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Sare itatuwan daji a Thailand

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Yankin Thailand tare da Laos da Cambodia an nuna su ta hanyar launin ruwan kasa a gefen Thai a cikin wannan hoton tauraron dan adam na gaskiya, wanda ke nuna tasirin lalacewar gandun daji.

Sake sare dazuzzuka a Tailandia na nufin mayar da ƙasar da ke dazuzzuka zuwa wasu amfani. Lambobin sare gandun daji ba daidai ba ne saboda girman lamarin. Dangane da Sashen gandun daji na Royal (RFD) a cikin 2019, gandun daji na Thai sun rufe 31.6% (rai miliyan 102) na ƙasar Thailand.[1] Sashen ya yi iƙirarin cewa yawan gandun daji ya karu da raini 330,000 a cikin 2018, yanki mai girman girman tsibirin Phuket. Shekara guda da ta gabata, wani malami ya yi iƙirarin cewa, tun daga 2016, yankin dazuzzuka ya ragu da 18,000 rai, babban ci gaba a cikin lokacin 2008-2013, lokacin da ake asarar rai miliyan gandun daji kowace shekara. A cikin 1975, gwamnati ta ƙulla burin ɗaukar gandun daji na kashi 40 cikin 100 - 25% na gandun daji da 15% gandun daji - a cikin shekaru 20. Don cimma wannan manufa a cikin 2018, dole ne a yi shukar rai miliyan 27.[2]

Tsakanin 1945 zuwa 1975, gandun daji a Thailand ya ragu daga kashi 61% zuwa 34% na yankin ƙasar. A cikin shekaru 11 masu zuwa, Thailand ta yi asarar kusan kashi 28% na sauran dazuzzukan da suka rage. Hakan na nufin kasar ta yi asarar kashi 3.1% na gandun daji a kowace shekara a tsawon wannan lokacin.[3] Kiyasin da Asusun namun daji na Duniya ya yi ya kammala cewa tsakanin 1973 da 2009, kashi 43% na asarar gandun daji a yankin Greater Mekong ya faru a Thailand da Vietnam.

Tsaunukan Thai da ke arewacin Thailand, yankin da ya fi dazuzzuka, ba a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin tsakiya da daidaitawa har zuwa rabin na biyu na karni na 19, lokacin da kamfanonin katako na Burtaniya, musamman Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation da Kamfanin Borneo Company Limited, suka shiga kasuwancin teak a ƙarshen 1880s da farkon 1890s. Sashen gandun daji na Royal, wanda aka kirkira a shekarar 1896 kuma wani gandun daji na Biritaniya ya jagoranta har zuwa 1925, ya nemi kiyaye dazuzzukan a kan munanan ayyukan kasuwanci na kamfanonin katako na Burtaniya, Thai, da China wadanda suka yi aiki a yankin.[4]

A cikin karni na 20th, sarewar gandun daji a Tailandia ya samo asali ne ta hanyar fadada aikin gona. ko da yake sare itatuwan teak ya faru ne sakamakon saren itatuwa kai tsaye. Masu fafutukar kare muhalli da kuma wadanda ke da dangantaka ta kud da kud da dajin suna kiran Sashen Sarauta da sunan “Mutuwar daji”, saboda yadda take inganta saran gandun daji da sauran sana’o’in noma ya haifar da raguwar gandun daji.[5] Mafi yawan ci gaban noman noma a tsaunukan kasar Thailand, inda akasarin sare itatuwan ya faru ne sakamakon bunkasuwa da dunkulewar tattalin arzikin kasar ta Thailand a fannin noma da kuma karancin filaye da ake samu a tsaunuka.

