Sandwich

Sandwich
finger food (en) , bread dish (en) da Bánh
Kayan haɗi	gurasa nama condiment (en) salad (en) kayan haɗin abinci spread (en)
Tarihi
Asali	Ingila
Suna saboda	John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (en)
Said to be the same as (en)	Q111907435

sandwich abinci ne wanda yawanci ya kunshi nama, cuku, sauces, da kayan lambu da aka yi amfani da su azaman cikawa tsakanin yankan burodi, ko sanyawa a saman yankan burdi; ko, gabaɗaya, duk wani Abincin da burodi ke aiki a matsayin akwati ko murfin wani nau'in abinci. Sandwich ya fara ne a matsayin abinci mai sauƙi, mai sauƙi a Yammacin duniya, kuma a tsawon lokaci ya zama ruwan dare a duk duniya.

An yi muhawara a kafofin sada zumunta game da ainihin ma'anar sandwich, musamman ko ana iya rarraba hot dog ko [./Open_<i id= sandwich" id="mwMA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Open sandwich">bude sandwich] kamar haka. Sauran abubuwa, kamar hamburger da burritos, an kuma yi la'akari da su. A Amurka, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona (USDA) da Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna (FDA) sune hukumomin da ke da alhakin kare ma'anar sandwich. USDA tana amfani da ma'anar, "akalla kashi 35% da aka dafa nama kuma ba fiye da kashi 50% da burodi ba" don sandwiches da aka rufe, da kuma "akalla 50% da aka dafa" don sandwches da aka bude. Koyaya, wannan jagorar USDA ta ƙayyade cewa burritos da Fajitas "kamar sandwich" ne kuma frankfurters "irin sandwich", yayin da aka cire stromboli a bayyane. A Burtaniya, Ƙungiyar Sandwich ta Burtaniya ta bayyana sandwich a matsayin "kowane nau'in burodi tare da cikawa, gabaɗaya sanyi"; ma'anar da ta haɗa da murfin da bagels, amma mai yiwuwa ta cire jita-jita da aka haɗu da kuma ba da zafi, kamar hamburger.

Sandwiches wani shahararren abincin rana ne, wanda ake ɗauka zuwa aiki, makaranta, ko picnics don cinyewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na abincin rana. Ana rufe gurasar sau da yawa da kayan yaji kamar mayonnaise ko mustard don inganta dandano da dandano, amma ana iya ba da ita a fili (" bushe"). Kazalika da kasancewa a gida, ana sayar da sandwiches a ko'ina a shagunan sayar da kayayyaki daban-daban kuma ana iya ba da su zafi ko sanyi. Kodayake sandwiches masu ɗanɗano - kamar sandwiches na jam - suna cikin mafi yawan, sandwiches mai ɗanɗano- kamar jam sandwiches da fluffernutters - suna samar da nasu rukuni.

An sanya sunan sandwich din ne bayan mai kirkirar wani sandwich na naman sa a karni na 18 a Ingila, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich . Jaridar Wall Street ta bayyana shi a matsayin "babban gudummawar Burtaniya ga gastronomy".

Tarihi da asalin

Sandwiches na farko da abinci mai kama da sandwich

Amfani da wani nau'in burodi ko abu mai kama da burodi don kwance a ƙarƙashin wasu abinci, ko kuma a kwashe shi kuma a rufe shi ko a rufe shi, ana samunsa a al'adu da yawa a tarihi. Kafin a san shi da "sandwich", wannan Haɗin abinci da alama an san shi da sunan "gurasa da nama" ko "gurasa le cuku". Ana samun waɗannan kalmomi guda biyu a duk wasan kwaikwayo na Turanci daga ƙarni na 16 da 17.

A cikin ƙarni na Maroko KZ an ce masanin Yahudawa Hillel the Elder ya lullube nama daga Ɗan rago na Ista da ganye masu zaki a cikin Matzah mai laushi - gurasa mai laushi, marar yisti - a lokacin Idin Ƙetarewa a cikin hanyar murfin zamani da aka yi da gurasa mai santsi. An yi amfani da gurasar da ke da ɗan bambancin nau'ikan don tattara ko rufe ƙananan abinci a kan hanyar daga farantin zuwa baki a duk faɗin Yammacin Asiya da Arewacin Afirka. Daga abincin Maroko zuwa Habasha zuwa Indiya, yawanci ana yin burodi a zagaye mai laushi, ya bambanta da al'adar gurasar Turai.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya a Turai, ana amfani da manyan gurasa masu tsayi da kuma yawanci gurasa, wanda ake kira "trenchers," a matsayin faranti. Bayan cin abinci, ana ciyar da canjin da aka tsoma ga kare ko masu bara a teburin masu arziki, kuma masu cin abinci suna cinye shi a cikin yanayi mafi ƙasƙanci. Ana iya samun abin da ke tattare da abinci na gaba tare da alaƙa kai tsaye da sandwich na Ingilishi a cikin Netherlands na karni na goma sha bakwai, inda masanin halitta John Ray ya lura cewa a cikin gidajen cin abinci ana rataye naman sa daga rafters "wanda suka yanke cikin ƙananan sassan kuma suka ci tare da burodi da man shanu suna shimfiɗa sassan a kan man shanu" - bayani wanda ya nuna Dutch belegde broodje, Sandwich mai bude fuska, har yanzu ba a sani ba a Ingila. Kalmar "sandwich" ta bayyana, tana nufin wani abincin naman sa a Ingila.

Hoton Earl na Sandwich na Thomas Gainsborough, 1783, wanda aka sanya sunan sandwich

Da farko an gane shi azaman abincin da maza ke rabawa yayin wasa da sha da daddare, sanwicin sannu a hankali ya fara bayyana a cikin al'umma mai ladabi a matsayin abincin dare a tsakanin masu fada aji . Sunan sanwicin suna bayan John Montagu, Earl na Sandwich na 4, ɗan aristocrat na Ingilishi na ƙarni na sha takwas. Ana yawan faɗin cewa Lord Sandwich, a lokacin dogon zama na cribbage da sauran wasannin kati a gidajen caca na jama'a, zai umurci valet ɗinsa da ya kawo masa gasasshen naman sa tsakanin guda biyu na gasasshen burodi. Ya kasance yana son irin wannan nau'in abinci saboda yana ba shi damar ci gaba da caca yayin cin abinci, ba tare da buƙatar cokali mai yatsa ba, kuma ba tare da samun man kati ba daga cin nama da hannunsa. Bayan haka, tasa ya girma a London, kuma sunan Sandwich ya zama mai alaƙa da ita. Jita-jita da aka saba da ita ta bayyana a cikin Pierre-Jean Grosley 's Londres ( Neuchâtel, 1770), wanda aka fassara azaman Tafiya zuwa London a 1772; An kafa ra'ayoyin Grosley a cikin shekara guda a London a cikin 1765. Wani mawallafin tarihin Sandwich Nicholas A. M. Rodger ya ba da wani madadin, wanda ya nuna alkawurran Sandwich ga Royal Navy, siyasa da fasaha yana nufin gurasar farko ta kasance mai yiwuwa an cinye shi a teburinsa.

The Porter and the Hare by Johann Zoffany, 1768, features an early depiction of the sandwich

Shahararren sandwich a Spain da Ingila ya karu sosai a cikin karni na sha tara, lokacin da haɓakar masana'antu da ma'aikata suka sa abinci mai sauri, mai ɗaukar kaya, da kuma mai arha ya zama mahimmanci. A Landan, alal misali, aƙalla masu sayar da tituna saba'in suna sayar da sandwiches na ham a shekara ta 1850; a cikin wannan shekaru goma sandwiches kuma sun zama muhimmiyar hanyar cin abinci a yammacin Holland, yawanci suna ba da sandwichs na hanta da gishiri.

A Amurka, an fara inganta sandwich ɗin a matsayin abincin dare a lokacin cin abincin dare. A farkon karni na 20, yayin da burodi ya zama abincin abinci na Amurka, sandwich ya zama irin wannan shahararren abinci, mai sauri kamar yadda ya riga ya yadu a cikin Bahar Rum.

Harshe

A Amurka, haya kotun da ke Boston ta yanke hukunci a shekara ta 2006 cewa sandwich ya haɗa da akalla yankan gurasa guda biyu kuma "a ƙarƙashin wannan ma'anar, wannan kotun ta gano cewa ba a fahimci kalmar 'sandwich' don haɗawa da burritos, Tacos, da quesadillas, waɗanda galibi ana yin su da tortilla guda ɗaya kuma an cika su da zaɓin cika nama, shinkafa, da wake". Batun ya samo asali ne daga tambayar ko gidan cin abinci da ke sayar da burritos zai iya shiga cikin cibiyar cin kasuwa Indiya wani sashi ba tare da gasa ba a cikin kantin sayar da sauran kantin sayar ba. Har ila yau, a Amurka, wata kotun da ke Indiana ta yanke hukunci a cikin 2024 cewa tacos da burritos sandwiches ne, musamman cewa "Kotu ta yarda da Quintana cewa tacos le burritos sandwick ne na Mexican-style". Kotun ta ci gaba da yanke hukuncin cewa irin wannan ma'anar sandwich za ta shafi "gidan cin abinci wanda ke ba da sabis na Girkanci, Indian naan wraps, ko Vietnamese banh mi". Jihar Amurka ta New York tana da ma'anar "sandwich" wanda a bayyane ya haɗa da burritos, Giros, karnuka masu zafi, da murfin da sandwiches na pita.

A Spain, inda aka aro kalmar sanwici daga harshen Ingilishi, [1] tana nufin wani abinci da aka yi da burodin turanci.[2] In ba haka ba an san shi da bocadillo. Irin wannan amfani yana aiki a cikin wasu al'adun Mutanen Espanya, kamar Mexico, inda ake amfani da kalmar torta don shahararrun sanwici iri-iri.

A Biritaniya da Ostiraliya, kalmar sanwici tana da ƙunci fiye da na Amurka: yawanci tana nufin wani abu ne da ke amfani da biredi da aka yanka daga biredi.[1] Wani abu mai irin wannan cikawa amma ta amfani da bididdigar biredi da aka yanke a kwance cikin rabi, ana kiranta gabaɗaya a matsayin nadi, ko tare da wasu cikas mai zafi, burger. Duk da haka, a Ostiraliya zafi sliced ​​(ba ƙasa) naman sa tsakanin yanka biyu na gasasshen burodi ana magana da shi azaman sanwicin nama: gurasa mai sliced ​​​​yana bambanta sandwich na nama daga burger. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

Kalmomin zuwa sandwich' suna da ma'anar "don sanya wani abu tsakanin wasu abubuwa biyu na hali daban-daban, ko sanya abubuwa daban-daban a madadin, " kuma sunan sandwich yana da ma'anoni masu alaƙa da aka samo daga wannan ma'anar gaba ɗaya. Misali, sandwich na ice cream ya ƙunshi wani nau'i na ice cream tsakanin nau'i biyu na cake ko biscuit. Hakazalika, ana bayyana Oreos da Custard creams a matsayin sandwich biscuits (UK / Commonwealth) ko sandwich cookies (US) saboda sun kunshi cikawa mai laushi tsakanin yadudduka. A cikin kudaden kamfanoni, Dutch Sandwich da Double Irish tare da sandwich na Dutch suna nufin makircin kauce wa haraji.

Kalmar butty, da farko tana nufin gurasar gurasa, ta zama ruwan dare a wasu sassan arewa da kudancin Ingila da Wales a matsayin ma'anar magana don "sandwich," musamman don komawa ga wasu nau'ikan sandwiches ciki har da butty, naman alade, ko butty. Sarnie irin wannan magana ce. Hakazalika, ana amfani da kalmar sanger don sandwich a cikin yaren Australiya. Kalmar magana ta Scottish na iya nufin ko dai sandwich ko abinci mai sauƙi, musamman wanda ya haɗa da sandwich. Misali, kalmar jeely piece tana nufin jam sandwich.

Ana amfani da nau'in magana "sammich" (a madadin, "sammidge") a kudu maso gabashin Amurka. A cikin Jafananci, ana amfani da Sando ko sandoichi.

Sandwiches da aka riga aka yi

Sandwiches da aka riga aka shirya

An sayar da sandwiches a ko'ina a cikin cafes, tashoshin jirgin ƙasa, mashaya da masu cin abinci tun lokacin da aka kirkiro Gurasar da aka yanka a cikin shekarun 1920. Sandwiches sun kasance ba a rufe su ba, sun bushe kuma suna da gefuna, har sai an sayar da su, an samo su a ko'ina a Burtaniya har zuwa shekarun 1970. Cafes da buffets a tashoshin jirgin kasa da kuma jiragen kasa sun kasance sanannun, kuma ana amfani da kalmar "Sandwich na Rail na Burtaniya" sau da yawa.

A shekara ta 1979 kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Burtaniya Marks &amp; Spencer ya gabatar da karamin kewayon sanyaya, sandwiches da aka riga aka yi da aka sayar a cikin akwatuna masu kama da wedge, an rufe su don kiyaye su sabo. Kamar yadda suka zama sanannun, wani karamin gwaji wanda ya shafi shaguna biyar ya karu da sauri don rufe shaguna sama da ɗari. A cikin shekara guda, shagon yana neman hanyoyin da za a ƙera sandwiches a sikelin masana'antu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, masana'antar sandwich ta Burtaniya ta zama darajar £ 1 biliyan. A cikin 2017, masana'antar sandwich ta Burtaniya ta yi kuma ta sayar da sandwiches biliyan 8. 

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  Cross section of a sandwich
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  Sandwich making
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  Chicken breast sandwich
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  Reuben sandwich
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  Peanut butter and jelly sandwich
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  Grilled cheese sandwich
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  Jambon-beurre, a French ham sandwich
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  Club sandwich
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  Croque-monsieur, a hot sandwich
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  Hamburger
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  Porilainen, a Finnish burger-like sandwich
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  Philadelphia-style cheesesteak (type of submarine sandwich)
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  Smoked meat sandwich
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  French bread sandwich with fries
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  Shawarma sandwich
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  Doner sandwich
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  Dutch open sandwich with smoked horse meat
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  Sausage, egg and cheese sandwich
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  Smoked salmon and cream cheese sandwiches
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  Crustless English sandwiches
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  Sandwich with fried egg, tomato and cucumber
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  Sandwich filled with olives and sliced tomatoes