Sauyin yanayi na Svalbard
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Svalbard wani tsibiri ne na Norwegian a cikin Tekun Arctic. Sauyin yanayi na Svalbard galibi shine sakamakon latitude, wanda ke tsakanin 74° da 81° arewa. Hukumar kula da yanayi ta duniya ta ayyana yanayi a matsayin matsakaicin yanayi a tsawon shekaru 30. Arewacin Atlantic na yanzu yana daidaita yanayin zafi na Svalbard, musamman a lokacin hunturu, yana ba shi sama da 20 ° C (36 °F) mafi girman zafin hunturu fiye da irin wannan latitudes a cikin nahiyar Rasha da Kanada. Wannan yana buɗe ruwan da ke kewaye da buɗewa da kewayawa mafi yawan shekara. Yankunan fjord na ciki da kwaruruka, waɗanda tsaunuka ke ba su mafaka, suna da ƙarancin bambance-bambancen zafin jiki fiye da bakin tekun, tare da ƙarancin yanayin zafi na 2 °C da yanayin zafi sama da 3 °C. A kudancin tsibirin mafi girma, Spitsbergen, zafin jiki ya dan fi tsayi fiye da arewa da yamma. A lokacin hunturu, bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin kudu da arewa yawanci shine 5 ° C, kuma kusan 3 °C a lokacin rani. Tsibirin Bear (Bjørnøya) yana da matsakaicin yanayin zafi har ma sama da sauran tsibiran.
Svalbard tana tsakanin raƙuman ruwa guda biyu - Atlantic West Spitsbergen Current da sanyi Arctic East Spitsbergin Current . [1] Wadannan raƙuman ruwa suna da babban tasiri a kan yanayin Svalbard da kuma rarraba kankara na teku. Rashin zafi na Atlantic a bakin tekun yamma yana haifar da matsakaicin zafin teku na 5-7 ° C. Wannan yana haifar da bambanci a rarraba kankara a kan Svalbard, tare da gabar gabas da ke da yanki mafi girma na teku da aka rufe da kankara fiye da gabar yamma.[2]
Bayanan tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Saboda tarihin rayuwar ɗan adam, Svalbard yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsawo a cikin bayanan yanayi a duniya. 4 °C (7.2 °F) sun daɗe suna hasashen ingantawar yanayin zafi a irin waɗannan latitudes, don haka rikodin Svalbard yana da ban sha'awa sosai. Yana nuna kusan 6 °C (10.8 °F) ° C (10.8 ° F) karuwa a cikin shekaru 100; tare da 4 ° C (7.2 ° F) karu a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata.
Bayanan yanayi na Svalbard sun samo asali ne daga 1911. Kashi 60% na tsibirin an rufe shi da ƙanƙara, don haka ta hanyar hakowa don ƙwayoyin kankara ana iya nazarin yanayin kafin wannan lokacin.[3] Ice cores a kan Svalbard na iya bayyana yanayin da ya koma shekaru 1,000, zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Viking. Binciken Cibiyar Polar ta Norway ya gano cewa shekaru 1,000 da suka gabata yanayin Svalbard ya kasance mai sauƙi, yana ba da damar teku su kasance masu tafiya. Wannan yanayin zafi ya kasance har zuwa 1200s. Bayan wannan lokacin yanayin ya kasance a cikin lokacin sanyi, ko ƙaramin zamanin kankara, ban da kusan shekarun 1750 lokacin da yanayin ya fi zafi.[3] Bayanai daga ƙwayoyin kankara sun gano karni na 20 shine ƙarni mafi zafi a cikin shekaru 600 da suka gabata.[4]
Yanayin yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a kan Svalbard ya kasance daga 3 zuwa 7 ° C (37.4 zuwa 44.6 ° F) a watan Yuli, kuma yanayin hunturu daga -13 zuwa -20 ° C (8.6 zuwa -4.0 ° F) A watan Janairu.[5] Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin shine 23.0 °C (73.4 °F) ° C (73.4 ° F) a watan Yulin 2020 kuma mafi sanyi shine -46.3 ° C (-51.3 ° F) A watan Maris 1986.