieved
  9. ↑ "Associación por los Derechos Civiles; Instituto del Banco Mundial; Inter-American Investment Corporation, 2007, Companies and the right to access public information. [[:Samfuri:Retrieved]]" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2016-10-24. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  10. ↑ Helen Darbishire, June 2015. Samfuri:Retrieved
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "Access-Info and n-ost (edited by), June 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-10-20. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content.
  12. 1 2 3 "Access-Info Europe, 28 September 2016. [[:Samfuri:Retrieved]]". Archived from the original on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-10-20. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  13. ↑ Access-Info Europe, Opening up decision-making. Samfuri:Retrieved
  14. ↑ ARTICLE 19, 05 April 2012. Samfuri:Retrieved
  15. ↑ ARTICLE 19, International 7standards: Right to information. 05 April 2012. Samfuri:Retrieved
  16. ↑ "Associación por los Derechos Civiles; Instituto del Banco Mundial; Inter-American Investment Corporation, 2007. [[:Samfuri:Retrieved]]" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2016-10-24. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  17. ↑ .ARTICLE 19, 05 April 2012. Samfuri:Retrieved
  18. ↑ ARTICLE 19, International standards: Right to information. 05 April 2012. Samfuri:Retrieved
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