Shahararren ra'ayi na Equatorial Guinea
 Shahararren ra'ayi na Equatorial Guinea | |
|---|---|
.svg) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Iri |
political movement (mul)  da resistance movement (en) |
| Ƙasa |
Gini Ikwatoriya da Spanish Guinea (en) |
| Ideology (en) |
African nationalism (en) da left-wing nationalism (en) |
| Mulki | |
| Hedkwata |
Ambam (en) |
| Tarihi | |
| Ƙirƙira | 1959 |
| Dissolved | 1970 |
Shahararriyar Ra'ayin Equatorial Guinea ( Spanish , IPGE) ƙungiya ce ta siyasa mai kishin ƙasa da aka kirkira a ƙarshen 1950s tare da manufar kafa 'yancin kai a Equatorial Guinea . Ana ɗaukar IPGE a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa ta Equatoguine ta farko. [1] Kungiyar ‘yan gudun hijira da ke zaune a kasashen Gabon da Kamaru ne suka kafa kungiyar ta IPGE tare da hedkwatarsu a Ambam . [2] Shugabannin jam'iyyar na farko sun hada da Clemente Ateba, José Perea Epota, Antonio Eqoro, Jaime Nseng, da Enrique Nvó, [2] wanda aka ba da kyauta don fara IPGE a lokacin da yake gudun hijira a Ambam. Ra'ayoyin siyasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Nvo da hawansa kan karagar mulki a sassan arewacin Rio Muni sun shafi hukumomin Spain, wadanda ake zargin sun biya masu kashe 'yan kwangila don kashe shi a 1959. [1]
Akida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban burin wannan yunkuri dai shi ne hada kan kasashen Equatorial Guinea da Kamaru ta yadda za su samu 'yancin kai ta hanyar kishin kasa mai farin jini da akidar ci gaba. Tushen cikin gida na IPGE ya ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da yawan Fang a yankin arewa maso gabas na Río Muni . Abubuwa biyu na asali na IPGE sun kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma a ƙarshe akidar Markisanci da burinsu na haɗa Kamaru da Equatorial Guinea bayan samun 'yancin kai.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sirri da farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]IPGE ta fara ne saboda rarrabuwar kawuna da ta faru a cikin MONALIGE ('National Liberation Movement of Equatorial Guinea'), kuma an kafa shi a hukumance a cikin 1959 ta 'yan Equatorial Guinea da ke gudun hijira a Kamaru a yunƙurin fara ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci. Jam'iyyar ta sami goyon baya daga membobin Bubis, irin su Marcos Ropo Uri da Luis Maho Sicahá, da Fernandino Gustavo Watson Bueco, da Fangs Enrique Nvo, Pedro Ekong Andeme, Clemente Ateba, da José Nsue Angüe, da sauransu. [2] Ƙungiyoyin masu kishin ƙasa sun haɗa da Popular Union of Equatorial Guinea (UPLGE) wanda Ondó Edú ya ƙirƙira a Libreville kuma yana goyan bayan gwamnatin Léon M'ba, [2] ban da MONALIGE, wanda ainihin magoya bayansa sune ƙananan bourgeoisie na mulkin mallaka. Duk da taimakon kasa da kasa daga kasashe irin su Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Algeria, Kongo-Brazzaville, da kuma United Arab Republic, hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York ce ta fi tasiri. Masu shigar da kara na farko, suna magana a madadin MONALIGE da IPGE daga Guinee na Sipaniya an saurare su a kwamitin Majalisar ta Hudu a watan Disamba 1962, yayin da suka yi tir da dabarar hadewar da gwamnatin Spain ta aiwatar tare da neman ‘yancin kai. [2]
A shekara ta 1963, gwamnatin Spain ta amince da shirya kuri'ar raba gardama don sanin ko al'ummar Equatoguinean sun goyi bayan gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta. [1] Sabon tsarin siyasar ya hada da muhimman sauye-sauye, kamar gagarumin tashin hankali a fagen siyasar Afirka da shiga harkokin mulkin mallaka. An amince da tsarin mulkin kai a ƙarshen 1963. A lokacin yakin neman zaben raba gardama, an ba wa kungiyoyin siyasa damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu a bainar jama'a. Yawancinsu, in ban da yawancin IPGE (kungiyar da ta rabu da IPGE kuma Jaime Nseng ke shugabanta) da MONALIGE, sun ba da goyon baya ga sabon tsarin. Sakamakon zaben raba gardama da aka gudanar a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba ya samu kuri'u 59,280 na goyon bayan gwamnatin da kuri'u 33,537. [2]
Rikici da rarrabuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin watan Yunin 1963, Ofishin Gudanarwa ya rushe, tare da hadewar Guinee na Spain da Kamaru bayan samun 'yancin kai na daya daga cikin batutuwan farko. IPGE ta yarda da wannan manufar, kuma an ba da rahoton cewa sun sami tallafin Kamaru a cikin wannan lokacin. [3] A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1963, IPGE ta kira wani taron koli a Ambam, amma taron bai yi nasara ba, domin babban sakataren kungiyar ta IPGE, Jaime Nseng, ya yi watsi da babbar manufar kungiyar da kasar Kamaru, inda ya ci gaba da samun wata kungiyar da ta balle, Movimiento Nacional de Unión. [3]
Pera Epota na daya daga cikin jagororin farko na wannan yunkuri, kuma a shekarar 1963 aka nada shi shugaban kawancen ‘yan mulkin mallaka a Kamaru. amma an ƙi wannan dokar yayin taron IPGE na Agusta 1963. [4]