[6] Tsibirin shine wurin taro na iska mai sanyi daga arewa da iska mai laushi, mai laushi daga kudu. Wannan yana haifar da matsin lamba da sauyin yanayi tare da saurin iska mai ƙarfi, musamman hunturu; Janairu, ana yin rajistar iska mai ƙarfi 17% na lokacin a Isfjord Radio, amma kawai 1% na lokacin a watan Yuli. A lokacin rani, musamman daga ƙasa, hazo ya zama ruwan dare, tare da ganuwa a ƙarƙashin kilomita 1 (0.62 rajista 20% na lokacin a watan Yuli da 1% na lokacin a cikin Janairu, a Hopen da Bear Island. Ruwan sama yana da yawa, amma yana fadowa a ƙananan adadi, yawanci ƙasa da 400 millimeters (15.7 in) a Yammacin Spitsbergen. Yawancin ruwan sama yana fadowa a gefen gabas da ba a zaune ba, inda za a iya zama fiye da millimeters 1,000 (39.4 in). [7]
A al'adance an yi hasashen yanayi ga Spitsbergen, wanda saboda bukatun balaguro da ayyukan gwamnan ya ba da matsanancin yanayi a tsibirin. Wannan ya haɗa da tsinkaya don wuraren da ke fuskantar yanayi kamar Hinlopen, Sørkapp da Danes Island. Kamar yadda yawancin mutane ke zaune a yankin da aka tsare na Nordenskiöld Land, ana yawan ɗaukar tsinkaya a matsayin mara amfani. Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Norway ta fara ne daga ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2011 ta ba da tsinkaya guda biyu, wanda aka watsa shi a fili kuma yana rufe manyan ƙauyuka na Longyearbyen, Barentsburg da Svea ("Nordenskiöld Land"), kuma wanda ke rufe dukan tsibirin ("Spitsbergen"). [8]
| Climate data for {{{location}}} | |||||||||||||
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| Watan | Janairu | Fabrairu | Maris | Afrilu | Mayu | Yuni | Yuli | Ogusta | Satumba | Oktoba | Nuwamba | Disamba | Shekara |
| [Ana bukatan hujja] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for {{{location}}} | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Watan | Janairu | Fabrairu | Maris | Afrilu | Mayu | Yuni | Yuli | Ogusta | Satumba | Oktoba | Nuwamba | Disamba | Shekara |
| [Ana bukatan hujja] | |||||||||||||
Canjin yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]BE.jpg)
Yankin Arctic yana da matukar damuwa ga canjin yanayi saboda yanayin iska na sama yana ƙaruwa sau biyu na duniya.[9] Yanayi na musamman na Svalbard - wanda ya haɗa da hunturu tare da duhu na dindindin (Oktoba-Fabrairu) da rani tare da haske na dindada (Afrilu-Agusta) - yana da tasiri sosai a kan ilimin muhalli, tare da yawancin nau'in da aka saba da su musamman don tsira daga mummunan yanayi.[10]
Svalbard kuma yana daga cikin masu saurin motsawa a duniya. Tun da yake ƙasar tana dumama sau biyu na duniya, yawan ruwan da ya narke a ƙarƙashin kankara yana shafa dutsen da ya isa ya sa kankara su ci gaba da mita 25 a kowace rana a lokacin zafi.[10]
Ruwan sanyi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Permafrost ƙasa ce da ke daskarewa har abada, wanda mafi yawan ƙasar da ke cikin Arctic shine. Kula da permafrost a Svalbard tsari ne mai gudana kuma galibi ana yin sa ne a cikin boreholes. Janssonhaugen, kilomita 20 daga Longyearbyen, sanannen wurin sa ido ne. Yawancin lokaci babu wata damuwa ga ci gaban zafin jiki saboda rashin yaduwar ruwa a cikin sanyi mai sanyi. Wannan ya sauƙaƙa lura da canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki a zurfin mita 30 zuwa 40. Ta hanyar bayanan da aka tattara, ana iya lissafin canje-canjen zafin jiki da suka faru a kusa da farfajiyar a cikin shekaru 10-20 da suka gabata. Kula da ƙanƙara ya fara ne a cikin 1998 kuma bincike tun daga wannan lokacin ya nuna cewa zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa. A matsakaita bangare na sama na zafin jiki yana tashi da 0.8 ° C a kowace shekara goma kuma yana hanzarta a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.[11]
