Sarka

 

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  Necklace, Late Zhou dynasty (c.1046 to 256 BC), China
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  Tiffany Opal Necklace
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  Minoan Gold Necklace (Archmus Heraklion)
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  Napoleonic-era Diamond Necklace
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  Emerald Necklace
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  Carnelian, Limestone, and Quartz Egyptian necklace
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  Gold Ancient Byzantine Necklace with Pendants
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  Gold and Glass Vandal necklace, c. AD 300
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  Necklace with Relief Pendant
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  Silver necklace, c. AD 600-650
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  Frankish Glass Bead Necklace
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  Gold and Platinum Necklace
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  Byzantine Christian cross necklace
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  German Metal Necklace
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  Necklace made from crochet lace, pearls, and sterling silver.
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  Gold and Platinum French Necklace
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  Glass Necklace
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  Rosaline Pearl Necklace
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  Dirce Repossi White Gold and Diamonds Necklace
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  Gold Roman Necklace with Pendant Coins and Braided Chain- Walters 571600
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  Uranium glass necklace, circa 1940/1950. Uranium glass glows bright green under ultraviolet light.

Daasanach girls wearing necklaces

Wani wuyan wuyan kayan ado ne wanda ake sawa a wuyan. Wataƙila wuyan wuyan wuyansa na ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan kayan ado na farko da mutane suka sa. Sau da yawa suna yin bikin, addini, sihiri, ko dalilai na jana'iza kuma ana amfani da su azaman alamun wadata da matsayi, saboda yawanci ana yin su da ƙarfe da duwatsu masu daraja.

Babban bangare na wuyan hannu shine band, sarkar, ko igiya da ke kewaye da wuyan. Wadannan galibi ana fassara su a cikin karafa masu daraja kamar zinariya, azurfa, da platinum. Sau da yawa wuyan wuyan wuyansa suna da ƙarin haɗe-haɗe da aka dakatar ko saka a cikin wuyan wuya kanta. Wadannan haɗe-haɗe yawanci sun haɗa da pendants, lockets, amulet, giciye, da kayan aiki masu daraja da masu mahimmanci kamar lu'u-lu'u, lu'u'u, rubies, emeralds, garnets, da sapphires. Ana yin su da nau'ikan kayan aiki daban-daban kuma ana amfani da su don abubuwa da yawa kuma wani lokacin ana rarraba su azaman tufafi.

Gwargwadon tarihi

Neolith Talc Necklace

Kayan wuyan da suka gabata

Mutanen da suka gabata galibi suna amfani da kayan halitta kamar gashin tsuntsaye, ƙashi, harsashi, da kayan shuka don ƙirƙirar ƙwallo. Shaidar farkon wuyan wuyan Upper Paleolithic da aka yi a kudancin Afirka da gabashin Afirka ya samo asali ne daga 50,000 BP. A lokacin Bronze Age kayan ado na ƙarfe sun maye gurbin kayan ado na karfe. An fara nuna wuyan hannu a cikin mutum-mutumi da fasaha na Tsohon Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma an kirkiro wuyan hannu na farko da aka yi da ƙarfe masu daraja tare da duwatsu a Turai.

Al'adda gargajiya

Kayan kwalliya mai laushi na Masar na jami'in daular 12 Wah daga kabarinsa na Theban

A Tsohon Mesopotamiya, ana amfani da hatimi na cylinder kuma ana sawa a matsayin kayan ado. A Tsohon Babila, ana yin ƙwallo da Carnelian, lapis lazuli, Agate, da zinariya, wanda kuma aka sanya shi cikin sarkar zinariya. Tsohon Sumerians sun kirkiro ƙuƙwalwa da Beads daga zinariya, azurfa, lapis lazuli da carnelian. A tsohuwar Misira, an sa nau'ikan wuyan wuyan wuya daban-daban. Tsohon Masarawa na zamani sun sa ƙuƙwalwar kayan halitta ko kayan ado masu daraja don addini, bikin, da dalilai na jana'iza. Wadannan ƙuƙwalwar sau da yawa ana yin ado da su da ƙananan, gilashi, tukwane, da kuma beads. Ana kuma haɗa beads da aka yi daga abubuwa masu daraja da kayan da ke da daraja don ƙirƙirar ƙwallo. Zinariya da aka tsara a cikin tsire-tsire masu salo, dabba, da siffofin kwari sun zama ruwan dare. An kuma juya Amulets zuwa wuyan hannu. A Tsohon tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri duk ɗalibai ne ke sawa; manoma suna sa duwatsu a kan zaren flax yayin da masu arziki ke sa beads na agate, lu'u-lu'u, carnelian, amethyst, da dutse mai lu'u. An kuma sa pendants da aka siffanta a cikin tsuntsaye, dabbobi, da mutane, ban da takalma.

