Sara Sara
| Sara Sara | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General information | |
Height above mean sea level (en)  | 5,505 m |
| Topographic prominence (en) | 2,060 m |
| Labarin ƙasa | |
 | |
| Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa | 15°19′25″S 73°26′58″W / 15.3235°S 73.4494°W |
| Bangare na |
Volcanic arc of Peru (en) |
| Mountain range (en) |
Cordillera Ampato (en) |
| Kasa | Peru |
| Territory |
Ayacucho Department (en) |
| Ƙasantuwa a yanayin ƙasa | Andes |
Sara Sara tana 5,505 metres (18,061 ft)* dutsen mai aman wuta da ke kwance tsakanin tafkin Parinacochas da Kogin Ocoña a Peru . [1] Tana cikin lardunan Parinacochas da Paucar del Sara Sara . Dutsen dutsen da aka kafa a lokacin Pleistocene a lokacin matakai huɗu daban-daban na ayyukan volcanic, wanda ya gina ginin dutsen mai aman wuta tare da jita-jita na oval wanda ya ƙunshi kwararar lava da ɗigon lava . Dutsen dutsen yana haskakawa a lokacin mafi girman glacial na ƙarshe ; Yana iya har yanzu yana da glaciers. Ƙarshen fashewar ya kasance kusan shekaru 14,000 da suka wuce kuma za a iya samun fashewa a nan gaba. Al’ummar yankin ne suka bauta wa dutsen mai aman wuta, kuma masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano wata yarinya ‘yar shekara 15 mai suna Inca mummy a wajen taron.
Geography da geomorphology
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sara Sara tana cikin Cordillera Ampato ƙananan kewayon Andes . Gudanarwa, yana cikin lardunan Parinacochas da Paucar del Sara Sara na yankin Ayacucho, Peru . [2] Garin Pausa yana da nisan 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) nesa da dutsen mai aman wuta, kuma noma yana faruwa a cikin kwaruruka na yankin. [2] Hanyar da ba a amfani da ita ta wuce gefen kudancin dutsen kuma ta kai tsayin 4,600 metres (15,100 ft) . [3]
Dutsen mai aman wuta yana da 5,505 metres (18,061 ft) babba [2] kuma yana da madaidaicin tsari; [3] taron ya ta'allaka ne a ƙarshen ƙarshen kudu maso arewa-arewa-maso-maso-kudu-kudu-maso-gabas. [3] Ya ƙunshi hadaddun lava domes da lava flows superposed a kan tsofaffin stratovolcanoes [2] kuma yana da jimlar girma na 20–25 cubic kilometres (4.8–6.0 cu mi), tare da ginin yana tashi kusan 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) sama da kewayen ƙasa. [4] An daidaita magudanar ruwa a arewa-arewa-maso-gabas-kudu-kudu-maso-yamma kuma suna tare da kujerun lava na gefe. Wadannan hukunce-hukuncen su ne tushen kwararowar lava da toshe-da-toshe da aka samu ta hanyar rugujewar kubbai. [2] Ƙaƙƙarfan ajiyar toka yana ƙarƙashin ruwa mai zurfi wanda ke bayyana "Mollebamba Volcanics" [3] kuma ya kai tsawon 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) . [5] Ana samun mazugi na pyroclastic na kwanan nan a kan dutsen [2] kuma wani lava na baya-bayan nan ya sauko da gefen gabas. [1] Ƙashin yamma yana lalacewa sosai. [3] Yammacin dutsen mai aman wuta shine tafkin Parinacochas daga gabasnsa shine kogin Ocoña . [1]
Glaciers
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Glacial cirques, [4] glacial kwaruruka [4] da yawa moraines kewaye da dutsen mai aman wuta. [3] An kwatanta glaciations biyu da suka gabata, "Sara Sara II" wanda ya sauko zuwa kimanin 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) tsayi kuma ya kewaye kololuwa da yawa kudu da Sara Sara kamar 4,703 metres (15,430 ft) babban Cerro Puca Puca, da "Sara Sara I" wanda ya bar cibiyoyin sadarwar morai a ƙananan wurare musamman a gefen kudu maso yamma. Mafi ƙanƙanta moranes a gefen yamma yana faruwa a 4,000–4,100 metres (13,100–13,500 ft) yayin da waɗannan a gefen gabas sun kai 4,300 metres (14,100 ft), mai yiwuwa saboda tasirin volcanism daga baya wanda ya shafe wasu moraines. [3] Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sun haɗa da rufaffiyar damuwa. [3] Saiti na uku na moraine a cikin tudu mafi girma ya bayyana yayi daidai da neoglacial . [4] Pleistocene moraines suna faruwa mafi yawa a gefen yammacin dutsen mai aman wuta da kuma Holocene a gabas. [6] Matsakaicin glacial na ƙarshe a Sara Sara ya faru tsakanin 24,000 da 17,000 shekaru da suka gabata [7] kuma tsayin layin ma'auni ya sauko zuwa 4,500–4,800 metres (14,800–15,700 ft) .
