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Igbo Landing

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(an turo daga Saukowa na Igbo)
Infotaula d'esdevenimentIgbo Landing

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 31°11′14″N 81°23′14″W / 31.1872°N 81.3872°W / 31.1872; -81.3872
Iri historic site (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Matan Igbo, an dauki hotonsu a Najeriya, farkon karni na 20

Ibo Landing (kuma ana kiranta Ibo Landing, Ebo Landing, ko Ebos Landing) wuri ne mai tarihi a Dunbar Creek a tsibirin St. Simons, gundumar Glynn, Georgia. A shekara ta 1803 ne wasu ‘yan kabilar Igbo da suka yi garkuwa da su suka kashe kansu a cikin jirgin ruwan bautar da suke ciki, kuma suka ki mika wuya ga bauta a Amurka . Ƙimar ɗabi'a na taron a matsayin labarin juriya ga bauta yana da mahimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin tatsuniyar Afirka ta Amirka a matsayin tatsuniyar 'yan Afirka masu tashi, da kuma cikin tarihin adabi.

Tarihi

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A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1803 wani jirgin ruwa mai dauke da 'yan Afirka ta Yamma, bayan sun tsira daga Tsakiyar Tsakiya, masu kamawa da Amurka da aka biya su sun sauka a Savannah ta Jirgin bawa, don a siyar da su a daya daga cikin kasuwannin bayi na gida. Fasinjojin da aka bautar jirgin sun hada da wasu mutanen Igbo daga abin da ke yanzu Najeriya. Masu shuka da bayi na Kudancin Amurka sun san Igbo saboda kasancewa masu cin gashin kansa da tsayayya da bautar kaya.[1][2] Wakilan John Couper da Thomas Spalding ne suka sayi ƙungiyar bayi 75 na Igbo don tilasta aiki a gonakin su a tsibirin St. Simons don $ 100 kowannensu.[3]

Mutanen da aka daure da sarka sun cika makil a karkashin wani karamin jirgin ruwa mai suna The Schooner York [4] da za a yi jigilar su zuwa tsibirin (wasu majiyoyin sun ce tafiyar ta gudana ne a cikin Morovia ). A yayin wannan tafiya bayin kabilar Ibo sun tashi da tawaye inda suka kwace jirgin tare da nutsar da wadanda suka yi garkuwa da su, lamarin da ya yi sanadin kakkabo jirgin Morovia a Dunbar Creek a wurin da a yanzu ake kira Igbo Landing. [5]

Ba a fayyace jerin abubuwan da ke biyo baya ba, saboda akwai nau'o'in ci gaban tawayen, wasu daga cikinsu ana ɗaukarsu tatsuniya. Da alama ’yan Afirka sun tafi tudu, daga baya kuma, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin wani babban sarkin Igbo a cikin su, suka shiga cikin rafi tare da rera waƙa a cikin harshen Igbo "Ruhun Ruwa ya kawo mu, Ruhun Ruwa zai kai mu gida". Ta haka suka yarda da kariyar allahnsu Chukwu da mutuwa akan madadin bauta. [5] Roswell King, wani farar fata mai kula da gonar Pierce Butler da ke kusa ( Butler Island Plantation ), ya rubuta ɗaya daga cikin ƴan labaran da suka faru a wannan zamani na lamarin, wanda ya bayyana cewa da zarar Igbo sun sauka a tsibirin St. Simons sai suka shiga cikin fadama, inda suka kashe kansu ta hanyar shiga Dunbar Creek. [2] Wani labari na ƙarni na 19 na taron ya bayyana kyaftin ɗin da sunan mai suna Patterson kuma ya sanya sunan Roswell King a matsayin wanda ya kwato gawarwakin mutanen da aka nutse. [6] Wasikar da ke bayyana lamarin da dillalin bayin Savannah William Mein ya rubuta ya bayyana cewa Igbo sun shiga cikin tekun, inda 10 zuwa 12 suka nutse, yayin da wasu ‘yan farauta suka “ceto” da suka samu $10 kan kai daga Spalding and Couper. [3] A cewar wasu majiyoyi, an kai wadanda suka tsira daga tawayen Igbo zuwa Cannon's Point a tsibirin St. Simons da tsibirin Sapelo . [5]

