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Sare bishiyoyin daji a cikin Philippines

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Hoton tauraron dan adam na Philippines a watan Maris na shekara ta 2002 yana nuna murfin gandun daji a cikin kore mai duhu
Ƙananan ayyukan katako da yin kwal a ƙananan yankuna na tsaunukan Sierra MadreDutsen Sierra Madre

Kamar yadda yake a sauran ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, sare dazuzzuka a Philippines babban laifi ne. A cikin karni na 20, yawan gandun daji na kasar ya ragu daga kashi 70 zuwa kashi 20 cikin dari.[1] Taswirorin taswirar ƙasa na 2010 da Hukumar Kula da Taswira ta ƙasa ta yi ya nuna cewa jimillar gandun daji na Philippines ya kai kadada 6,839,718 (68,397.18 km2) ko kuma kashi 23% na jimillar kadada 30,000,000 na ƙasar (300,000 km2). [2] An bayyana saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, ba da ka'ida ba tare da ka'ida ba musamman a lokacin gwamnatin Ferdinand Marcos, saren itatuwa da hako ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba, da mahaukaciyar guguwa a matsayin manyan dalilan sare itatuwa a kasar.

Rashin gandun daji yana shafar bambancin halittu a cikin Philippines kuma yana da mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci akan samar da abinci na ƙasar.[3] Rashin gandun daji a kasar kuma an haɗa shi da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, mutuwar, da lalacewar dukiya.[4]

Don magance sare dazuzzuka, gwamnatin Philippines ta yi kokarin kiyayewa da kuma dawo da dazuzzuka ta hanyar ayyukan sake dazuzzuka kamar shirin noma na kasa. An kuma samar da dokar da za ta kare dazuzzukan da ake da su, yayin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ‘yan asalin kasar, da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke gudanar da ayyukan dashen itatuwa a sassa daban-daban na kasar nan.

Tarihi

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Kashe daji a zamanin mulkin mallaka

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Bayanai game da gandun daji kafin 1946 ba su da yawa, an bayar da rahoton saboda gobarar 1897 da yakin duniya na biyu wanda ya lalata bayanan Spain da Amurka bi da bi. Kusan kashi 90% na Philippines, wanda ke da yawan jama'a kasa da miliyan, an yi dazuzzuka a cikin karni na 16 a farkon shekarun mulkin mallaka na Spain. A farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka a 1903, wannan adadi ya ragu zuwa kashi 70% yayin da yawan al'ummar kasar ya karu zuwa miliyan 7.6. Bayan mamayar kasar Japan da yakin duniya na biyu a shekarar 1950, yawan dazuzzukan kasar ya kara raguwa zuwa kashi 50%, inda yawan al'ummar kasar ya karu zuwa miliyan 20.[5]

Sharar daji ya kasance sananne a cikin Visayas, musamman a tsibiran Negros, Bohol da Cebu, inda yawancin gandun dajin ya riga ya ɓace. An ci gaba da faɗaɗa aikin noma a cikin ƙarni na 20.[6]

’Yan asali, irin su Yapayao da Isneg da ke zaune a yankin Ilocos, sannu a hankali an tura su zama a cikin tsaunukan da ba su da yawa amma masu albarkatu, wanda hakan zai haifar da rikici da masu haɓakawa a zamanin baya, musamman lokacin dokar Martial karkashin Ferdinand Marcos. [7] : 47  

Kashe daji a lokacin dokar soja

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Shekaru na 1960 da 1970 sun ga ci gaba a Masana'antar katako, tare da masana'antar ta kai kololuwa a Ferdinand Marcos">zamanin shugaban kasa na 10 Ferdinand Marcos.