A halin yanzu, ya kai 5,200 metres (17,100 ft) a Sara Sara. [8] Ana kiran dutsen glaciated, [8] tare da hular ƙanƙara wanda ke rufe kusan 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi), [1] kuma a madadin haka, an bayyana cewa yana da murfin dusar ƙanƙara na ɗan lokaci. [4] Gilashin dutsen da ke aiki ya shimfiɗa ƙasa da dusar ƙanƙara a gefen yamma da arewa, kuma ana samun glaciers marasa aiki a ƙananan tuddai. [3] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi don ban ruwa ya samo asali ne daga ƙafar Sara Sara.
Geology
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dutsen tsaunukan Quaternary na Peru wani yanki ne na Tsakiyar Dutsen Volcanic (CVZ) na Andes kuma Sara Sara ita ce mamba ta arewa. [2] Siffofin CVZ sun ƙunshi bakuna guda biyu na tsaunuka a bangarorin biyu na Western Cordillera [4] kuma suna da fasalin tsaunukan tsaunuka, domes na lava da kwararar lava, waɗanda El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, Ticsani, Tutupaca, Ubinas da Yucamane suka kasance a zamanin tarihi. Ampato, Chachani, Casiri, Coropuna da Sara Sara tsaunukan wuta ne. Dutsen volcanism yana haifar da rushewar Nazca Plate a ƙarƙashin Plate ta Kudancin Amirka, wanda ke faruwa a yammacin gabar tekun Kudancin Amirka. Arewacin Sara Sara, rata yana faruwa a cikin bel na volcanic, mai yiwuwa saboda Nazca Ridge ya rushe a can.
Dutsen Precambrian da Paleozoic ne suka kafa ginin, waɗanda Mesozoic da Cenozoic sediments da volcanites suka rufe. [2] Dutsen mai aman wuta wani yanki ne na 30 kilometres (19 mi) doguwar sarkar dutsen mai aman wuta, wanda ya haɗa da Cerro Grande, Yarihuato, Puca Ccasa, Sara Sara, Puca Puca da Cerro Queñuapunco. [2] Babban layin ƙasa wanda aka sani da layin Sara Sara [5] yana gudana a kan dutsen mai aman wuta a arewa maso yamma-kudu maso gabas. [5] Yawancin kurakurai sun haye ginin a cikin hanya guda, [6] kuma wasu suna aiki a lokacin Holocene. [6]
Rashin damuwa a yammacin Sara Sara wanda ya ƙunshi Laguna Parinacochas [4] na iya zama tushen yankin Caraveli ignimbrite wanda aka sanya 8-9 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. [9] Wannan bakin ciki ya ƙunshi 25 by 35 kilometres (16 mi × 22 mi) m Incahuasi caldera, wanda za a iya haɗa shi da tsarin magmatic na Sara Sara.
A lokacin tarihinta, Sara Sara ta samar da andesite, dacite, rhyolite da trachyandesite, tare da dacite rinjaye yayin fashewar Quaternary . [2] [7] Duwatsun sun bayyana ma'anar ma'anar Calc-alkaline suite mai arzikin potassium . [7] Phenocrysts a cikin duwatsu sun hada da amphibole, biotite, hornblende, iron - titanium oxide, plagioclase, quartz, sanidine da sphene, kuma duka yawansu da sunadarai sun bambanta tsakanin matakai daban-daban na aiki. [2] [7] Duwatsun dutsen mai aman wuta na Sara Sara sun bayyana Tsarin Sara Sara, tsarin yanayin ƙasa da aka ayyana don ɓangaren yammacin dutsen mai aman wuta. Ana ɗaukar dutsen mai aman wuta na Sara Sara wani lokaci a cikin rukunin Barroso na duwatsu masu aman wuta. [5] Farantin da ke ƙasa ya haifar da ruwaye waɗanda suka daidaita alkyabbar da ke sama; narke daga wannan alkyabbar samar da magmas na Sara Sara. [6]
Yanayi, ciyayi da ayyukan tattalin arziki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yanayin yana nuna yanki mai tsayi, tare da yanayin zafi daga 20–6 °C (68–43 °F) a cikin kwaruruka zuwa yanayin zafi sama da 5,200 metres (17,100 ft) . Hazo na yanayi ne kuma galibi yana faɗowa a lokacin bazara, a wurare masu tsayi a cikin yanayin ƙanƙara da dusar ƙanƙara [2] wanda ke rufe ƙasa tsawon watanni. Babu tashoshin yanayi na kusa, amma sama da 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) haɓaka yanayin yanayi koyaushe sanyi ne tare da yanayin zafi bai taɓa tashi sama da 5 °C (41 °F) . [4]
Bishiyoyi suna girma a ƙananan tuddai, yayin da ichu da quinua kawai suke a sama da 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) . Alfalfa da masara ana noma su ne a kasa. [2] Kiwon dabbobi, kananan kasuwanci da yawon bude ido sun kammala ayyukan tattalin arzikin yankin. [4]
Tarihin fashewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sara Sara ta kasance mai aiki a cikin shekaru miliyan 2 na ƙarshe [1] kuma ta samar da ƙananan Barroso da Lampa Volcanics. [2] Fresh lava da pyroclastic gudana yana nuna ayyukan kwanan nan. [2] An raba ayyukan volcanic zuwa matakai hudu: [10]
- Wasu wallafe-wallafen sun bayyana matakin farko da ke nuna kwararar lava da fitar da kurfi. [4]
- Matakin farko ya nuna sauye-sauyen fashewar fashewar abubuwa da fashewar fashewar abubuwa . Abubuwa biyu sun faru 500,000 ± 270,000 da 370,000 ± 150,000 shekaru da suka wuce. [7] Hakanan ya nuna rugujewar sashe a yankin arewa maso gabas na Sara Sara. [10]
- A lokacin mataki na biyu lava domes girma da rugujewa a kan dutsen mai aman wuta, daya irin wannan aukuwa 162,000± 20,000 shekaru da suka wuce a kan gabas flank. [7]
- Mataki na uku ya ƙunshi magudanar ruwa dacitic wanda ya gina ainihin mazugi na dutsen mai aman wuta, wanda ya fara shekaru 63,000-58,000 da suka wuce. [7]
- Wani lokaci ana la'akari da wani ɓangare na mataki na uku, [7] an raba mataki na hudu zuwa matakai biyu kafin da bayan shekaru 64,000 da suka wuce. [6] Mataki na ƙarshe ya samar da 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) doguwar lafa yana fitowa daga [10] wani mazugi mai suna Yana Ranra a gefen gabas. [10] Ana kwanan watan wannan kwarara zuwa 14,000± 4,000 shekaru da suka wuce. [7]
Guda biyu na pyroclastic sun kasance kwanan wata zuwa 44,500 da 49,200 shekaru kafin yanzu da lava yana gudana tare da shekaru 340,000 ± 60,000 zuwa 50,000 ± 10,000 shekaru da suka wuce. [9] Sara Sara a halin yanzu an rarraba shi azaman dutsen mai aman wuta [2] kuma akwai ayyukan girgizar ƙasa . [11] An ba da rahoton faruwar ayyukan fumarolic a cikin 1963. [1] Ana samun maɓuɓɓugan zafi a arewa maso gabashin Sara Sara a cikin kwarin Quilcata kuma kusa da garin Chacaraya, yana nuna kasancewar ɗakin magma mara zurfi. [2]
Hatsari da saka idanu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana ɗaukar dutsen mai aman wuta a matsayin "matsakaicin haɗari" ta Sabis ɗin Geological na Peruvian. [1] Fashewar gaba na iya yin haɗari ga yawan jama'a na 12,000 [7] -8,000 a kusa da dutsen mai aman wuta, wanda lahars, kwararar pyroclastic da faɗuwar tephra za su yi barazana. [1] Baya ga Pausa, wasu garuruwa da tafkin Parinacochas (mahimmin tushen ruwa ga yankin) suna kusa da dutsen mai aman wuta. [2] An buga taswirar haɗari na volcanic . [4] Tun daga 2018, Ma'aikatar Geological ta Peruvian tana kula da dutsen mai aman wuta; [11] Macedo Sánchez 2016 ya ba da shawarar girgizar ƙasa da sauran dabarun sa ido ga Sara Sara. [1]
Archaeology da muhimmancin addini
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mutanen yankin sun bauta wa dutsen a ciki da kuma kafin lokacin Inca, kuma Inca sun yi hadaya ta ’yan Adam a kai. A lokacin Inca yana cikin lardin Kuntisuyu .
Bisa ga rubuce-rubucen wani limami Cristóbal de Albornoz, wanda ya fara a 1570 ya rubuta game da ayyukan addini na gida, mutanen yankin sun ɗauki Sara Sara dutse mai tsarki kuma sun ba da zinariya, azurfa, dabbobi da bayi. A cikin 1996, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano wani binne a wani gini da ya ruguje a arewa maso gabashin taron kuma sun gano gawa. Wannan mummy ana yiwa lakabi da "Sarita" kuma da alama yarinya ce yar shekara 15. Yana tare da ragowar hadayu da ƙanƙarar da ke kewaye da jiki ta narke. An kuma samu karin hadayu irin su llama da wani abu na azurfa daga taron.
Ana samun ganuwar dutse a kan tudu a koli na Sara Sara. An fara bayyana su a cikin 1982 ta masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Johan Reinhard, wanda ya bayyana su a kan taron kolin arewa. A cikin 1941, an sami abubuwan jan karfe a gefen sa. Kogon Yanapunku a 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) haɓaka yana fasalta ƙasusuwa da yumbu daga al'adun Inca da Wari . Incaptiana wani wuri ne a saman tudu a 4,565 metres (14,977 ft) tsayi inda aka gano gine-ginen Inca.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Macedo Sánchez 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Morche & Núñez Juárez 1998.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dornbusch 2002.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rivera Porras et al. 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 Martínez Valladares & Cervantes Gárate 2003.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rivera Porras 2018.
- 1 2 Dornbusch 2000.
- 1 2 Thouret et al. 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 Cueva Sandoval et al. 2018.
- 1 2 Centeno Quico & Rivera 2020.