Gwamnatin Thailand, ta hanyar doka da matakin da Ma'aikatar Kula da gandun daji ta Masarautar ta yi, ta fara jaddada aikin gyaran gandun daji ta hanyar hada-hadar tsare-tsare da ke neman tanadin filayen dazuzzukan da ake da su don kiyayewa da kuma inganta dashen itatuwa don ba da gudummawa ga yawan gandun daji.[6] Musamman ma, manufofin kasar da ke neman jaddada kiyayewa da inganta dazuzzukan dazuzzukan na tudu sun shiga cikin rikici da al'ummomi masu tudu, wadanda hanyoyin gargajiya na aikin gona da kuma zamansu ya yi tasiri sosai.[3] Bugu da kari, wani rukunin limaman addinin Buddah a kasar, wadanda aka fi sani da “sufaye na ilmin halitta”, sun kara tsunduma cikin ayyukan inganta kiyaye muhalli da kare asalin gandun daji.[7]

Tarihin kula da gandun daji na Thai

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  • A ranar 18 ga Satumba 1896 Sarki Chulalongkorn ya kafa Sashen gandun daji na sarauta a karkashin ma'aikatar cikin gida don sarrafa gandun daji da sarrafa kudaden shiga daga gandun daji na teak na arewacin Thailand.[1] Wani Baturen gandun daji daga Burma, Herbert Slade, ya zama darekta na farko na sashen. Daga 1896 zuwa 1925 gwamnatin Thai da gandun daji na Biritaniya da 'yan kasuwa sun kirkiro "daular da ba ta dace ba" akan dazuzzukan teak na arewacin Thailand.
  • A cikin 1899 duk dazuzzuka an ayyana mallakar gwamnati kuma an hana duk wani shinge ba tare da biyan kuɗi zuwa Sashen Daji ba.
  • A cikin 1956 An kafa Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Gandun daji don kafa ikon gwamnati na amfani da masana'antu na gandun daji na Thai.
  • A cikin 1962 gwamnatin Thailand ta fara kafa wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da sauran wuraren kiyaye gandun daji, gudanarwarsu a ƙarƙashin ikon Sashen gandun daji na Royal. A cikin 1960s an sami babban canji na amfani da gandun daji a Thailand. Sake sare itatuwa ya fara karuwa, amma ba wai don kasuwanci da dazuzzukan teak da ake yi a arewa ba, sai dai an samu karuwar noma daga kudu.
  • A ƙarshen shekarun 1960 gwamnatin Thailand ta fara ba da izinin yin shuka, wanda ke buƙatar sake dasa shuki. Ba a gudanar da su ba.
  • Juyin mulkin soja a 1976 ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. Sojoji sun fara share dazuzzukan domin murkushe dakarun 'yan tawaye da suka zauna a cikin dazuzzukan domin kariya.
  • Rikicin siyasa ya sa gwamnati ba ta da ikon kare dazuzzuka da kuma saran dazuzzuka ba bisa ka'ida ba. A lokacin da ake ci gaba da girma a cikin ƙasa ba bisa ka'ida ba a Tailandia an kiyasta cewa an samu wani wuri tsakanin kashi 50 zuwa 75% na katako da ke fitowa daga Thailand ba bisa ka'ida ba. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]
  • A shekarun 1980 ne gwamnati ta dauki matakin takaita gudun dazuzzukan Thailand ke bacewa. Sun sanya manufa don 40% murfin gandun daji. Don cimma wannan buri sun fara shirin dashen itatuwa tare da ba da hayar wasu dazuzzukan dazuzzukan ga wasu mutane na uku don samar da noman sare.
  • A shekara ta 1988 ambaliyar ruwa a kudancin Thailand ta kafa dokar hana duk wani shinge na kasuwanci da aka sanya a cikin 1989. Gwamnati ta sanya dokar hana sare itace a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1989 a cikin hanyar Majalisar Zartaswa (lambar umarni 32/2532). Wannan ya soke duk lasisin yin katako a cikin dazuzzukan yanayi, tare da hana yin sana'a yadda ya kamata, musamman a cikin tudu.[8]

Yankin gandun daji mara kyau

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Intact forest landscape (IFL) "...is a seamless mosaic of forest and naturally treeless ecosystems with no remotely detected signs of human activity and a minimum area of 500 km2".[9] These areas must be undisturbed by human activities—they cannot be traversed by roads or deforested or harbor industrial operations. When any of these conditions apply, the ecosystems cease to be considered "intact". As of 2000 Thailand had 19,400 km2 of IFL, amounting to seven percent of its forested landscape. Over the period 2000–2013, 7.8% of Thailand's natural, intact forest landscape disappeared.[9]

Dalilan sare daji a Thailand

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Gidajen shinkafa da kuma gandun daji da aka share kwanan nan a cikin Thanon Thong Chai Range, Lardin Chiang Mai
Gudanar da gandun daji da gonakin shinkafa da Ƙabilar Karen ke nomawa a arewacin Thailand

Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a

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Wannan ya fi bayyana a yankin arewa maso gabashin Thailand. Yankin shi ne mafi yawan jama'a a cikin al'ummar kasar kuma yana da wasu kasa mafi karancin albarkar noma. Yayin da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatun abinci ya ƙaru, kuma an share yawancin gandun daji don ƙara yawan abinci.

