Satellite na yanayi

Tauraron dan adam na yanayi ko tauraron dan adam nau'in tauraron dan adam nau'in tauraron dan adam ne wanda ake amfani dashi da farko don lura da yanayi da yanayin duniya. Tauraron dan adam galibi iri biyu ne: kewayawar polar (wanda ke rufe duniya gaba daya a hade) ko kuma geostationary (yana shawagi akan tabo daya a kan ma'aunin ruwa).

Yayin da ake amfani da shi da farko don gano ci gaba da motsi na tsarin guguwa da sauran yanayin girgije, tauraron dan adam na meteorological kuma na iya gano wasu abubuwan da suka faru kamar fitilu na birni, gobara, sakamakon gurɓataccen ruwa, auroras, yashi da ƙura, murfin dusar ƙanƙara, taswirar kankara, iyakokin magudanar ruwa, da makamashi mai gudana. Ana tattara wasu nau'ikan bayanan muhalli ta hanyar amfani da tauraron dan adam yanayi. Hotunan tauraron dan adam na yanayi sun taimaka wajen lura da gajimaren toka mai aman wuta daga Dutsen St. Helens da kuma ayyukan wasu tsaunuka kamar Dutsen Etna. An kuma sa ido kan hayakin gobara a yammacin Amurka kamar Colorado da Utah.

Ana saka idanu kan El Niño da tasirinsa akan yanayi a kowace rana daga hotunan tauraron dan adam. Ramin ozone na Antarctic an tsara shi daga bayanan tauraron dan adam na yanayi. Gabaɗaya, tauraron dan adam na yanayi da Amurka, China, Turai, Indiya, Rasha, da Japan suka tashi suna ba da kusan ci gaba da lura don sa ido na duniya.

Tarihi

Hoton talabijin na farko na Duniya daga sararin samaniya daga tauraron dan adam na TIROS-1 a cikin 1960

Shekaru na 1950

Tun a farkon shekara ta 1946, ana haɓaka ra'ayin kyamarori a cikin sararin samaniya don lura da yanayin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin lura da bayanai da kuma kuɗin amfani da kyamarorin girgije a kan rokoki. A shekara ta 1958, an kirkiro samfurori na farko don TIROS da Vanguard (wanda Sojojin Signal Corps suka haɓaka). An kaddamar da tauraron dan adam na farko, Vanguard 2, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1959.^[1] An tsara shi don auna murfin girgije da juriya, amma mummunan axis na juyawa da kuma tsarinsa na elliptical ya hana shi tattara bayanai masu amfani. Satellites na Explorer 6 da Explorer 7 suma sun ƙunshi gwaje-gwaje masu alaƙa da yanayi.^[2]

Shekaru na 1960

Satellite na farko da za a yi la'akari da nasara shine TIROS-1, wanda NASA ta kaddamar a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1960. TIROS ya yi aiki na kwanaki 78 kuma ya tabbatar da samun nasara sosai fiye da Vanguard 2. Sauran shirye-shiryen tauraron dan adam na farko sun haɗa da Shirin Aikace-aikacen Satellite na Tsaro na 1962 (DSAP) da kuma jerin Soviet Meteor na 1964.

TIROS ya shirya hanya ga Shirin Nimbus, wanda fasaharsa da abubuwan da aka gano sune al'adun mafi yawan tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya NASA da NOAA sun kaddamar tun daga lokacin. Farawa tare da tauraron dan adam na Nimbus 3 a cikin 1969, bayanan zafin jiki ta hanyar shafi na tropospheric sun fara dawo da tauraron tauraron dan Adam daga gabashin Atlantic da mafi yawan Tekun Pacific, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin ci gaba ga Hasashen yanayi.^[3]

Satellites na ESSA da NOAA sun bi su daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba. Satellites na Geostationary sun biyo baya, farawa da jerin ATS da SMS a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970, sannan suka ci gaba da jerin GOES daga shekarun 1970 zuwa gaba. Satellites masu kewaye da polar kamar su QuikScat da TRMM sun fara ba da bayanan iska kusa da farfajiyar teku tun daga ƙarshen 1970s, tare da hotunan microwave wanda yayi kama da nuni na radar, wanda ya inganta ganewar asali na ƙarfin Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, karuwa, da wuri a cikin 2000s da 2010s.

