Sanarwar kan kawar da tashin hankali a kan mata
 Sanarwar kan kawar da tashin hankali a kan mata | |
|---|---|
United Nations General Assembly resolution (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Laƙabi | Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women |
| Ranar wallafa | 23 ga Faburairu, 1994 |
| Work available at URL (en) | un.org… |
Sanarwar kan kawar da tashin hankali a kan mata (wanda aka taƙaita a matsayin DEVAW [1]) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓa ba tare da kuri'a ba a cikin ƙuduri na 48/104 na 20 ga Disamba 1993.[2] Abubuwan da ke ciki sune amincewa da "bukatar gaggawa don aikace-aikacen duniya ga mata na haƙƙoƙi da ka'idoji dangane da daidaito, tsaro, 'yanci, mutunci da mutunci na dukkan 'yan adam".[3] Yana tunatarwa kuma yana nuna irin waɗannan hakkoki da ka'idoji kamar waɗanda aka tsara a cikin kayan aiki kamar Universal Declaration of Human Rights, da Mataki na 1 da 2 suna ba da ma'anar da aka fi amfani da ita game da tashin hankali ga mata.[4]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sanarwar duniya cewa mata suna da 'yancin rayuwa ba tare da tashin hankali ba kwanan nan ne, wanda ya fito a kusa da 1970. [5] A tarihi, gwagwarmayarsu da tashin hankali, da kuma rashin hukunci wanda sau da yawa ke kare masu aikata laifin, yana da alaƙa da gwagwarmaya don shawo kan nuna bambanci.[6] Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta damu da kanta game da ci gaban 'yancin mata ta hanyar cibiyoyi kamar Hukumar Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Matsayin Mata (CSW), amma ba ta yi niyya musamman ga yawan mata da aka yi niyya da tashin hankali ba har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Yarjejeniyar 1979 kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW) [7] ba ta taɓa ambata tashin hankali ga mata ba; Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki (VDPA) [8] ita ce takardar farko ta duniya da ta yi Allah wadai da tashin hankali ga Mata. [9] [bayanin kula na 2] An haɓaka ƙudurin DEVAW a matsayin faɗaɗa CEDAW, kuma a bayyane ya bayyana cewa ƙarfafawa da haɓaka CEDAU yana ɗaya daga cikin burinsa.[9]
A watan Satumbar 1992, CSW ta nada wata kungiya ta musamman don shirya daftarin sanarwar adawa da cin zarafin mata.[10] Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin ƙudurin shine ya rushe matsayin gwamnati cewa tashin hankali kan mata na sirri ne, na cikin gida ba ya buƙatar shiga tsakani na gwamnati.[10] A lokacin, an san cewa duka mata (sau da yawa ana haɗa su a ƙarƙashin kalmomin "mugunta na gida" ko "mugunta ta kusa") shine mafi yawan nau'in tashin hankali ga mata.[10] Misali, Levinson (1989) ya gano cewa, a cikin kashi 86% na al'adun da aka yi nazari, akwai tashin hankali na tsari da mazaje suka yi wa matansu; wasu binciken a lokacin sun nuna irin wannan tsarin al'adu.[10] Sakamakon kiwon lafiya na irin wannan tashin hankali ya kasance mai yawa; alal misali, a Amurka, shine babban dalilin raunin da ya haifar da mata, 22-35% na mata da suka ziyarci dakunan gaggawa sun yi hakan ne saboda alamun da suka haifar da cin zarafin abokin tarayya, kuma bugun mata ya haifar da sau 4-5 sau da yawa ga buƙatar maganin kwakwalwa kuma sau 5 sau da yawa zuwa ƙoƙarin kashe kansa fiye da sauran mata.[10] Bugu da ƙari, cin zarafin jima'i ciki har da fyade an ƙara gane su a matsayin matsala da ta shafi kashi mai yawa na dukkan mata.[10] Don yin bikin Ranar Mata ta Duniya a ranar 8 ga Maris 1993, Babban Sakatare, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, ya fitar da wata sanarwa a shirye-shiryen sanarwar da ke bayyana rawar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta taka a cikin 'ci gaba' da 'kare' haƙƙin mata: [11]
Gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata, da kuma aikin kirkirar sabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wacce ke iya inganta zaman lafiya da dabi'un da ke kula da ita da kuma kiyaye ta, iri ɗaya ne. A yau - fiye da kowane lokaci - dalilin mata shine dalilin dukkan bil'adama.