IPGE ta rasa wasu tallafi saboda kiran da ta yi na hadewa da Kamaru bai samu goyon bayan gida ba. [2] Sakatare Janar na IPGE, Jesús Mba Ovono, yana aiki daga gudun hijira lokacin da Spain ta ba da yancin cin gashin kai ga Guinea. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1964, Ovono ya sanar daga Accra cewa sun haɗa ƙarfi a cikin sabuwar Frente Nacional y Popular de Liberación de Guinea Ecuatorial (FRENAPO). [3] Duk da haka, wannan ƙungiyar ba ta daɗe ba. Tsakanin 1965 zuwa 1967, jagorancin IPGE ya zama mai Marxist kuma an kawar da shi daga gaskiya, kuma a ƙarshe ya rabu zuwa fuka-fuki biyu - ƙungiyar da ta fi dacewa a Brazzaville karkashin jagorancin Jesús Mba Ovono, da wata ƙungiya ta doka a cikin Guinea karkashin jagorancin Clemente Ateba. [3]
Zaben 1968
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manyan shugabannin IPGE a 1968 su ne Clemente Ateba, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai kula da doka a Guinea, da Jesús Mba Owono wanda ke zama shugaban gudun hijira a Brazzaville. [3] A zaben shugaban kasar da aka yi a watan Satumba na shekarar 1968, Francisco Macías Nguema (IPGE) ya samu kuri'u 36,716 (40.05%) a zagayen farko, sannan ya samu kuri'u 68,310 (62.92%) a zagaye na biyu na zaben. [5] Bugu da kari, an baiwa kungiyar IPGE kujeru 8 a zaben majalisar dokokin kasar da aka yi a ranar 21 ga Satumban 1968. [5]
Mutuwar jam'iyyar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Francisco Macías Nguema ya zama shugaban Equatorial Guinea na farko a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1968 kuma ya kasance dan takarar IPGE. [6] Sai dai a duk lokacin mulkin Nguema, ya kafa wasu tsare-tsare marasa kyau wadanda suka shafi martabar jam’iyyar. Macías ya ba da umarnin kama wasu manyan jiga-jigan siyasa, ciki har da tsohon shugaban gwamnatin mulkin cin gashin kai kafin samun 'yancin kai. [7] A cikin 1970, Macías ya kafa Jam'iyyar United National Party (PUN). [7] A ranar 7 ga Mayu 1971, Macías ya soke wasu batutuwa na kundin tsarin mulkin 1968, kuma ya ba da matsayin shugaban kasa "dukkan ikon gwamnati da cibiyoyi kai tsaye". [7] A ranar 29 ga Yulin 1973, an gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta tsarin mulki, inda aka rubuta kashi 99% na ƙuri'un "eh" dangane da jamhuriyar shugaban ƙasa. [5] A ranar 12 ga Maris, 1979, Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kare hakkin dan Adam ta nada wani mai ba da rahoto na musamman don duba halin da ake ciki na 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasa kuma ya kai rahoto ga Hukumar. [7] Majalisar koli ta soja ta bude shari'ar 1/979 a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1979, kuma ta fara yin tambayoyi da shaidu da kuma tattara shaidu kan gwamnatin Macías Nguema. Daga baya majalisar ta kira wata kotun soji a ranar 24 ga watan Satumba domin gurfanar da Macías Nguema da wasu mambobin gwamnatinsa. Laifukan da ake tuhumar mutanen goma sun hada da kisan kare dangi, kisan gilla, almubazzaranci da dukiyar jama'a, take hakkin dan adam, da kuma cin amanar kasa . [8] An samu Macías Nguema da laifi kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa tare da wasu mutane shida da ake tuhuma a ranar 29 ga Satumbar 1979. Tun daga lokacin kungiyar IPGE ba ta da wata kujera a gwamnatin Equatorial Guinea, kuma ta daina aiki. [5]
Tarihin zabe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zaben shugaban kasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Zabe | Dan takarar jam'iyya | Ƙuri'u | % | Ƙuri'u | % | Sakamako |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zagayen farko | Zagaye na biyu | |||||
| 1968 | Francisco Macías Nguema | 36,716 | 39.57% | 68,310 | 62.35% | Zabe |
Zaben majalisar wakilai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Zabe | Kujeru | +/- | Matsayi |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 | 8 / 35 |
 8 |
3rd |
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 Okenve, Enrique N. (2014). "They Never Finished Their Journey: The Territorial Limits of Fang Ethnicity in Equatorial Guinea, 1930–1963". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 47 (2): 259–285. JSTOR 24393407. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Campos, Alicia (March 2003). "The Decolonization of Equatorial Guinea: The Relevance of the International Factor". The Journal of African History. 44 (1): 95–116. doi:10.1017/S0021853702008319. ISSN 1469-5138. S2CID 143108720.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 4 5 Pélissier, René (1964). "Spanish Africa: A Bibliographical Survey". Africana Newsletter. 2 (02): 13–22. doi:10.1017/s0568160x00000307. ISSN 0568-160X. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Spanish Guinea (1950-1968)". uca.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
- 1 2 3 4 "Elections in Equatorial Guinea". africanelections.tripod.com. Retrieved 2018-11-30. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Wharton, Barrie (2006). "The Impact and Legacy of Twentieth-century Spanish Colonial Policy on the Socio-political Development of Guinea Ecuatorial". Gefame.
- 1 2 3 4 Artucio, Alejandro (November 1979). "THE TRIAL OF MACIAS IN EQUATORIAL GUINEA: The Story of a Dictatorship" (PDF). www.icj.org. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
- ↑ "Artucio, Arturo. The Trial of Macias in Equatorial Guinea: The Story of a Dictatorship. International Commission of Jurists and the International University Exchange Fund, 1979". Retrieved 2018-12-07.