A Turai, an kaddamar da tauraron dan adam na farko na Meteosat, Meteosat-1, a cikin 1977 a kan abin hawa na Delta. Satellite ɗin ƙirar cylindrical ce mai tsayi, 2.1 m a diamita da 3.2 m tsawo, yana juyawa a kusan. 100 rpm da ɗaukar kayan aikin Meteosat Visible da Infrared Imager (MVIRI). An kaddamar da tauraron dan adam na ƙarni na farko na Meteosat, a kan masu jefawa na Ariane-4 na Turai daga Kourou a cikin Guyana na Faransa, har zuwa ciki har da Meteosat-7 wanda ya sami bayanai daga 1997 har zuwa 2017, wanda Hukumar sararin samaniya ta Turai ta fara aiki da shi kuma daga baya ta Kungiyar Turai don Amfani da Satellites na Meteorological (EUMETSAT).

Japan ta kaddamar da tauraron dan adam na Himawari tara tun daga shekarar 1977.

Shekaru na 1980

Farawa a cikin 1988 China ta kaddamar da tauraron dan adam na Fengyun ashirin da daya.

Shekaru na 2000

Tauraron dan Adam na Meteosat na biyu (MSG) - kuma sun daidaita duk da cewa sun fi girma a jiki kuma sun ninka na ƙarni na farko - ESA tare da masana'antar Turai ne suka haɓaka su kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar EUMETSAT waɗanda ke aiki da tauraron dan adam daga hedkwatarsu a Darmstadt, Jamus tare da wannan hanyar da aka bi don duk tauraron dan adam na Turai na gaba. Meteosat-8, tauraron dan adam na farko na MSG, an harba shi a cikin 2002 a kan wani mai ƙaddamar da Ariane-5, yana ɗauke da Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) da Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB), tare da biyan kuɗi don tallafawa COSPAS-SARSAT Binciken Bincike da Ceto (SAR) da Plateform Data Collection (SAR) da ARGOSD. SEVIRI ya ba da ƙarin adadin tashoshi na gani sama da MVIRI kuma ya kwatanta faya-fayan fayafai a ninki biyu. An ƙaddamar da Meteosat-9 don haɓaka Meteosat-8 a cikin 2005, tare da biyu na biyu da suka ƙunshi Meteosat-10 da Meteosat-11 waɗanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2012 da 2015, bi da bi.

A shekara ta 2006, an kaddamar da tauraron dan adam na farko na Turai, Metop-A a cikin sararin samaniya na Sun a tsawo na kilomita 817 ta hanyar Soyuz daga Baikonur, Kazakhstan. Wannan tauraron dan adam na aiki - wanda ya samar da ɓangaren sararin samaniya na EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS) - wanda aka gina a kan al'adun daga ayyukan gwaji na ESA na ERS da Envisat, kuma Metop-B da Metop-C sun bi shi a cikin shekaru shida - wanda aka ƙaddamar daga Guyana na Faransa a cikin Soyuz "Turai". Kowane mutum yana ɗauke da kayan aiki daban-daban guda goma sha uku da masu aiki waɗanda ke cikin ƙira daga masu daukar hoto da masu sautin sauti zuwa scatterometer da kayan aikin ɓoye rediyo. Tsarin sabis na tauraron dan adam ya dogara ne akan bas din SPOT-5, yayin da kayan aiki na kaya shine haɗuwa da sabbin kayan tarihi daga Turai da Amurka a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa ta farko tsakanin EUMETSAT da NOAA.