Hawan zafin iska yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan narkewar permafrost a Janssonhaugen. Tunda duk gine-gine, hanyoyi, gadoji, filayen jirgin sama da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa an gina su akan permafrost a Svalbard za a sami sakamako. Lokacin da dumama da narkewar permafrost ke faruwa gine-gine kuma abubuwan da za su shafi abubuwan more rayuwa kuma za su kasance marasa ƙarfi. Permafrost yana da mahimmanci don daidaita tsaunin tuddai, wanda kuma yana iya zama rashin kwanciyar hankali kuma yana haifar da zabtarewar ƙasa a lokacin rani. Narke permafrost yana da alaƙa kai tsaye tare da lokacin zafi mai zafi. Saboda haɗarin karuwar zaizayar ƙasa a lokacin rani, yawancin al'adun gargajiya da suka rage waɗanda ke cikin yankin teku na iya zama masu rauni kuma suna cikin haɗari. Mafi mahimmancin sakamako, akan matakin dawafi, shine idan zurfin yadudduka na permafrost narke. Ana iya fitar da iskar gas mai girma kamar CO2 (carbon dioxide) da CH4 (methane) sannan. An adana waɗannan iskar gas a cikin ƙasa mai daskarewa, amma idan ƙasa ta narke sai a sake su cikin yanayi. Wannan na iya haifar da ƙarin hawan zafin jiki da ƙarin narkewar permafrost, ƙirƙirar ingantacciyar hanyar amsawa.[11]
Rufin dusar ƙanƙara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rufewar dusar ƙanƙara alama ce ta Canjin yanayi tunda ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar hazo da zafin jiki. Rufin dusar ƙanƙara da tsawon da yake kwance a ƙasa yana da mahimmanci don saka idanu ga abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke shafar yanayin halittu na ƙasa. Ana rage albedo lokacin da aka rage lokacin da aka rufe dusar ƙanƙara, yana haifar da ingantaccen tsarin ra'ayi ga yanayi, ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan sa ido. Rage dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin bazara na iya haifar da ingantaccen narkewar ƙanƙarar ƙanƙanta da kuma shafar yanayin shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Wannan ya haɗa da tsawaita lokacin girma da lalacewar shuke-shuke saboda ba za su sami kariya daga dusar ƙanƙara ba sabili da haka samun lalacewar sanyi.[12]
Lokacin bazara, yin rayuwa akan Svalbard ta fashe. Sarkar abubuwan da ke farawa ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara ita ce siginar farawa - ƙanƙara algal spring Bloom. Girman tsayin rana yana haifar da haɓakar ƙanƙara-algae mai gina jiki. Kankara tana narkewa a hankali daga ƙasa kuma algae suna amfani da kuzarin rana don yin hoto. Wannan haɓakar wadatar abinci yana haifar da ƙananan ɓangarorin da ake kira copepods don fitowa daga zurfin duhu kuma su fara ciyar da kankara-algae. Ba da daɗewa ba miliyoyin su, kuma za su adana makamashin algae a matsayin ɗigon kitse a cikin ƙananan jikinsu..[10]
Lokacin da Afrilu ya zo, kankara ta teku a ƙarshe ta fara fashewa, kuma makamashi da aka adana a cikin copepods yanzu yana samuwa ga kwayoyin da ke sama da jerin abinci. Copepods muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce ga nau'o'i da yawa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kimanin tsuntsaye masu ƙaura miliyan 6 suka koma Svalbard. Tsuntsaye suna cin abinci a kan karuwar yawan kifaye, waɗanda suka sanya lokacin isowarsu don ya dace da karuwar abinci a cikin ruwan Svalbard mai wadata.[10]
