Sanarwar samun 'Yancin Masar ta bai Ɗaya
 Sanarwar samun 'Yancin Masar ta bai Ɗaya | |
|---|---|
declaration of independence (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Misra |
| Kwanan wata | 28 ga Faburairu, 1922 |
Sanarwar 'Yancin Masar ta bai ɗaya a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu 1922 ita ce kayan aiki na doka wanda Burtaniya ta amince da Masar a matsayin ƙasa mai 'yanci.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Matsayin Masar ya kasance mai cike da ruɗani tun bayan ɓallewarta daga Daular Usmaniyya a shekarar 1805 ƙarƙashin Muhammad Ali Pasha. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Masar ta kasance de jure mai mulkin kanta na daular Ottoman, amma ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta, tare da mulkin mallaka na gado, soja, kuɗi, tsarin shari'a, da daular a Sudan. Daga shekarun 1882 zuwa gaba, Masar ta mamaye United Kingdom, amma ba a haɗa shi ba, wanda ya haifar da yanayi na musamman na ƙasar da ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Daular Usmaniyya yayin da take da kusan dukkanin halaye na matsayin ƙasa, amma a zahiri ana mulkin ƙasar Burtaniya a cikin abin da aka sani da "mallakar kariya".
A cikin sanarwar bai-ɗaya, Burtaniya ta ba wa kanta ikon "kyakkyawan" iko a yankuna huɗu da ke tsakiyar mulkin Masar: dangantakar ƙasashen waje, sadarwa, soja, da Sudan, wanda a bisa ka'ida ya kasance gidan yari na Masar da Burtaniya. Waɗannan madafun iko, wadanda gwamnatin Masar ba ta amince da su ba, na nufin cewa korafe-korafen 'yan kishin ƙasa a kan Birtaniya sun ci gaba kuma za su ba da gudummawa ga musabbabin juyin juya halin Masar na 1952 bayan shekaru talatin.[1] A cewar ƴan tarihi Caroline Elkins, ayyana 'yancin kai na Masar bai ƙunshi ikon mallaka ga Masar ba, sai dai matsayin "mai cin gashin kansa".[2]
A cikin shekarar 1914, an kawo ƙarshen almara na shari'a na mulkin Ottoman, kuma an sake kafa Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi (wanda Ottomans suka lalata a shekarar 1517 ), amma Masar ba ta da 'yancin kanta. Kodayake United Kingdom ba ta haɗa Masar ba, amma ta mai da sultan da aka dawo da ita ta zama mai karewa (jahar da ba ta cikin daular Biritaniya ba amma duk da haka Burtaniya ce ke gudanar da ita), don haka ta tsara rawar siyasa da soja da ta yi a Masar tun a shekarar 1882.
Ko da yake ta cika buƙatun masu kishin ƙasa na Masar nan take na kawo ƙarshen kariyar, sanarwar ba ta gamsu a duniya ba tun bayan samun yancin kai na Masar wanda Burtaniya ta amince da shi ya takaita sosai da sashe "masu tanadi". Wannan ya haifar da ci gaba da matsin lamba ga Burtaniya daga masu kishin ƙasa na Masar don sake tattaunawa kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar ta 1936 ta warware wasu daga cikin waɗannan batutuwa, amma wasu, musamman game da Sudan, da kasancewar sojojin Birtaniya a yankin Suez Canal, ya kasance. Ci gaba da kula da al'amuran Masar da Burtaniya ta yi, da kuma yadda Birtaniyya ta yi wa Masarawa masu neman 'yancin kai, shi ne ya haifar da juyin juya halin Masar na 1919. Bayan haka, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta shiga tattaunawa da nufin rage korafe-korafen Masar tare da ci gaba da kasancewarta na soja da tasirin siyasa a cikin ƙasar.[2]
Sanarwar ta kasance gabanin tattaunawar da ba ta cimma ruwa ba tsakanin gwamnatocin Masar da Birtaniya. Ɓangarorin da aka samu saɓani sun haɗa da matsayar Masar kan batutuwan da suka shafi tsaro, da kuma rawar da za ta taka a Sudan a nan gaba. Firayim Ministan Masar Adli Yakan Pasha, da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin kishin Masar sun yi nasarar samun yarjejeniyar babban kwamishinan Biritaniya Edmund Allenby don tabbatar da batun yancin kai na Masar da nufin Burtaniya a ƙarshe ta amince da Masar a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. Gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa ta Firayim Ministan Burtaniya David Lloyd George ta so ta ci gaba da kare ƙasar Masar. Allenby ya yi barazanar yin murabus, kuma wannan matakin ya kawo batun ga tattaunawar jama'a, kuma ya haifar da mayar da martani cikin gaggawa a hukumance: bayan makonni biyu aka fitar da sanarwar.[2]
Rubutu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An fara buga rubutu mai zuwa a cikin shekarar 1922. Sakamakon haka, a halin yanzu yana cikin jama'a a Amurka, da kuma a Burtaniya inda haƙƙin mallaka na Crown ya ƙare.[3]
- Sanarwa ga Masar ta Gwamnatin Biritaniya Mai Girma (28 ga watan Fabrairu, 1922)
- Ganin cewa gwamnatin Mai Martaba Sarkin Musulmi, bisa ga aniyarsu ta bayyana, tana son amincewa da Masar a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta; kuma
- Ganin cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Sarki da Masar na da matukar muhimmanci ga Daular Burtaniya;
- Ana bayyana ƙa'idodi masu zuwa:
- 1. An kawo ƙarshen Kariyar Birtaniyya akan Masar, kuma an ayyana Masar a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta.
- 2. Don haka da zarar Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Sarki ta zartar da dokar cin zarafi tare da aiki ga duk mazauna Masar, za a janye dokar soja kamar yadda aka ayyana a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba 1914.
- 3. Abubuwan da ke biyo baya sun kebanta da ikon Gwamnatin Mai Martaba har sai lokacin da za a iya yi ta hanyar tattaunawa ta kyauta da masaukin zumunci a ɓangarorin biyu don kulla yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi hakan tsakanin Gwamnatin Mai Martaba da Gwamnatin Masar:
- (a) Tsaron sadarwar daular Burtaniya a Masar;
- (b) Kariyar Masar daga duk wani ta'addanci ko tsangwama, kai tsaye ko kai tsaye;
- (c) Kare muradun ƙasashen waje a Masar da kare tsiraru;
- (d) Kasar Sudan.
- A yayin da aka kammala irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin, matsayin da yake a cikin duk waɗannan batutuwa zai ci gaba da wanzuwa.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ King, Joan Wucher (1989) [First published 1984]. Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Books of Lasting Value. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-977-424-213-7.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Elkins, Caroline (2022). Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire (in Turanci). Knopf Doubleday. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-593-32008-2.
- ↑ Blaustein, Albert P.; Sigler, Jay A.; Beede, Benjamin R., eds. (1977). Independence Documents of the World. 1. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications. pp. 204–205. ISBN 978-0-379-00794-7.