Shekaru na 2010

An kaddamar da tauraron dan adam na DSCOVR, mallakar NOAA, a cikin 2015 kuma ya zama tauraron dan kasa na farko mai zurfi wanda zai iya lura da hango yanayin sararin samaniya. Zai iya gano yanayin da zai iya haɗari kamar iskar rana da guguwar geomagnetic. Wannan shi ne abin da ya ba bil'adama damar yin madaidaiciyar hasashen yanayi na sararin samaniya tun daga ƙarshen 2010s.^[4]

Shekaru na 2020

Shirin Meteosat Generation na Uku (MTG) ya harba tauraron dan adam na farko, Meteosat-12, a cikin 2022, ya kuma nuna sauye-sauye da dama kan magabata na goyon bayan manufarsa na tattara bayanai na hasashen yanayi da kuma lura da yanayi. Tauraron dan adam na MTG an daidaita su da axis uku maimakon juyowa, yana ba da sassauci sosai a cikin tauraron dan adam da ƙirar kayan aiki. Tsarin MTG yana fasalta keɓan nau'ikan tauraron dan adam Imager da Sounder waɗanda ke raba bas ɗin tauraron dan adam iri ɗaya, tare da tushen tushen tauraron dan adam guda uku - Hotuna biyu da Sounder ɗaya - suna samar da tsarin aiki. Tauraron tauraron dan adam mai hoto yana ɗauke da Hoton Haɗaɗɗen Haɗaɗɗiya (FCI), wanda ya gaji MVIRI da SEVIRI don ba da ƙuduri mafi girma da ɗaukar hoto, bincika cikakken fayafan duniya a kowane minti goma, da kuma sabon ɗaukar hoto na walƙiya (LI). Taurari masu sauti suna ɗaukar kayan aikin Infrared Sounder (IRS) da Ultra-violet Visible Near-infrared (UVN). UVN wani bangare ne na shirin Copernicus na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai kuma yana cika aikin Sentinel-4 don sa ido kan ingancin iska, iskar gas da iskar iska a kan Turai kowane sa'a a cikin babban ƙuduri. Tauraron dan Adam guda biyu na MTG - Imager daya da Sounder daya - za su yi aiki a kusa da wurin 0-deg geostationary a yammacin Afirka don lura da gabashin Tekun Atlantika, Turai, Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, yayin da tauraron dan adam mai hoto na biyu zai yi aiki daga 9.5-deg Gabas don yin aikin Bincike na gaggawa akan Turai. MTG yana ci gaba da goyan bayan Meteosat ga ARGOS da Nema da Ceto. An ƙaddamar da MTG-I1 a ɗaya daga cikin harba Ariane-5 na ƙarshe, tare da tauraron dan adam na gaba da aka shirya harba a Ariane-6 lokacin da ya shiga sabis.

Wani ƙarni na biyu na tauraron dan adam na Metop (MetOp-SG) yana cikin ci gaba mai ci gaba tare da ƙaddamar da tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka hango a cikin 2025. Kamar yadda yake tare da MTG, Metop-SG za ta kaddamar a kan Ariane-6 kuma ta ƙunshi samfuran tauraron dan adam guda biyu da za a yi aiki a nau'i-nau'i don maye gurbin tauraron dan Adam na ƙarni na farko don ci gaba da aikin EPS.

Bincike

Ana yin lura da shi ta hanyar 'channels' daban-daban na bakan lantarki, musamman, sassan bayyane da infrared.

Wasu daga cikin wadannan tashoshin sun hada da:^[5]

Bayyanawa da Kusan Infrared: 0.6-1.6 μm - don yin rikodin girgije a rana –
Infrared: 3.9-7.3 μm (ruwan ruwa), 8.7-13.4 μm (hoton zafi)

Hasken da ake gani

Hotuna masu haske daga tauraron dan adam na yanayi a lokacin hasken rana na gida suna da sauƙin fassara har ma da matsakaicin mutum, girgije, tsarin girgije kamar gaba da guguwa na wurare masu zafi, tabkuna, gandun daji, duwatsu, kankara, gobara, da gurɓataccen abu kamar hayaki, hayaki, ƙura da hauka suna bayyane. Ko da iska za a iya ƙayyade ta hanyar tsarin girgije, daidaitawa da motsi daga hotuna masu zuwa.