Ƙananan canje-canje a cikin yanayin zafi na iya haifar da babban bambanci idan ya zo ga nau'in da ya dace da nau'in musamman, musamman ma lokacin da lokacin rayuwa ta bunƙasa ɗan gajeren lokaci ne, kamar yadda yake a Svalbard. Tsuntsaye masu ƙaura, alal misali, suna da 'yan watanni kawai kafin su buƙaci komawa gidajensu na hunturu mai zafi sannan kuma 'ya'yan suna buƙatar kasancewa a shirye don tafiya mai tsawo. Ƙananan sauye-sauye na yanayi na iya sa jinsin ya rasa mafi girman albarkatun, wanda suke buƙatar ciyar da 'ya'yansu idan za su kasance masu ƙarfi don tsira. Lokaci mara kyau a cikin phenology na iya samun sakamako mai yawa a cikin jerin abinci.[10]
Ilimin muhalli na duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Canjin yanayi, a cikin yanayin zafi mai tashi, zai kara yawan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin hunturu na Svalbard. Wannan yana da sakamako ga masu cin ganyayyaki - kamar Svalbard reindeer da Svalbard rock ptarmigan - waɗanda suka dogara da tsire-tsire da dabbobi da aka warwatsa a matsayin tushen abinci kawai a lokacin hunturu. Tare da abubuwan da suka faru akai-akai, waɗannan tsire-tsire yanzu suna ciyar da karin lokaci a ƙarƙashin wani nau'i mai zurfi na sabon kankara, wanda masu cin ganyayyaki ba za su iya samun dama ba.[13]
Wani nau'in da ke amfana daga yanayin zafi mai tasowa a kan Svalbard shine goose mai ƙaura mai launin ruwan hoda (Anser brachyrhynchus). Ragewar rufe kankara na ƙasa a cikin bazara yana nufin cewa tsuntsaye na iya fara yin gida a baya kuma akwai ƙarin nau'i-nau'i, wanda ke haifar da mafi girman nasarar haifuwa. Wannan duk da haka yana da wasu sakamako ga tsire-tsire na ƙasa da daidaitattun yanayin halittu. Tare da karuwar yawan masu cin ganyayyaki kamar goge mai launin ruwan hoda gasar don abinci na farko da aka samar za ta karu kuma ta shafi wasu nau'ikan masu cin ganyayi da masu cin ganyaye masu alaƙa da su.[13]
Dabbobi masu mamayewa na duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kasancewa rukuni na tsibirai, ƙaura zuwa Svalbard yana da wahala ga nau'ikan ƙasa. Babban barazanar gabatar da nau'o'in baƙi yana da alaƙa da ayyukan ɗan adam. Mutane na iya gabatar da nau'o'in da gangan amma gabatarwar da ba da gangan ba tabbas ta fi kowa. Binciken da ya mayar da hankali kan takalman da mutanen da suka isa Svalbard suka sa ya bayyana nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban. An bincika tsaba da Briophytes kuma an rarraba su a matsayin na iyalai 18 daban-daban da nau'o'i daban-daban 41.[14] Abubuwan da aka gabatar da su suna haifar da barazanar zama masu mamayewa idan sun yi sa'a sosai wajen daidaitawa da sabon yanayi.
Ilimin muhalli na ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Phytoplankton da zooplankton
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ma aunin da sakamakon da ke tattare da murfin kankara a cikin Arctic zai iya shafar kwayoyin halittar da ke da hannu a cikin aikin farko - phytoplankton da zooplankton. Sakamakon raguwar ƙanƙarar teku da kuma lokacin girma mai tsayi, yawan amfanin phytoplankton na iya zama mafi girma a wasu yankuna. Abubuwan da ake samarwa na farko sun karu a cikin Arctic da kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 daga 1998 zuwa 2009. Duk da haka, ana lura da yanayi daban-daban a wurare daban-daban yayin da yawan aiki a wasu yankuna ya kasance baya canzawa ko ma raguwa. Lokacin furanni da nau'ikan nau'ikan suma sun canza cikin waɗannan shekaru. A cikin dogon lokaci wannan zai iya rinjayar nau'in da ke dogara kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ga yawan aiki na farko, amma waɗannan tasirin suna da wuyar ganewa. A cewar wasu hasashen murfin kankara, an kiyasta cewa algae kankara zai ragu sosai ko ma ya mutu a cikinTekun Barents.[15]