Manufofin Noma

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Gwamnatin Thailand ta sanya takunkumi kan farashin shinkafa, wanda ya karfafa wa manoma gwiwa don gano wasu amfanin gona. Duk da haka, babban tasirin manufofin noma a kan sare dazuzzuka shi ne gina hanyoyi bayan yakin duniya na biyu. An gina wadannan hanyoyi ne domin taimakawa manoma wajen kawo kayan abinci daga yankunan karkara zuwa cikin birane. Hakan ya baiwa manoma kwarin guiwa da su kaurace wa noman abin dogaro da kai su fara noma da yawa.

Manufofin mallakar ƙasa

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Thailand ƙasa ce inda sama da kashi 80% na ƙasar mallakar mafi arziki 10% na yawan jama'a ne kuma inda haƙƙin mallaka ba shi da tabbas kuma sau da yawa rassan gwamnati ta Thai suna fassara su daban-daban. Rashin iyawar 'yan ƙasar Thai da yawa don samun dukiya ya haifar da juyawa zuwa gandun daji don neman sarari don noma. Sau da yawa manoma na cikin gida ne ke saita gobarar daji da gangan, da kuma masu hasashe waɗanda ke hayar mutane don ƙone gandun daji don su yi ikirarin ayyukan mallakar ƙasa ga yankunan da suka zama "ƙananan gandun daji".

Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba

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Jami'an gwamnati da ke kula da wuraren da aka kare sun ba da gudummawa ga sare daji ta hanyar ba da izinin katako ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma kasuwancin katako ba. Sarki Bhumibol Adulyadej ya zargi lalacewar yankunan gandun daji na Thailand da kwaɗayin wasu jami'an gwamnati. Wannan a bayyane yake a wurare kamar manyan wuraren da aka kare na Lardin Nan wanda a baya aka rufe shi da gandun daji kuma an sare su ko da yake suna da matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa. Idan aka ba da cewa itacen rosewood na Siam mai shekaru 30 na iya ɗaukar baht 300,000 a kasuwar baƙar fata, ba zai yiwu a rasa shi ba bisa ka'ida.

Canjin yanayi

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Tsarin sare daji a Thailand sun ba da gudummawa kuma sun girma tare da yanayin Canjin yanayi na duniya. A lokacin bunkasa aikin gona na Thailand na ƙarshen karni na 20, masana'antar noma da gandun daji da ke ƙaruwa sun hanzarta hayakin masana'antu da kuma yawan sare daji.[4] Yayinda wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin wannan halayyar ga yanayin ya zama sananne, Thailand da sauran ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun yi ƙoƙari su sake gina gandun daji don magance cutar da ta haifar.[6] Raguwar da ke cikin gandun daji na Thailand ya haifar da sauye-sauye a yanayin zafi na gida, canje-canje a cikin alamu na ruwan sama na yanayi, da Rushewar ƙasa.[10] Kamar yadda kokarin sake gina gandun daji na jihar ya ci gaba a madadin jihar, canjin yanayi ya rage bambancin halittu na rayuwa a cikin gandun daji a arewacin kasar, yana rikitar da yiwuwar dawo da asalin gandun daji.[11]