Infrared spectrum

Hotunan zafi ko Infrared da aka rubuta ta hanyar na'urori masu auna sigina da ake kira scanning radiometers suna ba da damar mai sharhi da aka horar da shi don ƙayyade tsawo da nau'ikan girgije, don lissafin yanayin ƙasa da na ruwa, da kuma gano siffofin teku. Ana iya amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam na infrared yadda ya kamata don Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi tare da tsarin ido mai ganuwa, ta amfani da Fasahar Dvorak, inda za'a iya amfani da bambancin tsakanin zafin jiki na ido mai dumi da saman girgije mai sanyi da ke kewaye da shi don ƙayyade ƙarfinsa (ƙananan girgije gabaɗaya suna nuna guguwa mai tsanani). Hotuna na infrared suna nuna raƙuman teku ko vortices da taswirar taswirar kamar Gulf Stream wanda ke da mahimmanci ga masana'antar sufuri. Masunta da manoma suna da sha'awar sanin yanayin ƙasa da ruwa don kare amfanin gonar su daga sanyi ko ƙara yawan kama su daga teku. Ko da abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño za a iya gani. Yin amfani da fasahohin dijital mai launi, ana iya canza hotunan zafi mai launin toka zuwa launi don sauƙaƙe ganewa na bayanin da ake so.

Nau'o'in

Kowane tauraron dan adam na meteorological an tsara shi don amfani da ɗayan nau'o'i biyu daban-daban na orbiting: geostationary da polar orbiting.

Satellites na yanayin ƙasa suna kewaye da Duniya sama da ma'auni a tsawo na kilomita 35,880 (mil 22,300). Saboda wannan zagaye, suna ci gaba da tsayawa dangane da duniya mai juyawa kuma ta haka ne zasu iya yin rikodin ko watsa hotuna na dukan hemisphere da ke ƙasa a kai a kai tare da na'urorin firikwensin da ke bayyane da infrared. Kafofin yada labarai suna amfani da hotuna na geostationary a cikin gabatarwar yanayin su na yau da kullun a matsayin hotuna guda ɗaya ko kuma an sanya su cikin madauki na fim. Wadannan kuma suna samuwa a shafukan hasashen birni na www.noaa.gov (misali Dallas, TX). ^[6]

Jiragen sararin samaniya da yawa suna aiki. Jerin GOES na Amurka yana da uku a cikin aiki: GOES-15, GOES-16 da GOES-17. GOES-16 da 17 sun kasance a tsaye a kan Tekun Atlantika da Pacific, bi da bi.^[7] GOES-15 ya yi ritaya a farkon watan Yulin 2019. ^[8]

Satellite GOES 13 wanda a baya mallakar National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) an canja shi zuwa US Space Force a cikin 2019 kuma an sake masa suna EWS-G1; ya zama tauraron dan adam na farko da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ta mallaka kuma ta sarrafa shi.

Sabon tauraron dan adam na Rasha Elektro-L No.1 yana aiki a 76 ° E a kan Tekun Indiya. Jafananci suna da MTSAT-2 wanda ke tsakiyar Pacific a 145 ° E da Himawari 8 a 140 ° E. Mutanen Turai suna da hudu a cikin aiki, Meteosat-8 (41.5 ° E) da Meteosat-9 (0 °) a kan Tekun Atlantika kuma suna da Meteosats-6 (63 ° E) le Meteosat-7 (57.5 ° E) a kan tekun Indiya. Kasar Sin a halin yanzu tana da tauraron dan adam guda huɗu na Fengyun (風雲) (FY-2E a 86.5 °E, FY-2F a 123.5 °E), FY-2G a 105 °E da FY-4A a 104.5 °E) suna aiki.^[9] Indiya kuma tana aiki da tauraron dan adam da ake kira INSAT wanda ke ɗauke da kayan aiki don dalilai na yanayi.

