Sauran ilimi

Sauran ilimi
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	karantarwa

Sauran ilimi ya ƙunshi falsafar ilimi da ta bambanta da ilimin koyarwa da ilimi na yau da kullun da kuma ilimin da ya danganci shaida. Ana iya samun irin wannan Yanayin ilmantarwa a cikin jihohi, takardar shaidar, da Makarantu masu zaman kansu da kuma yanayin ilmantarwar gida. Yawancin hanyoyin ilimi suna jaddada ƙananan ɗalibai, dangantaka ta kusa tsakanin ɗalibai da malamai da kuma jin daɗin al'umma.

Tsarin shari'a na irin wannan ilimin ya bambanta dangane da yankin da ake zaune, kuma yana ƙayyade duk wani wajibi na bin ƙa'idodin jarabawa da maki na yau da kullun.

Sauran hanyoyin koyarwa na iya haɗawa da tsari daban-daban, kamar a cikin azuzuwan buɗewa, alaƙar malamai da ɗalibai daban-daban, kamar a cikin Quaker da makarantu kyauta, da/ko manhajoji daban-daban da hanyoyin koyarwa, kamar a makarantun Waldorf da Montessori . [1] Ma'anar "madadin" a cikin wannan mahallin ya haɗa da "ba na gargajiya ba" da "ba na al'ada ba". Masu ilimi na madadin suna amfani da kalmomi kamar " na al'ada ". [2]

Tarihi

Ilimi na daban ya taso ne sakamakon kafa ilimi mai daidaito da na tilas a cikin ƙarni biyu zuwa uku da suka gabata. Masu ilimi ciki har da Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, ɗan agaji na Switzerland ; Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, da Henry David Thoreau ; waɗanda suka kafa ilimi mai ci gaba John Dewey da Francis Parker, da kuma masu jagoranci a fannin ilimi kamar Friedrich Fröbel, Maria Montessori da Rudolf Steiner sun yi imanin cewa ilimi ya kamata ya horar da yaro mai tasowa a matakai da yawa: ba kawai a fannin tunani ba, har ma a fannin ɗabi'a da ruhaniya, a fannin motsin rai da tunani, da kuma a zahiri . Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an ƙirƙiri wata hanyar Reggio Emilia ta koyar da yara ƙanana a Italiya, wadda Loris Malaguzzi ta gabatar.

Masu sukar al'adu kamar John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer da George Dennison sun yi nazarin ilimi daga ra'ayoyin masu ra'ayin daidaikun mutane, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, da kuma masu sassaucin ra'ayi . Sauran marubuta, daga Paulo Freire zuwa malaman Amurka Herbert Kohl da Jonathan Kozol, sun soki ilimin Yammacin duniya daga ra'ayin siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi da tsattsauran ra'ayi. Hujjar da ake da ita ta hanyar amfani da salon koyo da sha'awa ga mutum ɗaya tana da goyon bayan bincike da ke nuna cewa tsarin da ke da alhakin koyo ya fi tasiri fiye da wanda ke da alhakin malami. Ron Miller ya gano abubuwa guda biyar da suka haɗa da madadin ilimi: