Santalum acuminatum
| Santalum acuminatum | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Conservation status | |
 LC (mul)  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Order | Santalales (mul)  |
| Dangi | Santalaceae (mul) |
| Genus | Santalum (mul)
|
| jinsi | Santalum acuminatum A.DC., 1857
|
Santalum acuminatum, lokacin hamada, shuka ce ta hemiparasitic a cikin dangin sandalwood, Santalaceae, (Native to Australia) wanda aka warwatsa a ko'ina cikin hamada ta tsakiya da yankunan kudancin Australia. Nau'in, musamman 'ya'yan itacen da ake ci, ana kiransu quandong ko Peach na asali. Amfani da 'ya'yan itace a matsayin ɗanɗano mai ban sha'awa, ɗaya daga cikin sanannun bush tucker (abinci na daji), ya haifar da yunkurin domestication na nau'in.
Desert quandong itace ne mai tsayi, [1] ana iya dafa 'ya'yan itacen don yin burodi don cika burodi na quandong ko kuma a sanya shi cikin abin sha na 'ya'ya. Za'a iya cire iri (kernel) a cikin harsashi mai wuya don a murkushe shi cikin wani paste sannan a yi amfani da shi a kan gums mai ciwo ko gums na baki don sauƙaƙa ciwo. Saboda yana daya daga cikin 'ya'yan itace masu jurewa da fari a yammacin New South Wales, yana da mashahuri don girma tsakanin al'ummomin Aboriginal da yawa da kuma wadanda ba 'yan asalin Australiya ba waɗanda suka san shi.[2]
Bayyanawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Santalum acuminatum yana girma a matsayin tsayi mai tsayi, ko ƙaramin itace, 4 zuwa 6 tsawo da 2-4 fadi. Yankin da ba shi da kyau yana da launin toka mai duhu kuma rassan suna hawa cikin hali. Ƙananan tsire-tsire da masu shayarwa suka kafa daga tushen wasu lokuta ana samun su kewaye da manyan tsire-shuke. Ƙananan rassan suna da al'adar kuka. Ana nuna ganye da ke da ƙanƙanta a ƙarshen, kuma suna da launin rawaya-kore wanda ke kawo ɗan launin toka da fata. Wadannan suna tallafawa a kan gajeren ganye, 5 - 10 mm tsawo, ganye da kansu suna da 45 - 115 mm tsawo. An ƙayyade su a cikin layi, kuma an shirya su a nau'i-nau'i a kan rassan.
Fure na iya zama kore ko fari mai laushi a sassan waje, ja ko launin ruwan kasa a fuskokin ciki; waɗannan suna bayyana a kan tsokoki, kawai 2-3 mm ne a fadin, kuma suna da ƙanshi.[3] Ana samar da 'Ya'yan itace bayan shekaru 4 kuma yana da ja ko wani lokacin rawaya, yana auna tsakanin 20 zuwa 25 mm a fadin. Layer na 3-mm na nama yana rufe ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai kama da kwakwalwa tare da harsashi mai wuya wanda ke rufe tsaba. Ana kiran wannan 'ya'yan itace a matsayin drupe. Yana girma daga kore zuwa ja mai haske a ƙarshen bazara ko rani, kuma yana da siffar duniya kuma 20 zuwa 40 mm a fadin.[4] Fata na 'ya'yan itace yana da tsami.[5]
Tushen suna daidaitawa zuwa tsarin hemiparasitic, ta amfani da haustorium, a kan tushen da zai iya kaiwa 10 m zuwa wasu tsarin tushen.
Tarihi da suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nau'in yana da Sunan gama gari quandong tare da wasu tsire-tsire, suna ba da irin wannan 'ya'yan itace; ana iya rarrabe shi a matsayin "jiji" ko "mai dadi". Sunan quandong yawanci yana nufin 'ya'yan itace na S. acuminatum a cikin amfani da kasuwanci. Bambancin rubutun ya haɗa da quondong da quandang . Ana kuma kiran 'ya'yan itace da shuka mai dadi quandong da peach na asali. An san shuka ga ƙungiyoyin harsuna daban-daban, sabili da haka an san shi da sunaye daban-daban. Mutanen Wiradjuri na New South Wales suna amfani da sunan guwandhang, daga inda aka daidaita sunan quandong.[6] Sauran sunayen 'yan asalin sun hada da; wolgol (Noongar, Kudancin Yammacin Australia) gutchu (Wotjobaluk, Yammacin Victoria); wanjanu ko Jayl[7] (Pitjantjatjara, Uluru), da goorti[8] (Narungga).
The species was first described by Robert Brown, named in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae (1810) as Fusanus acuminatus, based on his type collection made at Fowlers Bay, South Australia, in 1802. Brown gave the Latin epithet acuminatus to denote the leaves – sharpened or pointed. The botanist Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle gave the current name in 1857, placing it in the genus Santalum; the genus containing Australian sandalwood, Santalum spicatum, and white sandalwood, Santalum album. Several botanical names have been deemed to be synonymous with Santalum acuminatum, as described in Flora of Australia (1984) and the Australian Plant Census (2006), these include: Santalum preissii F.Muell. in Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae (1861); Santalum cognatum and Santalum preissianum of Miquel (1845); and Santalum densiflorum Gand. (1919).
Otto Kuntze ne ya ba da Mida acuminata a cikin yunkurin sake dubawa, kamar yadda yake tare da Eucarya acuminata (R.Br.) Sprague da Summerh .
