Sayyida al Hurra
 Sayyida al Hurra | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
1515 - 1542
| |||||
| Rayuwa | |||||
| Haihuwa |
Chefchaouen (en)  , 1485 (Gregorian) | ||||
| ƙasa | Moroko | ||||
| Harshen uwa | Larabci | ||||
| Mutuwa |
Chefchaouen (en) , 1561 | ||||
| Ƴan uwa | |||||
| Mahaifi | Ali ibn Rashid al-Alami | ||||
| Abokiyar zama |
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (en) | ||||
| Karatu | |||||
| Harsuna | Larabci | ||||
| Sana'a | |||||
| Sana'a |
ɗan siyasa, sultana (en) da privateer (en) | ||||
Lalla Aisha bint Ali bn Rashid al-Alami ( Arabic ), kuma ana kiranta da Sayyida al-Hurra ( السيدة الحرة, transl. Uwargida, Mace Mai 'Yanci ), mai zaman kanta ce ta Moroccan (an asalin Andalusian) wacce ke mulkin birnin Tétouan daga 1515 ko 1519 zuwa 1542. [1] A matsayinta na matar sarkin Morocco , Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad, wanda shine mijinta na biyu, ta kasance daga daular Wattasid . Ana ganin ta a matsayin "daya daga cikin manyan mata masu daraja a yammacin Musulunci a wannan zamani."
Ba a san ainihin ranar haihuwarta ba, amma majiyoyi daban-daban sun kiyasta za a haife ta a wani wuri tsakanin 1491-1495. [2] [3] Haka nan, akwai tattaunawa da yawa game da mutuwarta; wasu sun ce ta mutu a shekara ta 1552, yayin da wasu suka kashe ta bayan shekaru goma (1561, 1562). [4] [5]
Zamanin rayuwarta da aikinta ya shahara da gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya tsakanin duniyar Kirista da duniyar musulmi : Daular Usmaniyya ta ci Constantinople a shekara ta 1453, [6] ta kawo karshen daular Byzantine ta Gabas ; Daular Portugal ta fara mamaye tashar jiragen ruwa a yammacin gabar tekun Morocco a kusa da 1487; kuma Reconquista ya mayar da yankin Iberian zuwa mulkin Kiristanci na Turai a shekara ta 1492, wanda ya kai ga kori ko tilasta musuluntar musulmi a Spain . [7]
Al-Hurra ya raba iko da Tekun Bahar Rum tare da abokinsa Hayreddin Barbarossa, wani corsair na Ottoman wanda ya yi aiki a gabas yayin da take aiki a yamma. A shekara ta 1515, ta zama mutum na ƙarshe a tarihin musulmi da ya mallaki lakabin "al-Hurra" bisa gaskiya bayan mutuwar mijinta na farko Sidi al-Mandri II, wanda ya mulki Tétouan. Auren da ta yi da mijinta na biyu shi ne lokaci daya tilo a tarihin Moroko da wani sarki ya aura daga babban birnin kasar Fez, kamar yadda al-Hurra ya ki barin Tétouan.
Rayuwar farko da iyali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Sayyida al Hurra a Chefchaouen a shekara ta 1491 da 1495 ko kuma a shekara ta 1491, [4] ga fitattun dangin musulmi na sarakunan Andalusia, wadanda aka kore su zuwa Morocco bayan faduwar Granada, a karshen Reconquista kuma suka zauna a Chefchaouen . Iyayenta su ne Ali bn Rashid al-Alami, wanda ya kafa kuma sarkin Chefchaouen da Lalla Zohra Fernandez daga Vejer de la Frontera kusa da Cadiz . [4] Sharifiya, ita ce zuriyar Sufi na Maroko, waliyyi Abd al-Salam bn Mashish al-alami, kuma ta hanyarsa na Hasan bn Ali . Sayyida al Hurra ba za ta rude da <b id="mwpQ">Aisha al-Hurra</b> ba, wata mace mai tarihi da asalin kasar Andalus, wacce ta taka rawar gani a zamanin karshe masarautar Granada - jim kadan kafin Sayyida ta shiga fagen siyasa.
Yarintar Sayyida ta kasance cikin farin ciki da kwanciyar hankali, amma duk da haka tana cike da gajimare ta hanyar tunasarwar da aka tilastawa hijira daga Granada. A lokacin kuruciyarta, ta samu ilimi mai daraja ta daya, kuma ta shiga cikin al'amuran al'ummarta. Ta kware a cikin yaruka da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da Castilian Spanish da Portuguese . Shahararriyar malamin nan dan kasar Morocco Abdallah al-Ghazwani na daya daga cikin malamanta da dama. Ta yi aure tana shekara 16 ga wani mutum mai shekaru 30 da haihuwa, Sidi al-Mandri II, jika ko kane ga Ali al-Mandri wanda abokin mahaifinta ne kuma wanda ya kafa kuma gwamnan birnin Tétouan, shi kansa dan gudun hijirar Moorish dan kasar Andalusian . An yi mata alkawari da mijinta tun tana karama. Tétouan, birni ne da 'yan gudun hijira na Andalus suka ta da bayan halakar Mutanen Espanya, ya zama jigon siyasar Sayyida daga baya a rayuwa.