A karkashin Marcos, shiga ya ɗauki babban matsayi a cikin tattalin arzikin Philippine. Bayan ayyana dokar ta-baci a cikin 1972, Marcos ya ba da izini ga manyan filaye ga manyan jami’an sojansa, abokan aikinsa,[8] da en uwan sa. Gwamnati ta ƙarfafa fitar da katako zuwa Japan sakamakon hauhawar buƙatun itace a lokacin saurin bunƙasa tattalin arzikin Japan, da kuma matsin lamba don biyan bashin kasashen waje. Kamfanonin da aka kafa sun yi amfani da albarkatun gandun daji kuma ba a cika yin aikin sake dazuzzuka ba. Dillalan katako na Jafananci sun sayi ɗimbin gundumomi masu arha daga tushen da ba su dorewa ba, suna haɓaka sare itatuwa.Samar da log ɗin ya ƙaru daga mita cubic miliyan 6.3 (220×106 cu ft) a cikin 1960 zuwa matsakaicin mitoci cubic miliyan 10.5 (370×106 cu ft) tsakanin 1968 da 1975, wanda ya kai sama da miliyan 15 cubic mita (530×106 kimanin dala miliyan 1) Cubic meters (140×106 cu ft) a cikin 1987.[9] A shekarun 1970s da 1980 sun ga kusan kashi 2.5% na dazuzzukan Philippine suna bacewa kowace shekara, wanda shine sau uku na sare itatuwa a duniya.

Kashe daji bayan 1986

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Ana ci gaba da saran gandun daji sosai a lokacin gwamnatocin Corazon Aquino da Fidel V. Ramos duk da kokarin dashen itatuwa saboda cin hanci da rashawa da rashin inganci a hukumomin gwamnati da abin ya shafa.

A cewar Global Forest Watch, daga 2001 zuwa 2020, yawancin asarar dazuzzukan dajin a Philippines ya faru ne a Palawan. Sauran lardunan da suka yi asarar manyan gandun daji sun hada da Agusan del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Davao Oriental, da Lardin Quezon.[10]

Dalilan da suka haifar

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Dangane da binciken Cibiyar Bincike ta Duniya game da gandun daji na duniya, akwai kimanin hekta miliyan 4.1 (Mha) a cikin gandun daji a cikin shekara ta 2022.[11] Wannan ya haifar da tan biliyan 2.7 na hayakin carbon dioxide, yana mai da shi daidai da hayakin shekara-shekara a Indiya.[12] Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga bayanan yanzu na Forest Watch na duniya, shekarun 2001 zuwa 2024 sun rasa hekta miliyan 520 na bishiyoyi, wanda ya haifar da raguwar kashi 13% a cikin bishiyoyi na duniya, wanda ya kai tan biliyan 220 na hayakin carbon dioxide.[13]

Hakazalika, jimlar kadada miliyan 1.42 na bishiyoyi sun bace a Philippines daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2022. Yawanci saboda karuwar birane a birane da larduna. Yana nuna raguwar kashi 7.6 cikin 100 na gaba dayan itatuwan kasar da ya kai kadada miliyan 18.684, wanda kuma ya kara zuwa metric ton 848 na hayakin carbon dioxide.[14]

Dangane da kididdigar gandun daji na Philippine na 2022, Philippines tana da sama da hekta miliyan 7.22 na gandun daji ko kashi 24.07% na yawan ƙasar. Wannan ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa da hekta miliyan 17.8 na gandun daji da aka rubuta a 1934.[15]

Manufofin gwamnati

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A cewar wata masaniyar Jessica Mathews, tsare-tsare na gajeren hangen nesa na gwamnatin Philippines ya taimaka wajen yawaitar sare itatuwa:

Gwamnati a kai a kai ta ba da izinin katako na kasa da shekaru goma. Tun da yake yana ɗaukar shekaru 30-35 don gandun daji na biyu ya girma, masu katako ba su da wani motsawa don sake dasa. Da yake ƙara kuskuren, sarauta ta karfafa masu katako su cire nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa kawai. Wani mummunan kashi 40 cikin dari na katako bai taba barin gandun daji ba, amma, saboda an lalata shi a cikin katako, ya ruɓe ko kuma an ƙone shi a wurin. Sakamakon da ba a mamaki ba na waɗannan da manufofi masu alaƙa shi ne cewa daga cikin hekta miliyan 17 na gandun daji da aka rufe waɗanda suka bunƙasa a farkon karni, miliyan 1.2 ne kawai suka rage a yau.