Wani wuyan wuyan Girkanci mai launi da aka yi da maciji Krishna Roy

A Tsohon Girka, ana amfani da ƙwallo na Zinariya da aka kirkira tare da repoussé da wayoyin zinariya. Sau da yawa ana yin ado da waɗannan ƙwallo tare da rosettes masu launin shudi ko kore, siffofin dabbobi, ko siffofin tukunya waɗanda galibi ana ba da cikakken bayani tare da gefuna. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare a sa dogon sarƙoƙi na zinariya tare da cameos da aka dakatar da su da ƙananan kwantena na turare. An gabatar da sabbin abubuwa a zamanin Hellenistic; an ba da izinin duwatsu masu launi don ɓangarorin poly-chromatic, kuma an rataye ƙwanƙolin kawunan dabba da masu kama da mashi ko bud daga sarƙoƙi. Tsohon Etruscans sun yi amfani da granulation don ƙirƙirar beads na zinariya wanda aka ɗaure shi da gilashi da beads na faience don ƙirƙirar ƙuƙwalwa masu launi. A cikin Tsohon Roma, ƙwallo suna daga cikin nau'ikan kayan ado da yawa da Romawa suka sa. Sau da yawa ana yin ado da ƙwallo na zinariya da azurfa tare da abubuwa masu daraja na Ƙarshen waje kamar amber, lu'u-lu'u, amethyst, Safir, da lu'u'u-ulu'u. Bugu da kari, ana amfani da igiyoyin lu'ulu'u, faranti na zinariya da aka saka tare da enamel, da duwatsu masu haske da aka saita a cikin filigree na zinariya. Yawancin manyan wuyan wuyan wuyansa da kayan da suka yi wa wuyan wuyar wuyan wuya sun shigo da su daga Gabas ta Tsakiya.Kusan Gabas.

Ƙarƙashin gicciye na Kirista na Byzantine

A baya daga baya a daular, bayan hare-haren barbarawa, kayan ado masu launuka da haske suka fara shahara. A zamanin Daular Biyzantiyum, ana yawan amfani da igiyoyi na lu'ulu'u da sarkoki na zinari da aka kawata, amma sabbin hanyoyi kamar amfani da niello (wani irin baƙin sinadari da ake amfani da shi wajen kawata zinariya) sun ba da damar yin sarkoki da duwatsu masu daraja waɗanda ke bayyana sosai da haske. A farkon zamanin Biyzantiyum, an fara karkata zuwa kayan ado na Kiristanci waɗanda ke nuna alamomin sabuwar addinin Kirista.

Jerin lokaci na ƙwallo na Turai da ba na gargajiya ba

2000 BC - AD 400: amulet na tagulla da aka yi da murjani sun zama ruwan dare. A cikin Celtic da Gallic Turai, ƙwallo mafi mashahuri shine ƙarfe mai nauyi, wanda aka yi sau da yawa daga tagulla, amma wani lokacin daga azurfa, zinariya, ko gilashi ko beads na amber.

Bronze-century 4 BC buffer-type torc daga Faransa 

AD 400 - 1300: Ƙungiyoyin barbarians na farko na Turai sun fi son ƙuƙwalwar zinariya mai faɗi, mai rikitarwa ba kamar ƙuƙwalwa ba. Ƙabilun Jamusanci galibi suna sa zinariya da azurfa tare da cikakkun bayanai kuma an saka su da gilashi mai launi da duwatsu masu daraja, musamman garnet. Ƙungiyoyin Anglo-Saxon da Scandinavian sun yi aiki galibi a cikin azurfa, saboda rashi na zinariya, da kuma siffofin dabbobi da siffofin dabba a cikin zoben wuyansa. A cikin zamanin Gothic ƙwallo ba a saba gani ba, kodayake akwai wasu bayanan lu'u-lu'u, ruby, da lu'u'u-lub'u. Ba har sai da aka karɓi ƙananan wuyan wuyan wuyansa daga baya a Zamanin Tsakiya ba ne ƙwallo ya zama ruwan dare.