Mahallin tarihi

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Ibo Landing shine wuri na ƙarshe na al'amura wanda a cikin 1803 ya zama "babban aikin juriya" na 'yan Afirka. Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance suna da mahimmancin ma'ana mai ɗorewa a cikin tatsuniyoyi da tarihin adabi na Ba-Amurka . [7] Tashin hankalin da 'yan kabilar Igbo suka yi ana kiransa da "takin 'yanci" na farko a tarihin Amurka. [3] Ko da yake fiye da ƙarni biyu mafi yawan hukumomi suna ɗaukar asusun a matsayin tatsuniyar Afro-Amurka, bincike tun 1980 ya tabbatar da ainihin tushen almara da abubuwan da ke cikin tarihi. An haɗa wurin a matsayin albarkatun tarihi a cikin binciken gundumomi na 2009. [5]

Shafin ba shi da alamar tarihi a hukumance. An gina wata shukar zubar da ruwa [8] kusa da wurin tarihi a cikin 1940s duk da adawar gida daga Baƙin Amurkawa. Masana tarihi da masu yawon bude ido suna ziyartar wurin har yanzu. An shigar da taron kwanan nan a cikin tsarin karatun tarihi na makarantun Georgia na gabar teku. [9]

Tarihin Baka

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Labarin bayi Ibo da suka fi son mutuwa fiye da zama cikin bautar dawwama yana da maimaituwa sosai a cikin tarihin baka na bakaken fata da na Gullah a Amurka. Kamar yadda yake da tarihin baka, gaskiyar abin ta canza lokaci zuwa lokaci.

Almara na 'yan Afirka masu tafiya a ruwa

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Floyd White, wani dattijo bakar fata da aka yi masa tambayoyi ta hanyar Federal Writers' Project[10] a shekarun 1930, ya ce:

Kun taba jin labarin Ibo’s Landing? Wurin ne da suka kawo 'yan Ibo da jirgin bayi, da suka iso nan, ba su so zama ba, sai suka fara waka tare suka sauka zuwa kogin, suna kokarin komawa Afirka, amma ba su iya ba. Sai suka nutse.[6]

Wani irin labarin Gullah da Linda S. Watts ta rubuta ya bayyana abubuwan da suka zama jigo a yawancin almarar da ke da nasaba da Igbo Landing:

'Yan Afirka ta Yamma, bayan sun fahimci halin da suke ciki, sun yanke shawarar hadarin rayukansu ta hanyar tafiya kan ruwa don komawa gida maimakon amincewa da bautar da ke jiransu a Amurka. A cewar labarin, mutanen suka sauka daga jirgin, suka juya gaba daya, suka fara tafiya a kan ruwa suna tafiya akasin hanyar da suka iso. Yayin tafiyar, sun rera waka tare. An ce wakar ta yi nuni da cewa ruhohin ruwa za su kai su gida. Ko da yake nau'in labarin yana da bambanci kadan, duka suna tabbatar da jaruntaka da tawaye da bayi Ibo suka nuna.[7]

Almara na 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama

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Wata mashahuriyar almara da ke da nasaba da Igbo Landing ita ce almara ta 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama. An rubuta ta daga bakunan mutane daban-daban a shekarun 1930 ta hannun mambobin Federal Writers' Project.[10][11] A cikin waɗannan labaran, an ce 'yan Afirka sun fara girma musu fikafikai, ko kuma sun zama gungun agwagwa,[12] kafin su tashi zuwa 'yanci a Afirka. Wallace Quarterman, bakar fata da aka haifa a 1844,[6] da aka yi masa tambaya a 1930, idan ya san labarin Igbo Landing, ya ce:

Ba ka taba jin labarinsu ba? To, a wancan lokaci Mr. Blue shi ne mai sa ido kuma... Mr. Blue ya je da safe da bulala mai tsawo don ya yi musu bulala sosai... Daga karshe, ya bugi su sosai, suka taru suka tsuguna da farsa a gonar, sai suka... tashi sama cikin sararin sama suka canza kansu zuwa agwagwa suka tashi kai tsaye zuwa Afirka... Kowa ya san labarinsu.[2]

Kamar yadda Farfesa Terri L. Snyder ta bayyana:

Almarar 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama mai yiwuwa ta samo asali ne daga wani hadin gwiwar kisan kai da bayi suka aikata a 1803. Wani rukuni na bayi Igbo (da ake kira Ebo ko Ibo) da suka tsira daga tafiyar tsakiya an sayar da su kusa da Savannah, Georgia, aka sake ɗora su a wani ƙaramin jirgi zuwa St. Simon's Island. Kusa da gabar tekun tsibirin, bayi da aka ɗora, waɗanda suka “sha wahala saboda rashin kulawa,” suka “tashi” daga cikin jirgin suka yi tawaye, suka tilasta matukan jirgin zuwa ruwa inda suka nutse. Bayan jirgin ya yi hatsari, Igbo suka “yi gaba zuwa cikin kwazazzabo” suka nutse da kansu—wannan aiki mafi yawancin masana sun fahimta a matsayin kisan kai na hadin gwiwa. Wurin da suka nutse aka sa masa suna Ebos Landing. Wannan abin da ya faru a 1803 ya haifar da wani labari na yankin da kuma suna.[6]

Amma wannan ra’ayi na da sabani da wanda Farfesa Jeroen Dewulf ya bayar, wanda ke ganin cewa ana ambaton Igbo da kuma labarin bayi masu tashi sama sau da yawa a cikin tambayoyin Federal Writers’ Project, amma hujjojin da ke haɗa su duka ba su da ƙarfi. Dewulf, maimakon haka, ya danganta asalin wannan almara zuwa Masarautar Loango da Masarautar Kongo a Afirka ta Tsakiya.[13]

Zargin hatsaniya

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Mutanen gari na kusa da wurin Igbo Landing da kogin Dunbar sun yi imani cewa wuraren anan na dauke da hatsaniyar ruhohin bayi Igbo da aka bautar da su kuma suka mutu a can.[14][15][16]

Gado

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A watan Satumba na shekarar 2002, Kungiyar Kula da Gado da Tarihin Baƙar fata na St. Simons ta shirya wani taron tunawa na kwana biyu dangane da tarihin Igbo da kuma tafiya zuwa wurin. Mutane 75 daga jihohi daban-daban, da kuma daga Najeriya, Belize da Haiti—inda irin wannan tawaye ya faru—sun halarta. Sun taru domin karrama wannan wuri a matsayin wuri mai tsarki kuma su huta da ruhohin da suka mutu.[17] Yanzu haka, labarin Igbo yana cikin tsarin karatun makarantu na yankin gabar teku a jihar Georgia.[17]

Alamar tarihi

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Alamar tarihi da aka bayyana a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2022

A shekarar 2021, wasu ɗalibai daga Kungiyar Nazarin Kabilanci ta Glynn Academy suka gabatar da bukatar kafa alamar tarihi don girmama Igbo Landing ga Hukumar Tarihi ta Georgia. Wannan ya haɗa da rubuta cikakken bincike bisa takardun tushe a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin gasa da tantancewa na Shirin Alamar Tarihi. Kungiyar ɗaliban ta tuntuɓi Hukumar Tarihi ta Gabar Tekun Georgia da kuma Kungiyar Baƙar fata ta St. Simons don samun jagoranci.[18]

Bayan amincewa da bukatar, kungiyar ɗaliban ta tara kusan $2,500 don alamar. Sauran $2,500 kuma daga Hukumar Tarihi ta Gabar Tekun Georgia.[19] Wurin Igbo Landing yana kan filin mallakar masu zaman kansu, kuma an kafa alamar tarihi a wani fili mai kore da St. Simons Land Trust ke mallaka kusa da wurin.

An yi bikin kaddamar da wannan alama a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2022 kuma kusan mutane 100 ne suka halarta.[20] An kafa alamar a Old Stables Corner, a tsibirin St. Simons, Georgia, a gefen arewa maso yammacin titunan Frederica Road da Sea Island Road. Alamar ta ce:

Ibo Landing: Gadon Kaurace wa Bautar Dole

A shekarar 1803, bayi Igbo (wanda ake kira Ibo ko Ebo) daga Afirka ta Yamma sun yi tawaye yayin da suke cikin wani jirgin bayi a Dunbar Creek. Ana ganin cewa aƙalla bayi Igbo goma sun nutse, sun zaɓi mutuwa fiye da bautar. Gullah Geechee, zuriyar bayi daga Afirka da aka bautar a yankin gabar kudu maso gabas na Amurka, sun wuce wannan labari ta hanyar tarihin baka. Wannan tarihi, wanda karin magana ta Igbo ke bayyana da cewa “Ruwa ne ya kawo mu nan, ruwa kuma zai mayar da mu gida,” yana nuna yadda ruwa ya zama hanya ta tserewa bautar. Ayyuka da dama na marubuta da masu fasaha bakaken fata sun bayyana irin wannan labari na ruwa ko tashi sama a matsayin alamar tawaye. Wani ɓangare na Dunbar Creek, a yammacin wannan wuri, har yanzu ana kiransa Igbo ko Ibo Landing.

Wanda Hukumar Tarihi ta Georgia, Hukumar Tarihi ta Gabar Tekun Georgia, Kungiyar Nazarin Kabilanci ta Glynn Academy, da Kungiyar Baƙar fata ta St. Simons suka kafa

[21]

Wakilta a sauran kafofi

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Abubuwan tarihi da suka shafi fitar bayi Igbo a Dunbar Creek, da kuma almarar da ke da nasaba da shi, sun zama tushen wahayi ga masu fasaha daga diasporan Afirka.

Misalai sun haɗa da Toni Morrison, wanda ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ta yi amfani da almarar 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama a cikin littafinta, Song of Solomon,[2] da Alex Haley, wanda ya sake ba da labarin a cikin littafinsa Roots.[8] Littafin Praisesong for the Widow na Paule Marshall ma ya samo wahayi daga wannan lamari.

Sana'ar sassaka ta Beverly Buchanan mai suna Marsh Ruins (1981), da ke wurin Marshes of Glynn Overlook Park kusa da Dunbar Creek, ta kasance wani bangare na girmamawa ga Igbo Landing.[22]

An sake bayar da labarin daga hangen zuriyar Gullah a fim ɗin Daughters of the Dust (1991), wanda Julie Dash ta shirya.[7] Fim ɗin Ngozi Onwurah na shekarar 1994 mai suna Welcome II the Terrordome ya ƙunshi wani kashi da ke nuna Igbo Landing, a matsayin jigon fim ɗin da yanayin rayuwarsa na baƙin ciki.

Sauran masu fasaha na zamani da suka ambaci ko suka haɗa cikakken labarin 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama a ayyukansu sun haɗa da Joseph Zobel, Maryse Condé, Toni Cade Bambara, da Jamaica Kincaid.[11] Hoton fim daga ɓangaren "Love Drought" na kundin fim na Beyoncé mai suna Lemonade ana ganin ya samo wahayi daga Daughters of the Dust[23]da kuma labarin Igbo Landing.[24]