Bayyanawar sare daji ga Matsin yawan jama'a ko fadada aikin gona an gano cewa ba a goyi bayan shaidar da ke akwai a cikin binciken 1992 ba. [16] Bincike na gaba ya nuna cewa karuwar manoma da ke akwai da kuma inganta kudaden shiga a waje da gona sun rage matsin gandun daji.[17] Koyaya, a wasu sassan ƙasar cinyewar gandun daji har yanzu yana faruwa ne saboda babban buƙata ga kayan lambu.[18]

Ma'adinai da katako

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Ma'adinai da katako sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sare daji a Philippines.[19][20] Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai sun share manyan yankuna na gandun daji kuma sun haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa, lalacewar muhalli, asarar rayuwa, da asarar halittu iri-iri.[21][22]

Dokar Jamhuriyar 7942, ko Dokar Ma'adinai ta Philippines, ta ba da damar ayyukan hakar ma'adinai don share bishiyoyi da sake komawa 'yan asalin ƙasar da al'ummomin yankin.[23] Dokar ta ba da damar kamfanonin mallakar kasashen waje su shiga cikin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. A cewar kungiyar muhalli ta Alyansa Tigil Mina, dokar "ta ba da izini ga cinye dukiyarmu ta ƙasa," kuma cewa "yanayin zai kara muni ne kawai idan aka ba da izinin ChaCha masu ci gaba da kamfanoni na kasa da kasa suyi aiki ba tare da hukunci ba".[24]

Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba yana faruwa a cikin Philippines [25] kuma yana kara lalacewar ambaliyar ruwa a wasu yankuna. Rashin gandun daji wanda ya haifar da hakar ma'adinai ko katako an danganta shi da irin waɗannan bala'o'in muhalli kamar Bala'in Ormoc da Bala'in Ondoy.[26][27][28][29]

Canjin ƙasa

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Ana kuma haifar da saran gandun daji ta hanyar sauya ƙasa don aikin noma na kamfanoni, amfanin gona na kuɗi, gidaje, da ababen more rayuwa.[30] Gidauniyar IBON ta bada misali da kadada miliyan daya da aka ware domin noman dabino a Mindanao, da Ginawa, Ginawa, Gina ayyukan more rayuwa da zasu lalata dazuzzuka, wuraren ruwa, gonaki, da sana’o’i, tare da raba al’ummar yankin.[30]

Bala'o'i na halitta

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Itacen kwakwa da Typhoon Bopha ya lalata a Boston, Davao Oriental a cikin 2012

Hadari masu lalacewa a cikin Philippines, kamar Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) a cikin 2013, suma suna haifar da lalacewar gandun daji da defoliation.[31][32]

Karewa

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Cini kayya na Kasuwanci 2019 Taswirar Philippines

Shirin REDD+ + na ƙasar Philippines, wanda ke da niyyar rage hayakin gas daga sare daji, an tsara shi kuma an gabatar da shi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin 2010.[33] Sabuntawa ga dabarun da Ofishin Kula da dazuzzuka da Gudanarwa na Philippines ya buga ya nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 2017, gundumar har yanzu tana cikin farkon shirin aiwatar da dabarun REDD +.[34]

An rattaba hannu kan dokar zartarwa ta 23 a watan Fabrairun 2011 ta hana yin caca a duk fadin kasar.[35]

An dakatar da sabbin yarjejeniyar hakar ma'adinai a cikin 2012 don kare muhalli, kodayake an ba da izinin ma'adanai na yanzu su ci gaba da aiki.