1400-1500: A lokacin Renaissance ya kasance mai kyau ga maza su sa sarƙoƙi da yawa, takardu, da pendants a wuyansu, kuma a ƙarshen karni na 15 maza mafi arziki za su sa manyan, kafadu da ke rufe wuyan da aka yi da lu'u-lu'u. Mata galibi suna sa abubuwa masu sauki, kamar sarƙoƙi na zinariya, ko lu'u-lu'u. A ƙarshen lokacin, mafi girma, mafi ƙanƙanta kayan ado sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin masu arziki, musamman a Italiya.

1500-1600: Ana amfani da igiyoyi masu tsawo da sarƙoƙi tare da duwatsu masu daraja. A ƙarshen rabin karni, an haɗa kayan ado na halitta, kamar murjani da lu'u-lu'u, tare da enamel da karafa don ƙirƙirar abubuwan da suka dace. Kyakkyawan kayan ado, kayan ado na cameo da aka tsara da kyau sun shahara. Chokers, na ƙarshe da aka saba sawa a zamanin d ̄ a, suma sun sake farfadowa a wannan lokacin.

1600-1700: Maza kalilan ne a zamanin Baroque suka sa kayan ado, kuma ga mata ƙwallo ba su da ƙwarewa, sau da yawa lu'u-lu'u masu sauƙi ko kuma an haɗa su da kyau da kuma kyawawan igiyoyin ƙarfe tare da ƙananan duwatsu. Daga baya a cikin karni, bayan kirkirar sabbin dabarun yankan lu'u-lu'u, an ba da fifiko ga kayan ado da kansu a karon farko, ba saitunan su ba; ya zama ruwan dare ga kayan ado a sanya su a cikin layin baƙar fata. Har ila yau, ƙananan abubuwa sun karu da shahara, kuma galibi ana sanya su cikin hoton ko makullin.

1700-1800: Har yanzu ana amfani da hotunan hoto, kuma a cikin saitunan kayan ado masu ban sha'awa. Sabbin masu arziki sun yi farin ciki da kayan ado, kuma sabbin duwatsu masu kama da zinariya sun ba su damar samun damar yin amfani da ƙwallo na lokacin. A farkon karni, salon da ya fi dacewa shine layin velvet tare da pendants da aka dakatar da kuma wuyan wuyan rivière, jere ɗaya na manyan duwatsu masu daraja. A tsakiyar ƙarni mai launi, ƙuƙwalwa ƙuƙwalwa da aka yi da ainihin kayan ado na kwaikwayon sun shahara, kuma ƙarshen ƙarni ya ga sake farfadowa na neo-Classical. A cikin Age of Enlightenment riguna sau da yawa suna nuna wuyan wuyan wuyansa wanda mata ke nunawa da layin wuyan wuya maimakon wuyan gargajiya, amma wasu mata sun sa chokers da aka saka da rubies da lu'u-lu'u. An gabatar da lu'ulu'u na tsaba a Amurka a lokacin Tarayyar Tarayya, wanda ya haifar da karuwar lu'ulu-lu'u.

1800-1870: Ƙananan wuyan kayan ado na kotu na gaye a wannan lokacin ya haifar da amfani da manyan sarƙoƙi da aka kafa tare da kayan ado masu daraja. A cikin kotun Napoleon cewa tsohon salon Girka ya kasance na gaye, kuma mata suna sanya lu'u-lu'u na lu'u-lu'u ko sarƙoƙi na zinariya tare da ramuka da kayan ado. A cikin lokacin Romantic sarƙaƙƙiya sun kasance masu ban sha'awa: an yi ado da kayan ado mai ma'ana, abin wuya mai lu'u-lu'u tare da madaidaicin pendants na lu'u-lu'u da kuma rosettes na duwatsu masu daraja tare da iyakokin lu'u-lu'u. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare don sa kayan ado na ado da aka makala a wuyan wuyansa. An yi wasu ƙullun don a wargaje su kuma a sake daidaita su zuwa guntun wuyan wuyan wuyan wuyan hannu, tsintsiya, da abin wuya. Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwal na Ƙaƙwal na Ƙaƙwal na Ƙaƙwal na Ƙaƙwal ) da aka yi daga Ingila ya nuna kullun, layi na tsaye da kuma babban taimako na cathedrals. Empress Eugénie ta shahara bare kayan kwalliya tare da sarƙaƙƙiya masu yawa akan makogwaro, kafadu, da ƙirji. Har ila yau, akwai sha'awar zamanin da; An sake yin kayan ado na mosaic da sarƙoƙi na Roman da Girkanci. Kayan ado da injina da aka yi da lantarki sun ba da izinin kwararar abin wuyan kwaikwayo mara tsada.