A cikin fim ɗin Black Panther na shekarar 2018 daga Marvel, jarumin Michael B. Jordan a matsayin Killmonger ya ambaci Igbo Landing yayin mutuwarsa: "Ka binne ni a cikin teku tare da kakanni na da suka fado daga jiragen ruwa, domin sun san mutuwa ya fi bautar." [25][26]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Filan, Kenaz (2010). The Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 167. ISBN 9781594779954.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Powell, Timothy B. (15 June 2004). "Ebos Landing". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2021-08-26. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Berlin, Jacqueline (18 August 2003). "Researcher has new version of legend". St. Simons African American Heritage Coalition. The Brunswick News. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  4. ↑ "Preserving African American Heritage on St. Simons Island" (PDF). Reflections: A Program of the Historic Preservation Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources VolII Number 4 September 2002. Georgia African American Historic Preservation Network. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Ciucevich, Robert (July 2009). "Glynn County Historic Resources Survey Report" (PDF). Glynncounty Georgia. The Glynn County Board of Commissioners. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Snyder, T. L. (1 June 2010). "Suicide, Slavery, and Memory in North America". Journal of American History. 97 (1): 39–62. doi:10.2307/jahist/97.1.39.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Watts, Linda S. (2006). Encyclopedia of American Folklore. Infobase Publishing. p. 211. ISBN 9781438129792.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Wilentz, Gay (1989). "If You Surrender to the Air: Folk Legends of Flight and Resistance in African American Literature". MELUS. 16 (1): 21–32. doi:10.2307/467579. JSTOR 467579.
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SMN
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Project, Georgia Writers' (2010). Drums and shadows : survival studies among the Georgia coastal Negroes. Los Angeles: Indo-European Publishing. ISBN 978-1604443240.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 McDaniel, Lorna (1 January 1990). "The flying Africans: extent and strength of the myth in the Americas". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 64 (1–2): 28–40. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002024.
  12. ↑ Royer, Bob (20 May 2012). "Barrier Islands of Georgia" Archived 2025-05-21 at the Wayback Machine. The Cascadia Courier.
  13. ↑ Dewulf, Jeroen (December 2021). "Flying Back to Africa or Flying to Heaven? Competing Visions of Afterlife in the Lowcountry and Caribbean Slave Societies". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 31 (2): 222–261. doi:10.1017/rac.2021.12. S2CID 237392638 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named dailyindependentnig
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named glynncounty
  16. ↑ Buxton, Geordie (2007). Haunted Plantations: Ghosts of Slavery and Legends of the Cotton Kingdoms Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, Arcadia Publishing, p. 63. ISBN 9781439614129.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 The Associated Press, "Slave legend draws people for two-day remembrance in coastal Georgia" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, 2 September 2002, posted at St. Simon Island Heritage Coalition website, accessed 27 April 2016
  18. ↑ HOBBS, LARRY (21 May 2022). "Public invited to Igbo Landing marker ceremony". The Brunswick News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-30.
  19. ↑ Payne, Benjamin (27 May 2022). "New historical marker in coastal Georgia commemorates Igbo Landing rebellion of enslaved Africans". Georgia Public Broadcasting (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-30.
  20. ↑ HOBBS, LARRY (25 May 2022). "Ibo Landing historic marker takes place in local history". The Brunswick News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-30.
  21. ↑ "Historical Marker Dedication: Ibo Landing". Georgia Historical Society (in Turanci). 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
  22. ↑ Mitter, Siddhartha (2023-07-29). "A Vanishing Masterpiece in the Georgia Marshes". The New York Times (in Turanci). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  23. ↑ Phillips, Stephanie (2 June 2017). "Beyoncé vs Daughters of the Dust: How an American indie classic inspired Lemonade". British Film Institute. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  24. ↑ Owunna, Mikael, "Beyoncé's Love Drought Video, Slavery and the Story of Igbo Landing"
  25. ↑ Vasta, Sameer (2018-03-08). "Bury me in the ocean, with my ancestors that jumped from the ships, because they knew death was…". Medium (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  26. ↑ "Coard: Anniversary of historic, courageous 'Igbo Landing'". 4 May 2020.

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