Gudun da ke kewaye da duniya

Antenna mai sarrafa kwamfuta mai sarrafawa don bin diddigin tauraron dan adam na LEO.

Tauraron dan adam da ke kewaya duniya yana kewaya duniya a tsayin kilomita 850 (mil 530) a hanyar arewa zuwa kudu (ko akasin haka), suna wucewa kan sandunan a ci gaba da tashinsu. Tauraron dan adam da ke kewaye da yanayin yanayi suna cikin kewayawar rana-daidaitacce, wanda ke nufin za su iya kallon kowane wuri a duniya kuma za su duba kowane wuri sau biyu a kowace rana tare da yanayin haske iri ɗaya saboda kusancin lokacin hasken rana na gida. Tauraron dan adam mai kewayawa na Polar yana ba da ƙuduri mafi kyau fiye da takwarorinsu na geostationary saboda kusancinsu da Duniya.

Amurka tana da jerin NOAA na tauraron dan adam na polar orbiting, a halin yanzu NOAA-15, NOAA-18 da NOAA-19 (POES) da NOAA-20 da NOAA-21 (JPSS). Turai tana da tauraron dan adam na Metop-A, Metop-B da Metop-C wanda EUMETSAT ke sarrafawa. Rasha tana da jerin tauraron dan adam na Meteor da RESURS. China tana da FY-3A, 3B da 3C. Indiya tana da tauraron dan adam masu kewaye da polar.

DMSP

Antenna mai juyawa don karɓar watsawar tauraron dan adam na yanayi na LEO 137 MHz

Tauraron dan adam na Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka (DMSP) na iya "gani" mafi kyawun duk motocin yanayi tare da ikon gano abubuwa kusan 'kananan' a matsayin babbar tankar mai. Bugu da ƙari, duk tauraron dan adam na yanayi a cikin orbit, DMSP kawai zai iya "ganin" da dare a cikin gani. Wasu daga cikin hotuna masu ban mamaki an yi rikodin su ta hanyar firikwensin gani na dare; fitilun birni, volcanoes, gobara, walƙiya, meteors, konewar filayen mai, da kuma Aurora Borealis da Aurora Australis an kama su da wannan ƙananan firikwensin hasken wata mai tsayin kilomita 720 (450 mi).

A lokaci guda, ana iya sa ido kan amfani da makamashi da ci gaban birni tunda manyan birane har ma da ƙananan birane, da kuma fitilun babbar hanya, suna bayyane. Wannan yana sanar da masu binciken sararin samaniya game da gurɓataccen haske. An kama New York City Blackout na 1977 ta daya daga cikin motocin sararin samaniya na dare na DMSP.

Baya ga saka idanu kan fitilun birni, waɗannan hotuna kayan adana rai ne a ganowa da saka idanu akan gobara. Ba wai kawai tauraron dan adam suna ganin gobarar da rana da dare ba, amma masu binciken zafi da infrared a cikin waɗannan tauraron dan Adam na yanayi suna gano tushen wuta a ƙasa da farfajiyar Duniya inda hayaki ke faruwa. Da zarar an gano wuta, tauraron dan adam iri ɗaya na yanayi suna ba da mahimman bayanai game da iska wanda zai iya sha ko yada gobarar. Wadannan hotuna iri ɗaya na girgije daga sararin samaniya suna gaya wa mai kashe gobara lokacin da ruwan sama zai yi.

Wasu daga cikin hotuna masu ban mamaki sun nuna gobarar mai ta Kuwait 600 da Sojojin Iraki da ke tserewa suka fara a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1991. Hotunan dare sun nuna manyan walƙiya, sun fi hasken manyan wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a. Wutar ta cinye man fetur mai yawa; an kashe na karshe a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1991.