1870-1910: Zamanin Edwardian ya ga sake farfado da ƙwallo na lu'u-lu'u, ban da salon ƙwallo-ƙwallo na kare da aka yi da zinariya ko platinum tare da lu'u'u-ulu'u, emeralds, ko rubies. Motsi na Art Nouveau ya yi wahayi zuwa ga alamomi, zane-zane tare da kayan halitta da dabbobi. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su - gilashi, porcelain, tagulla, hauren giwa, mahaifiyar lu'u-lu'u, ƙaho, da enamel - ba a yi amfani da ita ba don darajar su, amma don bayyanar su.

1910-1970: Chanel ya shahara da kayan ado na kayan ado, kuma igiyoyin gilashin gilashi sun zama ruwan dare. Motsi na Art Deco ya haifar da kayan ado masu yawa, waɗanda suka haɗu da nau'ikan lu'u-lu'u da ƙarfe. A cikin shekarun 1960 an sa kayan ado na kayan ado a ko'ina, wanda ya haifar da yanayi, sauye-sauye na ƙwallo da sauran kayan ado. Kyakkyawan kayan ado da aka saba da su a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da ƙuƙwalwar azurfa ta ƙuƙwalwa ko ƙuƙwan ƙuƙwasawa ta ƙuɓɓugar azurfa, da ƙuɓɓuka masu daraja da aka saita a cikin platinum ko ƙuɓɓukan zinariya waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su a lokacin Daular Faransa. Beads na soyayya (wani igiya na dutse ko gilashi) da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa (yawanci ana yin su da igiyoyin fata ko sarƙoƙi na ƙarfe tare da ƙuɓɓugar ƙarfe) sun zama sanannun kuma maza ne suka sa su.

Gabashin Asiya

China

Chaozhu

A cikin Daular Qing China, ƙwallo na kotu da ake kira Chinese-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">chaozhu (Sinanci: 朝珠), sarakunan daular Qing da sauran mambobin gidan sarauta ne suka sa shi. Kayan kwalliya na kotu ya samo asali ne daga rosary na Buddha wanda Dalai Lama ya aiko a 1643 ga sarki na farko na daular Qing. Wannan wuyan ya ƙunshi ƙananan beads 108, tare da manyan beads 4 na duwatsu daban-daban don nuna alamar yanayi 4, kuma an sanya shi tsakanin kungiyoyi na beads 27. Har ila yau, ƙwallo yana da amfani kamar yadda za'a iya amfani dashi don lissafin lissafi ba tare da abacus ba.

Mugun da ke da maɓallin kulle mai tsawo

Kayan kwalliya na kasar Sin tare da kulle na tsawon rai

A kasar Sin, akwai al'ada ta sanya wuyan wuyan wuyansa tare da maɓallin kulle na tsawon lokaci. Wadannan kayan kwalliya a wasu lokuta ana ɗaure su a wuyan yara ta hanyar firistocin Buddha ko Taoist. An san da changmingsuo (lit. 'kulle na tsawon rayuwa') kuma muhimmiyar nau'i ce ta amulet ga yara na dubban shekaru a al'adun kasar Sin. Dangane da imanin kasar Sin, changmingsuo yana kare yara daga mugayen ruhohi da rashin sa'a ta hanyar kulle ran wanda ke ɗauke da shi da rayuwarsa a cikin kulle. Sau da yawa ana yin changmingsuo da kayan daraja, kamar zinariya, azurfa, da jade, kuma suna da kalmomi masu kyau da aka sassaƙa a kai. Ana ci gaba da sanya wannan nau'in wuyan a kasar Sin ta yanzu.

