Shabaka Stone

Shabaka Stone
inscribed object (en) , stele (en) da millstone (en)
Bayanai
Ƙasa	Misra
Harshen aiki ko suna	Harshen Misira
Collection (en)	British Museum
Tsarin rubutu	Hotunan Masar
Wuri
51°31′09″N 0°07′41″W

Shabaka Stone, wani lokacin Shabaqo, wani abu ne da aka zana tare da rubutun addini na Masar na dā, wanda ya kasance daga Daular Masar ta ashirin da biyar. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ana iya amfani da dutsen a matsayin dutse, wanda ya lalata rubutun hieroglyphs. Wannan lalacewar tana tare da wasu lalacewar da gangan, suna barin rubutun hieroglyphic a cikin mummunan yanayi.

Tushen

Asalin tarihi

Asalin da aka gina shi azaman abin tunawa na dindindin a Babban Haikali na Ptah a Memphis a ƙarshen ƙarni na takwas KZ, an cire dutsen a wani lokaci (don dalilan da ba a sani ba) zuwa Iskandariya. Daga can, jirgin ruwa na ruwa ya kai shi daga Alexandria zuwa Ingila. An dawo da shi a matsayin ballast tare da babban birnin wani ginshiƙi na Masar, raguwa na babban birnin basalt na Girka-Roman, raguwa biyu na lintel na quartzite na Senusret III, da kuma mutum-mutumi na baƙin dutse mai durƙusa na Ramesses II. A cikin 1805, George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer (1758-1834), wanda ya kasance Ubangiji na farko na Admiralty kuma tun daga shekara ta 1794 mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiya ya ba da gudummawar dutsen. A cikin 1901, an fassara dutsen, an fassara shi, kuma an fassara ya a karo na farko ta hanyar masanin kimiyyar Masar na Amurka James Henry Breasted. Abin tunawa ya kasance a gidan kayan gargajiya har zuwa yau.

Yin soyayya

Gabatarwar keɓewar dutsen ta yi iƙirarin cewa kwafin abubuwan da suka tsira ne na wani papyrus mai lalacewa, wanda Fir'auna Shabaka ya samo a cikin Babban Haikali na Ptah . Homer W. Smith ya rubuta rubutun asali zuwa Daular Farko, yana kiransa "tsohon rubuce-rubucen rubuce-buce na tunanin ɗan adam".

Breasted, Adolf Erman, Kurt Sethe, da Hermann Junker duk sun sanya dutsen zuwa Tsohon Masarautar. Dutse tsoho ne, duka a cikin harshe (harshensa yayi kama da wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Pyramid Texts na Tsohon Mulki) da kuma siyasa (yana nuni da muhimmancin Memphis a matsayin birni na farko na sarauta). Saboda haka, Henri Frankfort, John Wilson, Miriam Lichtheim, da Erik Iversen suma sun tantance dutsen daga Tsohon Masarautar. Koyaya, Friedrich Junge da yawancin sauran malamai tun daga wannan lokacin sun yi jayayya cewa an samar da abin tunawa a cikin Daular Goma sha biyu da biyar. A yau, malamai suna jin a bayyane yake cewa ba zai iya wucewa da Daular goma sha tara ba.

Rubuce-rubuce

Stela yana kusa da 137 centimeters (54 in) fadi, tare da tsayin gefen hagu da aka kiyasta a 91 centimetres (36 in) in) kuma gefen dama game da 95 centimetres (37 in) in). Rubutun da aka rubuta yana da 132 centimetres (52 in) in) a faɗin kuma a matsakaita, 66 centimetres (26 in) in) a tsawo. Ramin rectangular a tsakiya yana da 12 by 14 centimetres (4.7 by 5.5 in) in), tare da layi goma sha ɗaya masu haskakawa daga 25 zuwa 38 cm (9.8 zuwa 15.0 in), wanda ya ƙunshi yanki 78 centimetres (31 in) in) a fadin.

A cikin 1901, Breasted ya gano dutsen a matsayin rectangular slab na baƙar fata. Duk da yake wasu malamai sun yi iƙirarin cewa abin tunawa ne ko dutse ko dutse mai mahimmanci, wani bincike na kwanan nan da wani masanin kimiyya na Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya ya bayyana dutsen ya zama kore breccia wanda ya samo basalt daga Wadi Hammamat.

Abun ciki

Bayani game da rubutun hieroglyphic

Rubutun ya haɗa da manyan sassa biyu tare da ɗan gajeren gabatarwa da taƙaitaccen taƙaitacciyar ƙarshe. Sashe na farko ya danganta da hadin kan Upper da Lower Egypt. Ptah yana aiki ta hanyar Horus don cimma wannan hadin kai. Sauran tatsuniyar halitta ce, "Memphite Theology" ko "Memphise Drama", wanda ya kafa Ptah a matsayin mahaliccin dukkan abubuwa, gami da alloli.

Rubutun ya jaddada cewa a Memphis ne hadin kan Masar ya faru. Rubutun ya kuma bayyana cewa wannan garin shine wurin binne Osiris, bayan ya kwashe zuwa bakin teku.

Gabatarwa da kuma taken Sarki

Layin farko na dutsen ya gabatar da matsayi na sarauta sau biyar na sarki: "Horus mai rai: Wanda ke bunƙasa ƙasashe biyu; Mata Biyu: Wanda ke bunkasa ƙasashe guda biyu; Sarkin Upper da Lower Egypt: Neferkare; Ɗan Re: [Shabaka], ƙaunataccen Ptah-Kudancin-His-Wall, wanda ke rayuwa kamar Re har abada". Sunayen uku na farko sun jaddada bayyanar sarki a matsayin allahn mai rai (musamman na falcon-kai na haɗin kai ga sunan sarakuna biyu na Masar) suna suna suna suna nufin sarauta biyu na ƙarshe).

Layin na biyu, gabatarwa mai keɓewa, ya bayyana cewa dutsen kwafin abubuwan da suka tsira na papyrus da Shabaka ya samu yayin da yake bincika Babban Haikali na Ptah.

Haɗin kan Masar

Lines 3 zuwa 47 sun bayyana hadin kan Upper da Lower Egypt a karkashin allahn Horus a Memphis. Rubutun ya fara bayyana girman siyasa da tauhidin allahn Memphite Ptah, sarkin Upper da Lower Egypt, da mahaliccin Ennead. Rubutun ya bayyana yadda Horus, a matsayin bayyanar Ptah, ya fara mulkin Lower Egypt yayin da abokin hamayyarsa Set ya mallaki Upper Egypt. Koyaya, Horus ya karɓi Upper Egypt daga Geb, ya zama mai mulkin ƙasar.

Ilimin tauhidin Memphite

Lines 48 zuwa 64 ya ba da labarin almara na halitta da aka sani da tauhidin Memphite. Ptah, allahn mai kula da masu sana'a, masu aikin ƙarfe, masu sana'o'i, da gine-gine an kalli shi a matsayin allahn mahalicci, mai sana'a na allahntaka na sararin samaniya wanda ke da alhakin duk wanzuwar. Halitta ta farko aiki ne na ruhaniya da na ilimi, wanda zuciyar allahntaka (tunani) da harshe (magana / kalma) na Ptah suka sauƙaƙe. Sa'an nan, halitta ta zama aikin jiki da Atum ya yi, wanda, wanda hakora da leɓunan Ptah suka halicce shi, ya samar da Ennead daga zuriyarsa da hannunsa.

Thus it is said of Ptah: “He who made all and created the gods.” And he is

Ta-tenen, who gave birth to the gods, and from whom every thing came

forth, foods, provisions, divine offerings, and all good things. Thus it is

recognized and understood that he is the mightiest of the gods. Thus Ptah

was satisfied after he had made all things and all divine word. . . . Indeed,

Ptah is the fountain of life for the gods and all material realities.

Takaitaccen Bayani

Lines 61 zuwa 64 sun taƙaita rubutun gaba ɗaya.

Manufa

A cewar Ragnhild Bjerre Finnestad, akwai ra'ayoyi uku game da yiwuwar manufar rubutun Shabaka:

1. Don tabbatar da mafi girman tsarin tauhidin Memphite akan Heliopolitan
2. Don da'awar ikon Memphis da firistanta a kan Heliopolis da firistinta
3. Don gabatar da ilimin halitta.

A matsayin rubutun haikalin da aka rubuta kuma aka kafa a cikin haikalin Ptah, mai yiwuwa ne cewa Shabaka Stone ya yi aiki da addini, addini- tauhidin, yana sanya batun sa a cikin tsarin ibada.

Lalacewar

Tsayarwa daga rami na rectangular a tsakiyar dutsen shine radial rough stripes, wanda ya lalata rubutun a cikin radius na 78 cm, wanda aka auna daga tsakiyar dutsen.[1] A cewar wallafe-wallafen sakandare a kan abin tunawa, wannan lalacewar ta faru ne saboda an sake amfani da dutsen a matsayin dutse.[1] Tsohon nassoshi da ke hasashen amfani da dutse a matsayin dutse mai niƙa an samo shi a cikin nuni na Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya na 1821.[1] Koyaya, dutsen zai iya zama tushe na wani abu mai zagaye, mai yiwuwa ginshiƙi ko ginshiƙi.

Wasu sassan dutsen an yanke su da gangan a lokacin Daular. Wannan ya haɗa da sunan Seth (layi na 7), allahn da aka hukunta a wannan lokacin. Bugu da ƙari, Psamtik II ko Psamtik III sun share sunan da ya dace da sunan kursiyin Shabaka daga dutse. Psamtik III ya zana sunansa a kan dutse, amma Farisawa sunansa a lokacin da suka ci nasara.