An kafa dokar hana hako ma'adinai a fadin kasar baki daya a shekarar 2017. Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa (DENR) Gina Lopez ta dakatar da ba da izini ga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai 26 da suka saba wa ka'idojin muhalli. An dage haramcin buda-baki da sauran ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a shekarar 2021.[23]

Dangane da waɗannan ƙalubalen muhalli, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun ƙasa (DENR) ta lissafa nau'ikan tsire-tsire daban-daban waɗanda za a iya dasa su a duk faɗin ƙasar don haɓaka ciyawar birane da sake dazuzzuka. Bisa ga littafin Jagoran Philippine akan Tsire-tsire masu dacewa da Greening Urban, waɗannan sun haɗa da nau'in asali kamar Pakpak-Lauin (Bird's Nest Fern), Anahaw, Manila Palm, Kapa-kapa, da sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya dasa wasu nau'ikan da ba na asali ba saboda daidaitawar gida kuma ba su da halayen ɓarna waɗanda ke yin mummunan tasiri ga jin daɗin ɗan adam da dukiyoyinsu. Ana ba da shawarar tsire-tsire na asali da waɗanda ba na asali ba don iyawarsu don daidaitawa da yanayin gida, ba da gudummawa ga bambance-bambancen halittu, da tallafawa maido da muhalli.

Sabuntawa

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Manufofin gwamnati

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A watan Yunin 1977, Shugaba Ferdinand Marcos ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ke buƙatar dasa itace daya a kowane wata na shekaru biyar a jere ta kowane ɗan ƙasar Philippines.[36] Shugaba Corazon Aquino ya soke dokar a watan Yulin 1987, ta hanyar Dokar Zartarwa ta 287, wanda ya bayyana cewa dasa bishiyoyi "za a iya cimma su ba tare da tilastawa da azabtarwa ba don rashin bin doka kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar". [37]

Shugaban kasar Benigno Aquino III ya kafa tsarin Greening na kasa (NGP) tare da rattaba hannu kan dokar zartarwa mai lamba 26 a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2011.[38] Shirin na nufin kara yawan gandun dajin kasar a hekta miliyan 1.5 (kilomita 15,000) mai dauke da bishiyoyi biliyan 1.5 daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2016. A shekarar 2015, an fadada shirin don rufe duk sauran dazuzzukan da ba su da noman noma, da gurbacewar yanayi da gurbacewar dazuzzukan da kuma lokacin aiwatar da shi daga 2018 zuwa 2018.[39]

A watan Satumbar 2012, Shugaba Benigno Aquino III ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ke buƙatar duk 'yan ƙasa masu iyawa na Philippines, waɗanda ke da akalla shekaru 12, su dasa itace ɗaya a kowace shekara.[40] Babu wani tanadi a cikin doka don tilastawa da saka idanu kan bin wannan buƙata.

A cikin watan Yuni 2020, DENR ta fara ba da izinin "hanyar iyali" a ƙarƙashin Shirin Greening na ƙasa, yana ba da damar iyalai su kafa dazuzzuka da suka ƙunshi katako da nau'ikan da ba na katako, waɗanda suka haɗa da bamboo da rattan.

Ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi

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Dajin mahogany da mutum ya yi a Bilar, Bohol

Akwai ayyukan dashen itatuwa da ake gudanarwa a sassa daban-daban na kasar. A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2012, an dasa itatuwan mangrove 1,009,029 a cikin sa'a daya, ta hanyar hadin gwiwar Gwamna Lray Villafuerte na El Verde Movement da mutanen San Rafael na Ragay, Camarines Sur.[41]

A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2014, Philippines ta karya rikodin Guinness na Duniya na "Mafi yawan bishiyoyi da aka dasa lokaci guda (wuri da yawa)", inda aka dasa bishiyoyi 2,294,629 a wurare 29 a duk faɗin ƙasar ta mahalarta 122,168 a taron da TreeVolution: Greening MindaNOW (Philippine) suka shirya. Bishiyoyin da aka dasa a yayin taron sun hada da roba, cacao, kofi, katako, bishiyar mahogany, da kuma itatuwan 'ya'yan itace iri-iri da sauran nau'in halittun kasar.

Dokokin da aka gabatar

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A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, Majalisar Wakilai ta Philippines ta amince da Dokar Majalisar 8728, ko kuma "Gaskiya ta Graduation for the Environment Act," wanda wakilin Magdalo Party-List Gary Alejano da wakilin Gundumar Cavite na 2 ya Strike Revilla, yana buƙatar duk daliban da suka kammala karatun firamare, makarantar sakandare, da kwaleji su dasa akalla bishiyoyi 10 kowannensu kafin su kammala karatu. An gabatar da irin wannan dokar Majalisar Dattijai amma ba a wuce ba.