Sana'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gwamnan Tétouan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mace mai hankali, Al Hurra ta koyi abubuwa da yawa yayin da take taimakon mijinta a harkokin kasuwancinsa. Mataimakiyar gwamna ce ta gaskiya, mijinta ne ke ba ta amanar mulki a duk lokacin da zai yi tafiya a wajen gari. Lokacin da ya mutu a shekara ta 1515, jama'ar, waɗanda suka saba da ganin ta tana yin iko, sun yarda da ita a matsayin gwamnan Tétouan, suna ba ta lakabin al-Hurra . Wani sarari (tsakiyar) iko ya bayyana a tsakiyar Moors da ke kwarara zuwa Maroko, yayin da birnin Tétouan ya yi fure a karkashin sabbin 'yan kasarsa, wanda ya kai ga kafa gwamnatinta. Daga Tétouan al-Hurra yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci ba kawai don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar Moorish ba, har ma don ba da damar birnin ya zama cibiyar keɓancewa. [8]
Majiyoyin Mutanen Espanya da Portuguese sun bayyana al-Hurra a matsayin "abokin tarayya a wasan diflomasiyya". Wasu masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa sabon "digiri na karɓar al Hurra a matsayin mai mulki" ana iya danganta shi da "sanancin Andalusian da ikon gadon mace daga dangin sarauta a Spain kamar Isabella I na Castile ." Wasu kuma sun yi imanin cewa al-Hurra ta yi nasara a matsayin gwamna saboda ita ce "shugaban 'yan fashin teku na yammacin Bahar Rum". A cewar masanin tarihin Moroko Muhammad Ibn Azuz Hakim, ita ce mace daya tilo da ta rike madafun iko a Maroko. [9]
A cikin 1541, ta karɓi shawarar aure daga Ahmed al-Wattasi, Sultan na daular Wattasid Moroccan, wanda ya yi tafiya daga Fez zuwa Tétouan don ya aure ta. Auren da ta yi da shi shi ne kawai misali da wani sarkin Morocco ya yi aure a wajen babban birninsa. Hakan ya faru ne saboda al-Hurra ba ta shirye ta bar aikinta na sarautar Tétouan ba ko ma ta bar birnin don bikin aure, wanda ya tilasta wa al-Wattasi ya zo wurinta. Duk da cewa ta samu goyon bayan siyasa ta wannan sabuwar kawance, Sayyida al-Hurra ta dage da nunawa kowa cewa ba za ta daina mulkin Tétouan ba duk da auren Sarkin Musulmi. Baya ga zabi na musamman na wurin daurin aurensu, wani al’ada ce da ba a saba gani ba ga namiji ya auri matar da mijinta ya rasu. Ƙarfinta, albarkatunta, da ƙwarewar diflomasiyya don taimakawa ƙarfafa haɗin kai a yankin arewa, ya ba wa sarkin musulmi tsaro.
Sayyida al-Hurra ta yi rayuwa ta kasada da soyayya. Ta nada dan uwanta Moulay Ibrahim a matsayin mataimaki ga Ahmed al-Wattasi, Sultan na Fez, kuma wannan ya sanya Rashidis a matsayin manyan 'yan wasa a kokarin hada Maroko a kan kasashe masu tasowa na Spain da Portugal. [10]
Barace barace
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun daga farkon Andalusiyan, Sayyida ta zama alama ta gaskiya ga yankin Arewacin Moroko a cikin gwagwarmayar da ake yi da fadada Iberian. [3] Ba za ta iya mantawa ko gafarta wulakancin da aka yi mata ta gudu daga Granada ba . A cikin burinta na daukar fansa a kan "maƙiyin Kirista", ta juya zuwa fashin teku. Ta yi tuntuɓar babban mashawarcin Ottoman Hayreddin Barbarossa na Algiers . Piracy ya ba da saurin samun kudin shiga, " ganima da fansa ga fursunoni ", kuma ya taimaka wajen raya mafarkin komawa Andalusia . Maƙiyan Kirista sun girmama ta sosai a matsayinta na “Sarauniya” wacce ke da iko a kan Tekun Bahar Rum ta yamma, da kuma sakin fursunonin Portuguese da Mutanen Espanya. Alal misali, a cikin The Forgotten Queens of Islam Fatima Mernissi ta ambaci takardun tarihi na Spain na 1540, bisa ga cewa an yi shawarwarin "tsakanin Mutanen Espanya da Sayyida al-Hurra" bayan nasarar da aka samu na 'yan fashin teku a Gibraltar a Gibraltar inda 'yan fashin musulmi suka kwashe " ganima mai yawa da fursunoni masu yawa ".
