Sauyin yanayi na Costa Rica
Costa Rica tana kan Isthmus na Amurka ta Tsakiya, kewaye da ma'anar 10 ° arewacin ma'auni da 84 ° yammacin babban meridian. Yana da kilomita 212 na bakin Tekun Caribbean da 1,016 a Arewacin Tekun Pacific.
Yankin yana da 51,100 km2 wanda 40 km2 ruwa ne. Ya ɗan ƙarami ne fiye da Bosnia da Herzegovina.
Ilimin ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Costa Rica tana kan Caribbean Plate . Yana da iyaka da Cocos Plate a cikin Tekun Pacific wanda ake ragewa a ƙarƙashinsa. Wannan ya samar da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Costa Rica, wanda aka fi sani da Tsakiyar Amurka Volcanic Arc . [1]
Plate na Caribbean ya fara ƙaura zuwa gabas a lokacin Late Cretaceous. A lokacin Late Paleocene, wani ƙaramin matakin teku na gida wanda ke taimaka wa haɓakar nahiya ta gefen yammacin Amurka ta Kudu, ya haifar da wata gada ta ƙasa wacce ƙungiyoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa suka shiga cikin musayar.
Girgizar ƙasa da yawa a Costa Rica sun faru.
Yanayin siyasa da na ɗan adam
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Costa Rica tana da iyaka mai nisan kilomita 313 (194-mile) tare da Nicaragua a arewa, da kuma iyaka mai tsawon kilomita 348 tare da Panama a kudu.
Costa Rica claims an exclusive economic zone of 574,725 square kilometres (221,903 sq mi) with 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) and a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi).
Amfani da ƙasa: Yankin noma: 4.8%. Amfanin gona na dindindin: 6.66%. Sauran: 88.54%.
Rukunin gudanarwa na Costa Rica sun hada da larduna 7, cantons 82, da gundumomi 478. Har ila yau, akwai Yankunan 24 na asali.
Yanayin jiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsibirin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai kusan tsibirai 79 na Costa Rica, mafi nisa shine Tsibirin Cocos kuma mafi girma shine Isla Calero.
Yankin bakin tekun ƙasar ya rabu da Cordillera ta Tsakiya da Cordillora de Talamanca, waɗanda suka zama kashin ƙasar kuma suka raba raƙuman ruwa na Pacific da Caribbean.
Cordillera de Guanacaste yana arewa kusa da iyakar da Nicaragua kuma yana cikin ɓangaren Continental Divide of the Americas .
Yawancin Cordillera de Talamanca an haɗa su a cikin La Amistad International Park, wanda ke tsakanin Costa Rica da Panama. Ya ƙunshi kololuwar ƙasar: Cerro Chirripó da Cerro Kamuk. Yawancin yankin yana cikin dazuzzukan montane na Talamancan. Hakanan ya haɗa da Cerros de Escazú wanda ke iyaka da Kwarin Tsakiyar Costa Rica zuwa kudu.
Yankin da aka yi tambaya ya rufe 1,031 km2.
Koguna na Costa Rica duk suna shiga cikin Caribbean ko Pacific.
Abubuwa masu tsanani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsibirin Cocos shine iyakar kudu maso yammacin ƙasar. In ba haka ba a arewa Peñas Blancas ne, a kudu da gabas daya daga cikin iyakar Panama da yawa, kuma a yammacin yankin Santa Elena.
Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci shine matakin teku, kuma mafi tsayi shine Colero Chillido: a 3810 m wanda shine mafi girma.
Yanayin yanayi ne na wurare masu zafi. Lokacin zafi (Disamba zuwa Afrilu); lokacin ruwan sama (Mayu zuwa Nuwamba); sanyi a tsaunuka.
Saboda Costa Rica tana tsakanin digiri 8 zuwa 12 a arewacin Equator, yanayin yana da zafi a duk shekara. Koyaya, ƙasar tana da Yanayin yanayi da yawa dangane da tsawo, ruwan sama, yanayin ƙasa, da kuma yanayin ƙasa na kowane yanki.