An sanya sunayen nau'ikan shuke-shuke da yawa a aikace-aikacen haƙƙin masu shuka, wanda aka karɓi biyu kuma an ba da wani. An fara kiran nau'in nau'in Powell # 1, [9] amma an janye aikace-aikacen don amincewa da wannan sunan. Na biyu an san shi da Powell's Red Supreme . [10] An ba da sunaye guda biyu a matsayin aikace-aikacen da aka yarda da su a cikin Jaridar Plant Varieties: Powell's Red Supreme da Saltbush Lane . [11]
An sanya sunan iri-iri na S. acuminatum daidai da Dokar Kasa da Kasa ta Nomenclature don Shuke-shuke masu noma; bayan wallafa bayanin, Santalum acuminatum 'Frahn's Paringa Gem' ya zama shuka ta farko da za a karɓi kariya ta doka. [12]
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Santalum acuminatum yana yaduwa a ko'ina cikin mafi yawan yankuna na kudancin Australia, gami da tsakiya mai busassun ƙasar, kuma a wasu yankuna ya zama ruwan dare. Sandalwood na Australiya, Santalum spicatum, ya kasance mafi yawan jama'a fiye da wannan nau'in; cinikin kasuwanci ya sauya wannan matsayi.
Shuka yana faruwa a arewacin Yammacin Australia zuwa Carnarvon da Karratha (21 N), yana kaiwa cikin ƙasa daga filayen bakin teku, kuma ana samunsa a duk Kudu maso Yammacin Ostiraliya. Adadin samfurori da aka rubuta a wannan yankin ba su da yawa, kuma galibi an ƙuntata su ne ga filayen bakin teku, an yi tasiri ta hanyar canza amfani da ƙasa a cikin alkama. Wasu al'ummomi ba su da ci gaba a cikin kewayon rarraba, kamar yadda yake tare da nau'o'in da yawa na yankin, bayan kewayon warwatsewar tsaba. Ƙungiyoyin da ke nesa na jinsunan sun kasance a cikin tsoffin kewayon rarraba, zuwa yanayi daban-daban, kuma waɗannan na iya warewa da daruruwan kilomita. Wannan nau'in yana daya daga cikin wadanda ke cikin yankin don hada da "mai laushi", ƙananan jama'a a waje da mazaunin ruwan sama na yau da kullun.[13]
An kuma rubuta faruwar shuka a Kudancin Australia, Victoria, da New South Wales, da Queensland. Ya yadu a yammacin New South Wales, zuwa gabas zuwa Dubbo da Culcairn. Yana da wuya a arewa maso yammacin jihar.
Muhalli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin shuka Santalum yana da alaƙa da wasu nau'o'in, a hanyar da ba ta lalacewa ba, yana kiyaye kansa ta hanyar samar da nitrogen, inuwa, da ruwa. Tushen jinsin suna da daidaitawa kamar pad, wanda kusan ke kewaye da tushen mai masaukin, wanda ya dace da wannan nau'in sandalwoods. Masu karɓar bakuncin na iya zama wasu bishiyoyi, ko ciyawa, yawanci ana amfani da tsire-tsire da yawa. Takaddun da aka rubuta a cikin wannan dangantakar sune nau'ikan jinsuna; Acacia, Maireana, Atriplex, da sauransu da yawa, gami da hemiparasites kamar Exocarpos sparteus. Wannan hanyar tana bawa shuka damar samun kashi 70% na nitrogen, da wasu bukatun ruwa daga tushen wasu bishiyoyi da shrubs.[14]
Itacen yana da wurare daban-daban da yawa, gami da gadajen kogi, dutse, filayen dutse, da yashi. Yana jure wa fari, gishiri, da yanayin zafi mai yawa, kuma ba ya buƙatar samun yanayin da ke da wadataccen abinci. Shuka na iya zama a cikin inuwa na mai masaukin sa, yana kaiwa ga cikakken rana da zarar ya bunkasa, don haka shuka yawanci ana haɗuwa da mai masaukin da sauran nau'o'in.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Santalum acuminatum". plantselector.botanicgardens.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
- ↑ Volkofsky, Aimee (2017-10-16). "The quandong — weird name but a very useful fruit". ABC News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-01-10.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Justin Teague (Student Intern) (2003). "Santalum acuminatum". Growing Native Plants. ANBG.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ (Tim ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Plant Profiles: Quandong". Australian Native Foods. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems (CSE). 26 September 2007. Archived from the original on 29 March 2007.
- ↑ "Powell's # 1 Quandong". Powell's Fact Sheets. Quorn Quandongs.
- ↑ "Powell's Red Supreme". Powell's Fact Sheets. Quorn Quandongs.
- ↑ "Santalum acuminatum, Sweet Quandong" (PDF). Plant Varieties Journal (Plant Breeder's Rights Australia). 15 (4). 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
'Powell's Red Supreme' Application No: 2002/020; 'Saltbush Lane' Application No: 2002/021: Accepted: 7 November 2002; Applicant: Australian Quandongs Pty Ltd, Mylor, SA
- ↑ Scholefield, Peter (April 2004). "Sweet Quandong (Santalum acuminatum). Variety: 'Frahn's Paringa Gem'" (PDF). Plant Varieties Journal (Plant Breeder's Rights Australia). 17 (1): 163–166. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Tennakoon, K. U.; J. S. Pate; D. Arthur (1997). "Ecophysiological Aspects of the Woody Root Hemiparasite Santalum acuminatum (R. Br.) A. DC and its Common Hosts in South Western Australia". Annals of Botany. 80 (3): 245–256. doi:10.1006/anbo.1997.0432.