Daga baya rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan da ta yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 30, surukinta Muhammad al-Hassan al-Mandri, wanda shi ne gwamnan Fnideq, ya yi mata juyin mulki a watan Oktoba 1542. [11] A cewar Yemen Times, "An kwace mata kadarorinta da ikonta". Yarda da makomarta, al-Hurra ta yi ritaya zuwa Chefchaouen, inda ta sadaukar da lokacinta ga aikin addini. [3] An ce ta mutu a shekara ta 1552, kusa da gidan mahaifinta a Chefchaouen.
Gado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Maza mata masu tarihi irin su Sayyida al-Hurra, duk da shaharar su, sau da yawa ana mayar da su zuwa ga bayanan tarihi, ko ma an rubuta su ba tare da tarihi ba. [2] [5] Musamman yadda ake wakilta ta a madogaran tarihi ya bayyana a fili cikin shubuhar rubuce-rubuce kan takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru. Don haka, mutum zai iya jayayya cewa labarinta wani ɓangare ne na babban yanayin inda aka sake gina labarun mata da wakilci na tarihi. [5]
A cikin wani bincike na 2024 wanda yayi ƙoƙari na sake fasalin wannan binciken, masana tarihi na Moroccan na gida sun nuna wannan rashin rubuce-rubucen da cewa "Masana tarihin Larabawa ba su da sha'awar rubuta game da ita a lokacin da ta dace, ko da yake an ci gaba da saninta a garinsu." [2] Bugu da ƙari, yana ba da shawarar cewa jama'a sun goyi bayan matsayin jinsi na gargajiya, don haka ba a yi bikin jagorancin mata ba. Wani abu da ya keɓance ga ƙarni na 16 da zamanin Farko, wani ra'ayi ne da addinan tauhidi na Yahudu da Kirista suka cusa cewa mata sun yi ƙasa da maza a zahiri da hankali. [5] Wannan kuma na iya bayyana yadda wannan zamanin ya kasance "babu wurin da mata za su iya ƙirƙirar sunayensu na musamman, ko ƙirƙira sunayensu a tarihi kamar takwarorinsu maza". [5]
Ko ta yaya, ta yi suna a duniyar Islama da kuma al'ummar yammacin duniya, saboda yadda ta mallaki ruwa da kuma lokacin da ta yi gwamna a Tétouan a matsayin shaida na dindindin na gadonta.
Ɗaya daga cikin gadon al-Hurra (iyali) na zahiri da wuraren da ake tunawa da ita, shine Qasbah, tsohuwar kagara da aka gina don kariya daga barazanar Portuguese, na mahaifinta. [2]
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Malika VI: Sayyida Al-Hurra". Muslim Heritage. 2018-02-08. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 El Haimeur, Amal (2024). "Sayyida al-Hurra: A Forgotten North African Queen and Military Leader". Africana Annual. University of Kansas. 1: 46-47.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Maziane, Leila (2019). "Sit Al-Horra, gouvernante de Tétouan et armatrice de navires corsaires au XVIe siècle". Donne e Lavoro Attività, Ruoli e Complementarietà (Secc. Xiv-Xix). Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto di Storia dell'Europa Mediterranea (42): 300.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lebbady, Hasna (2012). "Women in Northern Morocco: Between the Documentary and the Imaginary". Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics (32): 127–150. ISSN 1110-8673. JSTOR 41850741.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Idrissi Azami, R.; Touzani, H.; Sabil, A. (2023). "Female Agency, History, and the Current Discourses of Representation: Sayyida al-Hurra (Ruler of Tétouan) as a Case Study". Journal of Applied Language and Culture Studies. 6 (3): 93-94.
- ↑ Blondy, Alain (2002). "The Barbary Regencies and Corsair Activity in the Mediterranean from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century: From the Community of Origin to Evolutionary Divergence". Journal of Mediterranean Studies. 12 (2): 242.
- ↑ Coleman, David (2013). "Of Corsairs, Converts and Renegades: Forms and Functions of Coastal Raiding on Both Sides of the Far Western Mediterranean, 1490-1540". Medieval Encounters. 19 (1–2): 167–168. doi:10.1163/15700674-12342128. ISSN 1380-7854.
- ↑ Grimau, Rodolfo Gil (1989). "Profesiones Femeninas De Origen Andalusí En La Historia De Tetuán". Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos. Sección Arabe-Islam. 38 (1): 70–71.
- ↑ AZZOUZ HAKIM, Mohammed Ibn (1982). "Sida Al-Horra exceptionnelle souveraine". Le Mémorial du Maroc. Rabat: Nord Organisation. III: 128–134.
- ↑ Verde, Tom; Solans Verde, Leonor (January–February 2017). "Malika VI: Sayyida Al-Hurra". AramcoWorld. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)