Za'a iya fitar da sakamako daban-daban daga samfuran zooplankton da yawa tare da canjin yanayi na gaba. Wasu kimantawa sun nuna jimlar biomass na zooplankton zai karu wasu kuma zai ragu. Ko ta yaya an yi hasashen cewa nau'in nau'in phytoplankton da zooplankton zai canza.[15]
Dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ginin teku a cikin Arctic ya riga ya nuna canje-canje masu ban mamaki a cikin kauri da girman, kuma ana sa ran waɗannan canje-canjen za su ci gaba a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke da alaƙa da kankara sun riga sun nuna canje-canje a cikin rarrabawa, yanayin jiki da haifuwa. Ana sa ran tasirin da ba shi da kyau a cikin shekarun da suka gabata zai karu kuma zai iya ƙaruwa sakamakon raguwar rufe kankara. Hakanan, wannan halin na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan bambancin halittu tsakanin dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa a cikin Arctic.[15]
_maritimus_female_with_its_cub,_Svalbard_(2).jpg)
Dabbobi da yawa, musamman bears (Ursus maritimus) da hatimi (Pusa hispida), suna buƙatar mazaunin kankara na teku, yayin da suke bin kankara mai yawo zuwa arewa a lokacin rani kuma su koma yankunan bakin teku lokacin da hunturu ya zo. Sabili da haka, canje-canje a cikin kankara na teku na iya samun tasiri sosai a kan waɗannan nau'ikan.[16]
Canjin yanayi ana zaton shine babbar barazanar da ke fuskantar bears. A cikin Arctic beyar polar ita ce babbar mai cin nama wacce ta dogara sosai da kankara ta teku don farauta. Ginin da ke yawo yana ba da damar samun abin da ya fi muhimmanci - hatimi mai laushi. An riga an lura da raguwar yawan jama'a, canje-canje a cikin halayyar da kuma mummunar yanayin jiki, musamman a kudancin yankin mazaunin jinsin. An lura cewa sauye-sauyen yanayi yana shafar yawan haihuwa da yanayi a cikin yawan beyar polar a Svalbard, amma abubuwa da yawa suna da alaƙa kuma akwai fannoni da ba a fahimta ba.[15]
Hatimin da aka yi da zobe ya dogara da kankara kuma musamman yana buƙatar ƙanƙarar teku a cikin fjords, kewayen tsibirai da glaciers don hayayyafa. Suna haihuwar 'ya'ya maza a cikin kogon dusar ƙanƙara, kuma ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara na iya nufin cewa zai yi musu wuya su sassaƙa kogo dangane da ramin numfashi. Hakanan, wannan na iya nufin cewa ana buƙatar su haihu akan buɗaɗɗen ƙanƙara, suna fallasa ƴan ƴaƴan ga mafarauta da kuma rashin kariya daga yanayin yanayi mai tsauri. Suna hutawa kuma suna samun abinci a kan kankara, da kuma rage murfin kankara saboda sauyin yanayi yana nufin cewa duka waɗannan ayyukan suna daɗa wahala. A yammacin gabar tekun Svalbard, an lura cewa ba a sami isasshiyar ƙanƙarar ruwa don haifuwa ba tun shekara ta 2005 kuma ana tsammanin yawan jama'a na raguwa.[16]
Dabbobi masu mamaye ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana gabatar da nau'ikan halittu masu mamayewa ko masu mamaye ruwa da farko ta hanyar isowa ko wucewa jiragen ruwa, kuma kodayake Svalbard yana daya daga cikin yankunan da ba su da tasiri a duniya, a cikin sauyin yanayi wannan yana ƙarƙashin canji. Rugujewar kankara ta teku tana gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don masana'antar sufuri kuma watakila sau da yawa ana fallasa su ga biofouling da Ruwa mai laushi.[17] Karin zafin jiki na iya haifar da wasu nau'o'in da za su iya rayuwa a cikin Arctic. An buga rahotanni kaɗan na kimiyya da ke da alaƙa da nau'o'in mamayewa a cikin Arctic kuma don samun kyakkyawar fahimta ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike.
