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Sergei Eisenstein

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Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein [lower-alpha 1] ( 22 January [  – A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1948) daraktan fina-finai ne na Tarayyar Soviet, marubucin allo, editan fina-finai kuma masanin ka'idar fina-finai . An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finai na kowane lokaci, kuma ya kasance majagaba a ka'idar da kuma aikin yin fina-finai . An san shi musamman saboda fina-finansa marasa sauti Strike (1925), Battleship Potemkin (1925) da Oktoba (1928), da kuma fina-finan tarihi irin su Alexander Nevsky (1938) da Ivan the Terrible (1945/1958). A cikin kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da aka gudanar a kowace shekara, mujallar Sight and Sound ta sanya wa Battleship Potemkin sunan fim na 54 mafi girma a kowane lokaci. [2]

Rayuwar farko

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Matashin Eisenstein tare da iyayensa Mikhail da Julia Eisenstein

An haifi Sergei Eisenstein a ranar 22 January [ a Riga, a cikin Gwamna Livonia, Daular Rasha (Latvia ta yanzu), [3] zuwa dangin matsakaicin aji. Iyalinsa suna ƙaura akai-akai a farkon shekarunsa, kamar yadda Eisenstein ya ci gaba da yi a tsawon rayuwarsa. An haifi mahaifinsa, mai zane Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein, a cikin Gwamnar Kiev, ga uba Bayahude ɗan kasuwa, Osip, da kuma uwa 'yar Sweden . [4] [5]

Mahaifin Sergei Eisenstein ya koma Cocin Orthodox na Rasha, yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Julia Ivanovna Konetskaya, ta fito daga dangin Orthodox na Rasha . Ita 'yar wani ɗan kasuwa ce mai arziki. [6] Julia ta bar Riga a shekarar juyin juya halin Rasha ta 1905, ta tafi da Sergei zuwa Saint Petersburg . [7] Ɗanta yakan dawo wani lokaci don ganin mahaifinsa, wanda ya haɗu da su a kusa da 1910. [8] Saki ya biyo baya, kuma Julia ta bar iyalin ta zauna a Faransa. [9] Eisenstein ta girma a matsayin Kiristan Orthodox amma daga baya ta zama mai rashin yarda da Allah. Daga cikin fina-finan da suka yi tasiri ga Eisenstein tun tana ƙarama akwai The Consequences of Feminism (1906) ta hannun mai shirya fina-finai mace ta farko Alice Guy-Blaché . [ ana buƙatar ambato don tabbatarwa ]

Ilimi

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A Cibiyar Injiniyan Farar Hula ta Petrograd, Eisenstein ya yi karatun gine-gine da injiniyanci, sana'ar mahaifinsa. [10] A shekarar 1918, ya bar makaranta ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama don shiga Yaƙin Basasa na Rasha, kodayake mahaifinsa Mikhail ya goyi bayan akasin haka. [11] Wannan ya kawo mahaifinsa zuwa Jamus bayan shan kaye a hannun sojojin da ke adawa da Bolshevik, kuma Sergei ya koma Petrograd, Vologda, da Dvinsk . [12] A shekarar 1920, an mayar da Sergei zuwa matsayin kwamandan sojoji a Minsk, bayan nasarar bayar da farfaganda ga Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba . A wannan lokacin, an fallasa shi ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kabuki kuma ya yi karatun Jafananci, yana koyon haruffan kanji 300, waɗanda ya ambata a matsayin tasiri ga ci gaban hotunansa. [13]

Sana'a

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Daga wasan kwaikwayo zuwa sinima

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Tare da jarumin kabuki na Japan Sadanji Ichikawa II, Moscow, 1928

Eisenstein ya koma Moscow a shekarar 1920 kuma ya fara aikinsa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana aiki a Proletkult, [14] wata cibiyar fasaha ta Soviet mai gwaji wacce ke da burin canza fasalin fasaha da ke akwai da kuma ƙirƙirar salon aiki mai juyi. Ayyukansa a can sun haɗa da Gas Masks, Listen Moscow, da Enough Stupidity in Every Wise Man . [15] Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane ga Vsevolod Meyerhold . [16] Eisenstein ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai nazari a cikin 1923 [17] ta hanyar rubuta "The Montage of Attractions" don mujallar fasaha ta LEF . [18] Fim ɗinsa na farko, Glumov's Diary (don samar da wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Wise Man ), shi ma an yi shi a wannan shekarar tare da Dziga Vertov da farko a matsayin malami. [19]

Strike (Stachka, 1925) shine fim ɗin Eisenstein na farko mai cikakken tsayi. Battleship Potemkin (wanda kuma aka yi a 1925) ya sami yabo sosai a duk duniya. Galibi saboda wannan shahararriyar ƙasa da ƙasa, ya sami damar jagorantar Oktoba: Ten Days That Shook the World, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin cika shekaru goma na juyin juya halin Oktoba na 1917. Yayin da masu suka a wajen Soviet Rasha suka yaba da aikinsa, mayar da hankali kan Eisenstein a fina-finai kan batutuwan tsarin kamar kusurwoyin kyamara, motsin jama'a, da kuma waƙoƙin da aka yi, ya jawo masa da sauran masu ra'ayi irin su Vsevolod Pudovkin da Alexander Dovzhenko daga ƙungiyar fina-finan Soviet. Duk da haka, Eisenstein bai sake iya daina barkwancinsa mai ban dariya ba. Wannan ya tilasta masa fitar da labaran jama'a na sukar kai da alƙawarin gyara hangen nesansa na sinima don bin ƙa'idodin da ke ƙaruwa na gaskiyar gurguzu .

Tafiya zuwa yammacin Turai

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A lokacin kaka na shekarar 1928, yayin da har yanzu ake ci gaba da suka a wurare da dama na Tarayyar Soviet, Eisenstein ya bar Tarayyar Soviet don yawon shakatawa a Turai, tare da abokin aikinsa na fim na tsawon lokaci Grigori Aleksandrov da mai shirya fina-finai Eduard Tisse . A hukumance, tafiyar ta kasance don bai wa mutanen uku damar koyo game da hotunan sauti da kuma gabatar da kansu a matsayin masu fasaha na Soviet kai tsaye ga Yammacin 'yan jari hujja. Ga Eisenstein, duk da haka, dama ce ta ganin shimfidar wurare da al'adu a wajen Tarayyar Soviet. Ya shafe shekaru biyu masu zuwa yana yawon shakatawa da lacca a Berlin, Zürich, London, da Paris. [20] A shekarar 1929, a Switzerland, Eisenstein ya kula da wani shirin gaskiya na ilimi game da zubar da ciki wanda Tisse ya jagoranta, mai suna Frauennot - Frauenglück . [21]

Duk da haka, ba a kammala ɗaukar fim ɗin ba a cikin watanni 3-4 da aka amince da su a kwangilar Eisenstein, kuma Asusun ya ƙare kuɗi; kuma rashin zuwansa na dogon lokaci daga Tarayyar Soviet ya sa Joseph Stalin ya aika wa Sinclair saƙon waya yana nuna damuwar cewa Eisenstein ya zama ɗan guduwa. [22] A ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, Eisenstein ya ɗora wa ƙanin Mary Sinclair, Hunter Kimbrough, wanda aka aika don yin aiki a matsayin mai shirya fim, alhakin matsalolin fim ɗin. [23] Eisenstein yana fatan matsa wa Sinclairs lamba su haɗa kansu tsakaninsa da Stalin don Eisenstein ya kammala fim ɗin ta hanyarsa. Ba tare da samun ƙarin kuɗi ba, kuma ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga gwamnatin Soviet da mafi yawan 'yan Trust, Sinclair ya dakatar da aikin kuma ya umarci Kimbrough da ya koma Amurka da sauran faifan fim ɗin da kuma Soviets uku don ganin abin da za su iya yi da fim ɗin da aka riga aka ɗauka; kiyasin girman wannan zangon daga ƙafa 170,000 na layi tare da Soldadera ba tare da an yi fim ɗin ba, [24] zuwa ƙafa 250,000 na layi. [25] Don ɗaukar fim ɗin "littafin" Soldadera da ba a kammala ba, ba tare da an kashe kuɗi ba, Eisenstein ya sami sojoji 500, bindigogi 10,000, da bindigogi 50 daga rundunar sojojin Mexico. [23]

  1. ↑ Samfuri:Cite Dictionary.com
  2. ↑ Eisenstein 1972.
  3. ↑ Eisenstein 1972.
  4. ↑ Geduld & Gottesman 1970.
  5. ↑ Eisenstein 1972.
  6. ↑ Eisenstein 1972.
  7. ↑ Geduld & Gottesman 1970.
  8. ↑ Seton 1952.
  9. ↑ Eisenstein 1972.
  10. ↑ Seton 1952.
  11. ↑ Eisenstein 1972.
  12. ↑ Geduld & Gottesman 1970.
  13. ↑ Eisenstein 1972.
  14. ↑ Seton 1952.
  15. ↑ Eisenstein 1972.
  16. ↑ Geduld & Gottesman 1970.
  17. ↑ Seton 1952.
  18. ↑ Eisenstein 1972.
  19. ↑ Eisenstein 1972.
  20. ↑ Seton 1952.
  21. ↑ Eisenstein 1972.
  22. ↑ Seton 1952.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Geduld & Gottesman 1970.
  24. ↑ Eisenstein 1972.
  25. ↑ Geduld & Gottesman 1970.


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