Dokar House 5240, ko Dokar Amfani da Filaye ta Ƙasa, da Dokar House 9088, ko Dokar Kula da Daji mai Dorewa, an amince da su a cikin Majalisar Wakilai don magance sare itatuwa, canza amfani da ƙasa, da sauran matsalolin muhalli. Kudirin doka na takwaransa a majalisar dattawa ya tsaya cak a cikin kwamitin kan muhalli.[42]

Ƙungiyoyin muhalli sun yi kira da a sake duba dokar haƙar ma'adinai ta Philippine, da ka'idojin kamun kifi, da cikakken tsarin amfani da ƙasa, da kuma Faɗaɗɗen Tsarin Tsarin Kare Yankuna na ƙasa don tabbatar da alhakin kula da muhalli da albarkatun ƙasa. Kungiyoyin kare muhalli sun kuma yi kira da a amince da dokar hakar ma'adanai da kuma dokar kare muhalli.[24]

Yunkurin fafutuka

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Kananan hukumomi, al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan ayyuka masu lalata kamar su sare itatuwa da ma'adanai. Ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da Alyansa Tigil Mina da Kalikasan People's Network for Environment. [23]

Barazanar masu kula da muhalli

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Ana zargin kashe masu fafutukar kare muhalli da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam Global Witness, kashi uku na masu kare filaye da aka kashe a Philippines daga 2012 zuwa 2024, masu fafutukar yaki da hakar ma'adinai ne.[24]