Ayyukan ɗan adam
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tare da narkewar kankara na teku sabbin damar yin amfani da ko cire albarkatun kasa suna fitowa a Svalbard. Ƙarin amfani da ƙasa da teku ta hanyar ayyukan kamar gas da man fetur, kamun kifi da yawon bude ido na iya cutar da muhalli. Har ila yau, akwai babban rashin tabbas game da tasirin da karuwar ayyukan daban-daban za ta yi a yankin Svalbard. Wani haɗari tare da canjin yanayi shine sau da yawa abubuwan da ke faruwa, wanda zai iya haifar da lalacewar dukiya da ababen more rayuwa. Har ila yau, yanayin zafi mafi girma na iya haifar da zurfin narkewa a cikin layin permafrost wanda zai iya raunana kwanciyar hankali na ƙasa kuma ta haka ne ya yi barazana ga gine-gine da hanyoyi.[18]
Ruwan ruwa na tsaba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Svalbard Global Seed Vault yana adana tsaba daga bankunan tsaba a duk faɗin duniya, da nufin samar da adanawa na ajiyar gado na bambancin shuke-shuke ta hanyar barazanar kamar Canjin yanayi, bala'in halitta da rikice-rikicen ɗan adam. Ya kamata wurin ya kasance mai aminci wanda ke fuskantar bala'o'i na ɗan adam da na halitta.[19]
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A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2016, yanayin zafi sama da matsakaici a hade tare da ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar da shigar ruwa zuwa wurare masu zurfi fiye da yadda ya faru a baya. Ba a shafar tsaba ba yayin da ƙirar ajiyar ta dace da shigar ruwa. Koyaya, hukumar ayyukan jama'a ta Norway, Statsbygg, yanzu tana shirin inganta ramin don hana duk wani irin wannan shiga tsakani a nan gaba kuma musamman fuskantar canjin yanayi mara tabbas.[20] Gwamnatin Norway ta ba da shawarar inganta Svalbard Global Seed Vault kuma ta ware NOK miliyan 100 don wannan dalili.[19] Za a gudanar da ingantaccen fasaha a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin dogon lokaci tare da manufar fadada yiwuwar da inganta aikin ajiyar iri. Aikin ingantawa ya haɗa da ingantaccen fasaha kamar ramin shiga da aka gina a kankare da kuma kayan aiki wanda zai karɓi wutar lantarki ta gaggawa da kayan firiji.[19][20]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Ślubowska, Marta A.; Koç, Nalân; Rasmussen, Tine L.; Klitgaard-Kristensen, Dorthe (23 November 2005). "Changes in the flow of Atlantic water into the Arctic Ocean since the last deglaciation: Evidence from the northern Svalbard continental margin, 80°N". Paleoceanography. 20 (4): n/a. Bibcode:2005PalOc..20.4014A. doi:10.1029/2005pa001141. ISSN 0883-8305.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:8 - 1 2 "Ice cores". Norwegian Polar Institute. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ↑ Isaksson, Elisabeth; Hermanson, Mark; Hicks, Sheila; Igarashi, Makoto; Kamiyama, Kokichi; Moore, John; Motoyama, Hideaki; Muir, Derek; Pohjola, Veijo (January 2003). "Ice cores from Svalbard––useful archives of past climate and pollution history". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 28 (28–32): 1217–1228. Bibcode:2003PCE....28.1217I. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.053. ISSN 1474-7065.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ "Temperaturnormaler for Spitsbergen i perioden 1961 - 1990" (in Harhsen Norway). Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ↑ "Hottest Ever Day Recorded in Arctic Svalbard". 25 July 2020.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedt101 - ↑ "Nordenskiöld Land". Norwegian Meteorological Institute. 14 October 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ↑ "AR4 WGII Chapter 15: Polar Regions (Arctic and Antarctic)". www.ipcc.ch. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "BBC Two - Earth's Greatest Spectacles". BBC. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- 1 2 "Permafrost". MOSJ – Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ↑ "Duration of snow cover on land". MOSJ – Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- 1 2 Descamps, Sébastien; Aars, Jon; Fuglei, Eva; Kovacs, Kit M.; Lydersen, Christian; Pavlova, Olga; Pedersen, Åshild Ø.; Ravolainen, Virve; Strøm, Hallvard (28 June 2016). "Climate change impacts on wildlife in a High Arctic archipelago - Svalbard, Norway". Global Change Biology. 23 (2): 490–502. Bibcode:2017GCBio..23..490D. doi:10.1111/gcb.13381. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 27250039.
- ↑ "Risk assessment of non-native seed introduction by visitors to Svalbard" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-13. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
- 1 2 3 4 Kovacs, Kit M.; Lydersen, Christian; Overland, James E.; Moore, Sue E. (1 March 2011). "Impacts of changing sea-ice conditions on Arctic marine mammals". Marine Biodiversity. 41 (1): 181–194. doi:10.1007/s12526-010-0061-0. ISSN 1867-1616. S2CID 27820873.
- 1 2 "Climate change: effects on ecosystems in the ice and at the ice edge". Norwegian Polar Institute. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ↑ "Ships as potential dispersal vectors of invasive marine organisms into high-Arctic Svalbard" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-13. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
- ↑ Environment, Ministry of the (7 May 2013). "Meld. St. 33 (2012–2013)". Government.no. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
- 1 2 3 Food, Ministry of Agriculture and (23 February 2018). "The government proposes to allocate 100 million NOK to upgrade the Svalbard Global Seed Vault". Government.no. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- 1 2 "Svalbard Global Seed Vault. Improvements - statsbygg.no". www.statsbygg.no (in Harhsen Norway). Retrieved 11 May 2018.