Ana bayyana lokutan Costa Rica ta hanyar yawan ruwan sama da ke fadowa a wani lokaci. Ana iya raba shekara zuwa lokuta biyu, lokacin fari da mazauna suka sani da lokacin rani (verano), da kuma lokacin ruwan sama, wanda aka sani a cikin gida kamar hunturu (invierno). "Lokaci" ko lokacin bushewa yana tafiya daga Disamba zuwa Afrilu, kuma "winter" ko lokacin ruwan sama yana tafiya daga Mayu zuwa Nuwamba, wanda kusan ya dace da Lokacin guguwar Atlantic, kuma a wannan lokacin, ruwan sama yana ci gaba da yawa a wasu yankuna.[2]
Wurin da ke karɓar ruwan sama mafi yawa shine gangaren Caribbean na tsaunukan Cordillera ta Tsakiya, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da 5,000 millimetres (196.9 in) in). Rashin zafi kuma ya fi girma a gefen Caribbean fiye da gefen Pacific. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a kan ƙasashen bakin teku yana kusa da 27 °C (81 °F) ° C (81 ° F), 20 °C (68 °F) ° C (68 ° F) manyan yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a na Cordillera ta Tsakiya, kuma ƙasa da 10 °C (50 °F) ° C (50 ° F) akan taron koli na tsaunuka mafi girma.[3]
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| Watan | Janairu | Fabrairu | Maris | Afrilu | Mayu | Yuni | Yuli | Ogusta | Satumba | Oktoba | Nuwamba | Disamba | Shekara |
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| Watan | Janairu | Fabrairu | Maris | Afrilu | Mayu | Yuni | Yuli | Ogusta | Satumba | Oktoba | Nuwamba | Disamba | Shekara |
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Canjin yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Costa Rica tana da matukar damuwa ga abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi, wanda Canjin yanayi zai iya kara tsanantawa. Yawancin jama'ar Costa Rica (78%) da ayyukan tattalin arziki (80% na GDP) suna mai da hankali ne a yankunan da ke da matukar damuwa ga haɗarin yanayi daban-daban, kamar ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, guguwa, guguwar guguwa da hauhawar matakin teku.[4] Matsayin teku yana tashi tare da iyakar Costa Rica, yana ƙara haɗarin yankuna masu ƙasƙanci ga guguwar guguwa da rushewa tare da sakamako ga kamun kifi, kayan aikin tashar jiragen ruwa da yawon shakatawa.
Kasar tana fuskantar karuwar yanayin zafi (musamman a tsaunuka masu tsawo), da kuma sauya yanayin ruwan sama wanda ke haifar da karuwar haɗarin fari tare da gangaren Pacific da ambaliyar ruwa a duk yankuna na ƙasar. Karin yanayin zafi da matsanancin zafi zai haifar da manyan sakamako ga lafiyar ɗan adam, noma (musamman kofi da noman ayaba), tsaro na ruwa, yawon shakatawa, da bambancin halittu da yanayin halittu na ƙasar.[5]
Costa Rica ta yi alkawarin rage hayakin iskar gas ta hanyar 9.11 MtCO2e ta hanyar 2030 da kuma net zero ta hanyar 2050, wanda aka sanar a cikin Shirin Decarbonisation na Kasa (NDP). [6] A cewar Climate Action Tracker, Costa Rica ta sami ci gaba mai kyau ga burinta na yanayi.[6]
Tsire-tsire da dabbobi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Costa Rica wuri ne mai yawan halittu. Duk da yake ƙasar tana da kusan 0.03% na ƙasar duniya, tana ƙunshe da 5% na bambancin halittu na duniya. Gida ce ga kimanin nau'in shuke-shuke 12,119, daga cikinsu 950 suna da iyaka.[7] Akwai itatuwa na asali 117 da fiye da nau'ikan orchid 1,400; ana iya samun kashi ɗaya bisa uku daga cikinsu a cikin Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve. Kusan rabin ƙasar ƙasar ta rufe da gandun daji, kodayake kawai kashi 3.5% ne aka rufe da gandu daji na farko.[7] An rage sare daji a Costa Rica daga wasu mafi munin kudade a duniya daga 1973 zuwa 1989, zuwa kusan sifili a shekara ta 2005. [8]
Bambance namun daji a Costa Rica yana da yawa; akwai nau'ikan amphibians 441 da dabbobi masu rarrafe, nau'ikan tsuntsaye 838, nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 232 da nau'in kifin ruwa mai dadi 181. Costa Rica yana da manyan matakan endemism; nau'in amphibians 81 da dabbobi masu rarrafe, nau'ikan tsuntsaye 17 da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 7 suna cikin kasar. Koyaya, yawancin nau'ikan suna cikin haɗari. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Kariya ta Duniya, nau'ikan tsuntsaye 209, dabbobi masu shayarwa, dabbobi masu rarrafe, 'yan amfibi da tsirrai na cikin hatsari.[9] Wasu daga cikin nau'o'in da suka fi haɗari a ƙasar sune harpy eagle, giant anteater, golden toad da Jaguar. Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN) ta ba da rahoton kwayar zinariya kamar yadda ta ƙare.
Fiye da kashi 25% na yankin Costa Rica an kare shi ta hanyar National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), wanda ke kula da duk wuraren da aka kare a kasar. Akwai wuraren shakatawa na kasa 29 na Costa Rica da yawa wuraren kiyayewa na Costa Rica. Tare yankunan da aka kare sun ƙunshi fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yankin Costa Rican. 9.3% na kasar an kare su a karkashin IUCN categories I-V. Kimanin kashi 25% na yankin ƙasar yana cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da wuraren kariya, [10] [11] mafi girman kashi na yankunan kariya a duniya (ƙasa a duniya 13%, ci gaba a duniya 8%). [8] [12] [13]
Gidan shakatawa na Tortuguero yana da gida ga birai, masu lalacewa, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu rarrafe iri-iri.
Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Monteverde Cloud yana da kimanin nau'in shuke-shuke 2,000, [14] gami da yawancin orchid. Fiye da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 400 da fiye da nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa 100 ana iya samun su a can.[14]
An gano nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 840 a Costa Rica. Kamar yadda yake a yawancin Amurka ta tsakiya, nau'in avian a Costa Rica sun haɗu da nau'in Arewacin Amirka da Kudancin Amirka. Yawan itatuwan 'ya'yan itace na kasar, wadanda yawancinsu ke bada 'ya'ya duk shekara, suna da matukar muhimmanci ga tsuntsayen, wasun su suna rayuwa ta hanyar cin abinci mai dauke da 'ya'yan itace iri daya ko biyu. Wasu daga cikin fitattun nau'o'in nau'in avian na ƙasar sun haɗa da quetzal mai ban sha'awa, macaw mai launin ja, bellbird mai wattled uku, umbrellabird mara wuya, da keel-billed toucan.[15] An ba da izinin Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad don tattara sarauta a kan duk wani binciken halittu na muhimmancin kiwon lafiya. Costa Rica cibiyar bambancin halittu ce ga dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians, gami da kwayar da ta fi sauri a duniya, iguana mai tsayi (Ctenosaura similis). [16]
Albarkatun halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana samar da wutar lantarki daga tafkin Arenal, tafkin mafi girma a Costa Rica. Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa shine 112.4
Janye ruwan ruwan shine 5.77 km3/shekara (15%/9%/77%), ko kowane mutum: 1,582 m3/shekara. Noma shine mafi girman mai amfani da ruwa yana buƙatar kusan kashi 53% na jimlar kayayyaki yayin da sashin ke ba da gudummawar 6.5% ga GDP na Costa Rica. Duka jimlar yawan amfani da ruwa da kowane mutum yana da girma sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashen Amurka ta Tsakiya amma idan aka auna su da tushen ruwan da ake da su, Costa Rica tana amfani da kashi 5% kawai na wadatar da ake samu.
Ƙara birane zai sanya matsin lamba ga kula da albarkatun ruwa a Costa Rica.
Hotunan Costa Rica
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shaded relief map of Costa Rica
Map of Costa Rica
Topography of Costa Rica
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Costa Rica
- Jerin Kuskuren a Costa Rica
- Costa Rica tana cikin yarjejeniyoyi masu zuwa: Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta, Yarjejeniyar Canjin Muhalli, Yarjejeniya ta Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi, Yarjejeniyar Montreal, Yarjejeniyar Ramsar, Yarjejeniyoyin Kasa da Kasa don Gudanar da Kifi, Yarjejeniyarsa ta Yaduwar Kayan Kayan Kudanar, Yaruni na Basel, Yarjejeniyar kan Dokar Tekun, Yarjejeniyoyi kan Ruwa, da Yarjejeniyar haramtacciyar gwajin nukiliya. Ya sanya hannu amma bai tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kula da Rayuwar Ruwa da Yarjejeniya ta Kyoto ba.
- ↑ "Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, Volcán Arenal, Map, Eruptions". geology.com. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ↑ "viajes a Costa Rica". archive.org - ES (in Sifaniyanci).
- ↑ Eggar, Marc. "Climate/Weather". Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
- ↑ World Bank. "Costa Rica". World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2025-03-03. Retrieved 2025-03-03.
- ↑ Stan, Kayla; Sanchez-Azofeifa, Arturo; Calvo-Rodriguez, Sofia; Castro-Magnani, Marissa; Chen, Jing; Ludwig, Ralf; Zou, Lidong (7 February 2020). "Climate change scenarios and projected impacts for forest productivity in Guanacaste Province (Costa Rica): lessons for tropical forest regions". Regional Environmental Change (in Turanci). 20 (1). doi:10.1007/s10113-020-01602-z. ISSN 1436-3798.
- 1 2 "Costa Rica". climateactiontracker.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-03.
- 1 2 "Costa Rica Forest Information and Data". rainforests.mongabay.com.
- 1 2 Brown, Jessica; Bird, Neil (2010). "Costa Rica sustainable resource management: Successfully tackling tropical deforestation". Overseas Development Institute. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.
- ↑ "World Conservation Monitoring Centre Home". Retrieved 2012-01-28.
- ↑ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. "Issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries and recommendations on any further process"" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- ↑ Earth Trends (2003). "Biodiversity and Protected Areas – Costa Rica" (PDF). World Resources Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- ↑ "Costa Rica National Parks and Reserves". World Headquarters. 2007. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- ↑ Leonardo Coutinho; Otávio Cabral (21 May 2008). "O desafio da economia verde" (in Harshen Potugis). Revista Veja. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2008. Published on website "Planeta Sustentável"
- 1 2 "Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve". Govisitcostarica.com. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- ↑ Stater, Adam. "Birds of Costa Rica".
- ↑ Garland, T. Jr. (1984). "Physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a lizard: an allometric approach" (PDF). American Journal of Physiology. 247 (5 Pt 2): R806–R815. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1984.247.5.R806. PMID 6238543. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.