Dubi kuma

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Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. ↑ Lasco, R. D.; R. D. (2001). "Secondary forests in the Philippines: formation and transformation in the 20th century" (PDF). Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 13 (4): 652–670. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-03. Retrieved 2025-11-27.
  2. ↑ "County Report; Philippines" (PDF). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Rome: 4. 2015.
  3. ↑ "Philippines: The Forest and Landscape Restoration Mechanism". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 2023-01-13. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
  4. ↑ Tacio, Henrylito (December 1, 2012). "Deforestation Negative Impacts: Flooding, Erosion and Damage". Gaia Discovery (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-13.
  5. ↑ "Philippine deforestation: A national Spoliarium". Archived from the original on 2020-11-24.
  6. ↑ "Philippine Forests" (PDF). BirdLife. p. 3. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  7. ↑ Pawilen, Reidan M. (May 2021). "The Solid North myth: an Investigation on the status of dissent and human rights during the Marcos Regime in Regions 1 and 2, 1969-1986". University of the Philippines Los Baños University Knowledge Digital Repository. Archived from the original on 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  8. ↑ Ramos, Marlon (2016-01-05). "Gov't wins case vs top Marcos crony". INQUIRER.net (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kahl
  10. ↑ "Palawan Leads Deforestation in the Philippines and No One Knows About It". Esquire. Aug 26, 2002. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  11. ↑ "Deforestation". Coalition for Rainforest Nation. Coalition for Rainforest Nation. Retrieved 9 November 2025.
  12. ↑ "Deforestation". Coalition for Rainforest Nations. Coalition for Rainforest Nations. Retrieved 9 November 2025.
  13. ↑ "Global Deforestation Rates". Global Forest Watch. Global Forest Watch. Retrieved 9 November 2025.
  14. ↑ "Community-Based Forest Management in the Philippines". Asia-Pacific Climate Change Adaptation Information Platform. AP-PLAT. Retrieved 10 November 2025.
  15. ↑ "Keeping up with deforestation". Climate Change Commission. Retrieved 9 November 2025.
  16. ↑ Kummer, D. M. (1992-04-01). "Upland agriculture, the land frontier and forest decline in the Philippines". Agroforestry Systems (in Turanci). 18 (1): 31–46. doi:10.1007/BF00114815. ISSN 1572-9680. S2CID 32324140.
  17. ↑ Shively, Gerald; Pagiola, Stefano (May 2004). "Agricultural intensification, local labor markets, and deforestation in the Philippines". Environment and Development Economics (in Turanci). 9 (2): 241–266. doi:10.1017/S1355770X03001177. ISSN 1355-770X. S2CID 154633988.
  18. ↑ "Averting an agricultural and ecological crisis in the Philippines' salad bowl". Mongabay Environmental News (in Turanci). 2020-03-13. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  19. ↑ "Philippines: Deforestation through mining subsidized by CDM project | World Rainforest Movement". World Rainforest Movement (in Turanci). December 30, 2010. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  20. ↑ Lopez, Elyssa (April 4, 2022). "Mining in the Philippines: Of disasters and regulatory failures". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  21. ↑ "Mining in the Philippines: The steep price our people pay to line the pockets of a few". Bulatlat (in Turanci). 2018-10-23. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  22. ↑ Sarmiento, Bong (2021-04-27). "Mining and logging threaten a wildlife wonderland on a Philippine mountain". Mongabay Environmental News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  23. 1 2 3 Chavez, Leilani (2021-04-15). "'Complete turnaround': Philippines' Duterte lifts ban on new mining permits". Mongabay Environmental News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-07-04.
  24. 1 2 3 Cabico, Gaea Katreena (February 15, 2024). "Profits over planet and people? Green, indigenous groups oppose charter change". Philippine Star. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  25. ↑ Teehankee, Julio C. (1993). "The State, Illegal Logging, and Environmental NGOs, in the Philippines". Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies. 9 (1). ISSN 2012-080X. Archived from the original on 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2025-11-27.
  26. ↑ "Irreversible: envionmental costs of large-scale mining". IBON Foundation (in Turanci). 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2025-03-16.
  27. ↑ Hance, Jeremy (2012-12-06). "Illegal logging, mining worsened impact of Philippines' killer typhoon". Mongabay Environmental News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-16.
  28. ↑ Francisco, Katerina (2016-11-05). "Look back: The 1991 flash flood that devastated Ormoc City". Rappler (in Turanci). Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved 2025-03-16.
  29. ↑ Ranada, Pia (2014-07-06). "After Ondoy: Hope for the Upper Marikina Watershed". Rappler (in Turanci). Archived from the original on April 20, 2024. Retrieved 2025-03-16.
  30. 1 2 "A glimpse at the critical state of the Philippine environment". IBON Foundation (in Turanci). 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2025-01-03.
  31. ↑ Tolentino, Pamela Louise; Geronia, Mart Cyrel; Clutario, Mark Vincent; David, Carlos Primo (25 November 2015). "Potential long-term impact of Typhoon Haiyan on the water resources of Tacloban and its vicinity". Climate, Disaster and Development Journal. 1 (1): 9–14. doi:10.18783/cddj.v001.i01.a02. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  32. ↑ Malabrigo, Pastor L. Jr.; Umali, Arthur Glenn A.; Replan, Enrico L. (2016). "Damage Assessment and Recovery Monitoring of the Mangrove Forests in Calauit Island Affected by Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan)". Journal of Environmental Science and Management (Special): 39, 43. ISSN 0119-1144. Archived from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  33. ↑ "The Philippines National REDD+ Strategy". UNREDD Programme (in Turanci). 2010-12-13. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  34. ↑ Ilagan, Karol (May 12, 2021). "7M hectares of Philippine land are forested — and that's bad news". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  35. ↑ Cabico, Gaea Katreena (March 15, 2018). "Timeline: Logging bans from Cory to Rody". Philstar.com. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
  36. ↑ "Presidential Decree No. 1153, s. 1977". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  37. ↑ "Executive Order No. 287, s. 1987". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  38. ↑ "Executive Order No. 26, s. 2011". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  39. ↑ "Executive Order No. 193, s. 2015". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  40. ↑ "Republic Act No. 10176". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  41. ↑ "Most mangrove trees planted within one hour (team)". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  42. ↑ Ilagan, Karol; Teodoro, Martha (July 16, 2021). "Land use bill, other measures protecting forests stuck in Cynthia Villar's Senate committee". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-13.

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