Sa ido kan filin dusar ƙanƙara, musamman a cikin Saliyo Nevada, na iya zama taimako ga masana kimiyyar ruwa da ke kula da fakitin dusar ƙanƙara don zubar da ruwa mai mahimmanci ga magudanar ruwa na yammacin Amurka. Ana tattara wannan bayanin daga tauraron dan adam da ake da su na duk hukumomin gwamnatin Amurka (ban da ma'aunin gida, a kan ƙasa). Hakanan ana iya gano kogin kankara, fakiti, da bergs da kuma bin diddigin jiragen yanayi.

Hatta gurbataccen yanayi ko na halitta ne ko na dan Adam ana iya tantancewa. Hotunan na gani da infrared suna nuna tasirin gurɓatawa daga yankunansu a duk faɗin duniya. Hakanan ana iya ganin gurɓacewar jirgin sama da roka, da kuma hanyoyin gurɓata ruwa. Bayanan iska na halin yanzu da ƙananan matakin da aka samo daga hotunan sararin samaniya na iya taimakawa wajen hango hasashen malalar mai a teku da motsi. Kusan duk lokacin rani, yashi da ƙura daga hamadar Sahara na Afirka suna ratsa yankunan da ke cikin tekun Atlantika. Hotunan GOES-EAST suna ba masana ilimin yanayi damar lura, bi da kuma hasashen wannan girgijen yashi. Baya ga rage hangen nesa da haifar da matsalolin numfashi, gajimare yashi yana hana haɓakar guguwa ta hanyar gyara ma'aunin hasken rana na wurare masu zafi. Sauran guguwar kura a yankin Asiya da babban yankin kasar Sin sun zama ruwan dare kuma mai saukin ganewa da sa ido, tare da misalai na baya-bayan nan na kura ta ratsa tekun Pasifik ta kuma isa Arewacin Amurka.

A yankuna masu nisa na duniya tare da masu kallo kaɗan, gobara na iya ɓarkewa na kwanaki ko ma makonni kuma ta cinye manyan wurare kafin a faɗakar da hukumomi. Satellites na yanayi na iya zama dukiya mai mahimmanci a irin waɗannan yanayi. Hotunan dare kuma suna nuna konewa a cikin gas da man fetur. An dauki yanayin zafin jiki da yanayin danshi ta hanyar tauraron dan adam tun daga shekarar 1969. ^[10]

Sensors marasa hoto

Ba duk tauraron dan adam na yanayi ba ne masu daukar hoto kai tsaye. Wasu tauraron dan adam sune masu sauti da ke ɗaukar ma'auni na pixel ɗaya a lokaci guda. Ba su da ƙuduri na sararin samaniya amma sau da yawa suna iyawa ko warware matakan yanayi na tsaye. Har yanzu ana iya yin amfani da sauti tare da hanyar tauraron dan adam daga baya don samar da taswirar.

Tsarin kasa da kasa

Tsarin tauraron dan adam na lura da yanayi, NOAA-M spacecrft

A cewar Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU), sabis na tauraron dan adam na yanayi (kuma: sabis na sadarwa na tauraron ɗan adam na yanayi) - bisa ga Mataki na 1.52 na Dokokin Rediyo na ITU (RR) - an bayyana shi azaman sabis na binciken tauraron dan kasa don dalilai na yanayi.Sabis ɗin binciken tauraron dan adam na duniya don dalilai na yanayi.

Rarraba

Wannan sabis na sadarwa na rediyo an rarraba shi daidai da Dokokin Rediyo na ITU (mataki na 1) kamar haka: Sabis mai ɗorewa (mataki 1.20)

Sabis ɗin tauraron dan adam (mataki na 1.21)
Sabis na tauraron dan adam (mataki na 1.22)
Sabis ɗin binciken tauraron dan adam na duniya (mataki na 1.51)
- Sabis ɗin tauraron dan adam na yanayi

Rarrabawar mita

Ana ba da rabon mita na rediyo bisa ga Mataki na 5 na Dokokin Rediyo na ITU (bugawa na 2012).

Don inganta jituwa a cikin amfani da bakan gizo, yawancin rabon sabis da aka tsara a cikin wannan takaddar an haɗa su a cikin Tables of Frequency Allocations and Utilisations na ƙasa wanda ke da alhakin gudanarwa ta ƙasa. Rarraba na iya zama na farko, na biyu, na musamman, da kuma raba.

rarraba na farko: ana nuna shi ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce a cikin manyan haruffa (duba misali a ƙasa)
rabon sakandare: ana nuna shi da ƙananan haruffa
Amfani na musamman ko na raba: yana cikin alhakin gwamnatoci

Rabawa ga ayyuka
Yankin 1	Yankin 2	Yankin 3
401-402 MHz METEOROLOGICAL AIDS SPACE OPERATION (space-to-Earth) EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (Duniya-to-space) METEorOLOGICal-SATELITE (DAR zuwa-space). Ayyukan sararin samaniya (space-to-Earth) Bayyanawa ta duniya-SATELLITE (Duniya-to-space) METEOROLOGICAL-SATELITE (Daga ƙasa-to-sararin samaniya) Fixed Mobile ban da wayar hannu ta jirgin sama
8 817.50-8 821.50 MHz METEOROLOGICAL-SATELLITE (Duniya-zuwa-space) da sauran ayyuka

↑ "VANGUARD - A HISTORY, CHAPTER 12, SUCCESS - AND AFTER". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named first
↑ National Environmental Satellite Center (January 1970). "SIRS and the Improved Marine Weather Forecast". Mariners Weather Log. Environmental Science Services Administration. 14: 12–15.
↑ "DSCOVR: Deep Space Climate Observatory | NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS)". www.nesdis.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
↑ "EUMETSAT – MFG Payload". Archived from the original on November 25, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
↑ Service, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather. "National Weather Service".
↑ Tollefson, Jeff (2 March 2018). "Latest US weather satellite highlights forecasting challenges". Nature. 555 (7695): 154. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..154T. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-02630-w.
↑ "GOES-17 Transition to Operations │ GOES-R Series". www.goes-r.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
↑ "卫星运行" [Satellite Operation]. National Satellite Meteorological Center of CMA (in Harshen Sinanci). Archived from the original on August 28, 2015.
↑ Ann K. Cook (July 1969). "The Breakthrough Team" (PDF). ESSA World. Environmental Satellite Services Administration: 28–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2014. Retrieved 2012-04-21.

[1] "VANGUARD - A HISTORY, CHAPTER 12, SUCCESS - AND AFTER". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09.

[first-2] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named first

[3] National Environmental Satellite Center (January 1970). "SIRS and the Improved Marine Weather Forecast". Mariners Weather Log. Environmental Science Services Administration. 14: 12–15.

[4] "DSCOVR: Deep Space Climate Observatory | NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS)". www.nesdis.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2021-08-05.

[EUMETSAT_-_MFG_PL-5] "EUMETSAT – MFG Payload". Archived from the original on November 25, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2007.

[6] Service, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather. "National Weather Service".

[7] Tollefson, Jeff (2 March 2018). "Latest US weather satellite highlights forecasting challenges". Nature. 555 (7695): 154. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..154T. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-02630-w.

[8] "GOES-17 Transition to Operations │ GOES-R Series". www.goes-r.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-26.

[9] "卫星运行" [Satellite Operation]. National Satellite Meteorological Center of CMA (in Harshen Sinanci). Archived from the original on August 28, 2015.

[10] Ann K. Cook (July 1969). "The Breakthrough Team" (PDF). ESSA World. Environmental Satellite Services Administration: 28–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2014. Retrieved 2012-04-21.

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