Ma'anar Cin zarafin Mata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]According to a January 2012 concept note of the International Expert Group Meeting on Combating violence against indigenous women and girls (working for UNPFII), Articles 1 and 2 of the DEVAW provide "the most widely used definition of violence against women and girls";[4] this claim is echoed by Jacqui True (2012).[note 2]
Kamfen ɗin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kowace shekara, Ranar Kasa da Kasa don kawar da tashin hankali a kan mata tana nuna farkon kwanaki 16 na gwagwarmaya da tashin hankali na jinsi.[12] Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar Cibiyar Jagorancin Mata ta Duniya, Unifem, Mata Ba Za su jira ba, Mata don Canji, Taimako na Mata, da sauran kungiyoyi sun haɗu don yin magana game da cin zarafin jinsi da inganta haƙƙoƙi da ka'idodin sanarwar.[13] An kaddamar da wani mataki mai ban mamaki wanda aka dauka don kawo karshen tashin hankali da mata ke fuskanta a cikin 2008 kuma an san shi da "Haɗin kai don kawo karshen cin zarafin mata". Wannan yana da niyyar wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalar da kuma kawo karshen tashin hankali da mata da 'yan mata ke fuskanta a duk duniya. Tare da har yanzu akwai damar canji a yau kawai 2 daga cikin kasashe 3 sun haramta tashin hankali na cikin gida da kasashe 37 da ke cire masu ci gaba da jima'i daga gurfanar da su idan sun auri wanda aka azabtar ko kuma nan ba da daɗewa ba za su auri wanda aka zalunta. Har ila yau, akwai kasashe 49 waɗanda har zuwa yau ba su da dokoki da za su kare mata daga tashin hankali na gida.[14]
A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2009, Amnesty International ta gudanar da zanga-zanga a Narayanghat, Nepal, don nuna halin da masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata ke ciki bayan da jihar Nepalese ta kasa kare masu fafutuka biyu daga hare-haren tashin hankali kuma, a ƙarshe, kisan su.[15] Duk da tabbatar da sanarwar, Nepal ta kasa bin Mataki na 4-c wanda ke tabbatar da wajibi ga jihohi su: [3]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Jackie Jones. Missing
|author1=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ "RESOLUTIONS: General Assembly, 48th session". un.org. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "A/RES/48/104 – Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women – UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements". un-documents.net. Retrieved February 24, 2010. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "DEVAW text" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Concept Note – International Expert Group Meeting on Combating violence against indigenous women and girls: article 22 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples" (PDF). un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii. United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2021. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Concept Note" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Heise, Lori (1993). "Violence Against Women: The Hidden Health Burden" (PDF). World Health Statistics Quarterly. World Health Organization. 46 (1): 78–85. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ↑ "Ending Impunity for Violence Against Women and Girls". United Nations Department of Public Information. 8 March 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ↑ "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women". un.org. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ↑ "Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II, paragraf 38". refworld.org. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedKorey - ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Heise, Lori (1993). "Violence Against Women: The Hidden Health Burden" (PDF). World Health Statistics Quarterly. World Health Organization. 46 (1): 78–85. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ↑ "Secretary-General, in International Women's Day message, sys promotion and protection of women's rights central to work of United Nations". un.org (WomenWatch). 1993. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
- ↑ "16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence". who.int. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
- ↑ "16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence Campaign". rutgers.edu. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
- ↑ "International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, 25 November". www.un.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-10-23.
- ↑ "Nepal: Two Women's rights's rightss rights's rights's rights's rights human rights activists murdered after government fails to protect them from violent attacks". amnesty.org.uk. April 10, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2017.