Sabuntawa

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Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da muhalli ta Thailand ta "Tsarin dabarun shekaru 20 don Ma'aikatu da Muhalli (BE 2560 - 2579) " (2016-2036) yana magance lalacewar daji tare da dabarun farko.[12] Daga cikin sauran manufofi, yana da niyyar haɓaka gandun daji na ƙasar zuwa kashi 40%. Kashi ashirin da biyar cikin dari za su kunshi "bishiyoyi masu kiyayewa" da 15% "bishiyoyin kasuwanci". Koyaya, tun daga shekara ta 2015, kimanin kashi 24% na gandun daji na Thai sun ƙunshi gandun daji, ko shuke-shuke na bishiyoyi, sakamakon ayyukan gwamnati don magance sare daji ta hanyar inganta shirye-shiryen sake dasa bishiyoyi. Yaduwar wadannan gandun daji na kasuwanci yana da alama ya hana wasu aiki don magance gudummawar muhalli na sare daji ga canjin yanayi, saboda waɗannan gandun daji da aka dasa ba su da lokutan gargajiya waɗanda ke taimakawa ga lafiyar ƙasa.

Bugu da kari, kokarin da gwamnatin kasar Thailand ta yi na aiwatar da manufofin kiyaye gandun daji ya yi tasiri matuka a kan kabilu masu tasowa, saboda iyaka kan ayyukan noma na gargajiya da kuma tsauraran manufofin mallakar filaye a dazuzzukan dazuzzuka ya haifar da canza dangantakar kungiyoyin da dazuzzuka.[3][6][13]

Dubi kuma

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  • Batutuwan muhalli a Thailand

Bayanan da aka ambata

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Haɗin waje

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  1. ↑ "Forest area of Thailand, 1973-2018". Royal Forest Department. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hares, Minna (2009-03-01). "Forest Conflict in Thailand: Northern Minorities in Focus". Environmental Management (in Turanci). 43 (3): 381–395. Bibcode:2009EnMan..43..381H. doi:10.1007/s00267-008-9239-7. ISSN 1432-1009. PMID 19067036. S2CID 31794031. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "auto" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Vandergeest, Peter (1996-03-01). "Mapping nature: Territorialization of forest rights in Thailand". Society & Natural Resources. 9 (2): 159–175. doi:10.1080/08941929609380962. ISSN 0894-1920. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Marks, Danny (2011). "Climate Change and Thailand: Impact and Response". Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs. 33 (2): 229–258. ISSN 1793-284X.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Pichler, Melanie; Bhan, Manan; Gingrich, Simone (2021-02-01). "The social and ecological costs of reforestation. Territorialization and industrialization of land use accompany forest transitions in Southeast Asia". Land Use Policy (in Turanci). 101: 4–5. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105180. ISSN 0264-8377. S2CID 229427730. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Darlington, Susan M. (1998). "The Ordination of a Tree: The Buddhist Ecology Movement in Thailand". Ethnology. 37 (1): 1–15. doi:10.2307/3773845. JSTOR 3773845.
  8. ↑ Lakanavichian, Sureeratna. "6. Impacts and effectiveness of logging bans in natural forests: Thailand". FAO. United Nations. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Potapov, Peter; Hansen, Matthew C; Laestadius, Lars (January 2017). "The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013". Science Advances. 3 (1). Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0821P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600821. PMC 5235335. PMID 28097216.
  10. ↑ Kamolrattanakul, Kanchanit; Tungkananuruk, Kanita; Rungratanaubon, Thitima; Sillberg, Chalisa Veesommai (2022). "Analytical Approach to Deforestation Effect on Climate Change Using Metadata in Thailand". EnvironmentAsia. 15: 154–165.
  11. ↑ Trisurat, Yongyut; Alkemade, Rob; Arets, Eric (2009). "Projecting forest tree distribution and adaptation to climate change in Northern Thailand". Journal of Ecology and Natural Environment. 1: 55–63.
  12. ↑ "20-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT (B.E. 2560 – 2579)". MNRE. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  13. ↑ Elliott, Stephen; Chairuangsri, Sutthathorn; Kuaraksa, Cherdsak; Sangkum, Sudarat; Sinhaseni, Kwankhao; Shannon, Dia; Nippanon, Phuttida; Manohan, Benjapan (2019). "Collaboration and Conflict—Developing Forest Restoration Techniques for Northern Thailand's Upper Watersheds Whilst Meeting the Needs of Science and Communities". Forests (in Turanci). 10 (9): 732. doi:10.3390/f10090732. ISSN 1999-4907. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
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