Yingluo

Yarinya da ke sanye da Hanfu da salon zamani, lu'u-lu'u yingluo (hagu), 2021

Yingluo (Harshen Sin: 璎珞 a sauƙaƙe; 瓔珞 a na gargajiya) wata irin abin wuya ce da aka fi kama da zobba ko sarka mai kyau, wanda asalinta na da tushe daga kayan ado na addinin Buddah da ake nunawa a cikin fasahar addinin Buddah (misali: cikin mutum-mutumi da zane-zane) a kasar Sin. Asalin yingluo yana da tushe ne daga tsohuwar kasar Indiya, inda ake da irin wannan kayan ado mai suna keyūra a matsayin samfurin farko.

An fara shigo da zane-zanen keyūra zuwa kasar Sin ne tare da zuwan addinin Buddah. Zane-zanen yingluo da aka samu a kasar Sin, misali a Dunhuang, sun samo salo da siffofi iri-iri waɗanda suka nuna hadewar al’adun ƙetare (wato marasa asalin Sin) da kuma al’adun asalin kasar Sin, sakamakon yanayin musamman na gabar ƙasar.

Yingluo ta canza daga kasancewa kayan ado na fasahar addinin Buddah zuwa sarka ta gaske da ake sawa a jiki a zamanin daular Tang. Daga nan ta zama sarka ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita a cikin al’umar Sinawa tsawon ƙarni da dama.

Yanzu ma har yanzu ana ci gaba da sa yingluo, musamman a matsayin wani nau’in kayan ado da ake haɗawa da Hanfu (tufafin gargajiyar Sinawa) daga lokacin da aka fara Gwagwarmayar Hanfu. Yingluo tana zuwa cikin siffofi, salo, da kayan aiki masu yawa daban-daban.

Oceania

Tasmania

Gilashin kwalliya

Mata 'yan asalin Tasmania suna yin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa daga ƙuƙwanƙwalwar magajin gari (Phasianotrochus irisodontes) aƙalla shekaru 2,600, tare da wasu manyan tarin a gidajen tarihi. Ci gaba da aikin yana fuskantar barazanar rage wadata, kuma mace ta Palawa ta shida Lola Greeno ta damu da cewa aikin zai mutu.

Tsawon wuyan wuyan

Ana rarraba wuyan hannu ta tsawon:

Hoton tsawon wuyan hannu

Ƙarƙashin ƙwallo

Kimanin 30~33 centimeters (12~13-inch) tsawo kuma yana zaune a wuyansa.

Mai cin abinci

Kusan kusa, gajere, 35~41 centimeters (14~16 in) tsawo.

Yarima mai wuyan wuyan wuyar wuyan wuya

45~50 centimeters (18~20 in) tsawo.

Kayan kwalliya na safe

56~58 centimeters (22~23 in) tsawo.

Kayan kwalliya na opera

75~90 centimeters (30~35 in) tsawo kuma yana zaune a ƙirjin.

Ɗauki na igiya

Duk wani abu da ya fi tsayi fiye da tsawon opera.

Kayan kwalliya

Bambanci mai tsawo a kan igiya, ba tare da ɗaurewa ba, sau da yawa ana sawa sau da yawa a wuyan.

Irin waɗannan abubuwa

mai kunna sauti na dijital (DAP) wanda aka tsara don a sa shi a wuyansa

Kayan ado na kirji kayan ado ne waɗanda ake amfani da su kamar ƙwallo, kamar su reimiro, da tsoffin kayan ado na Masar.

.Abubuwan da ba kayan ado ba, alal misali lanyards, don riƙe lambobin da katunan, suna kama da wuyan wuyan kuma ana sawa a wuyan.

Dubi kuma

• Gidan ƙwallo na giciye
• Mai cin abinci
• Ƙarƙashin ƙwallo
• Sashin Figaro
• Sashin kayan ado
• Livery collar
• Locket
• Beads na soyayya
• A lokacin
• Tushen
• Ruwan Usekh

Ƙarin karantawa

• Kyautar Shekaru 7,000 ed. Hugh Tait .ISBN 0-8109-8103-3
• Kyautar ta hanyar Zamanin Guido Gregorietti. ISBN 0-8281-0007-1.ISBN 0-8281-0007-1
• Shekaru 20,000 na Fashion: Tarihin Costume da kayan ado na Francois Boucher . ISBN 0-8109-1693-2.ISBN 0-8109-1693-2