Shaidan mai buga littattafai
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Shaidan mawallafi matashi ne da ke koyon aiki a wani kamfanin buga littattafai wanda ke yin ayyuka da dama, kamar haɗa tawada da nau'in bugawa. Marubuta, ciki har da Benjamin Franklin, Walt Whitman, Ambrose Bierce, Bret Harte, Sherwood Anderson, da Mark Twain, sun yi aiki a matsayin shaidanun mawallafi a lokacin ƙuruciyarsu tare da bayin da aka ba su lasisi .
Akwai hasashe na addini, adabi, da harshe don asalin ilimin. Masu buga littattafai sun ɗora wa Shaiɗan mai mugunta Titivillus laifi ko kuma sun rikita suna da tatsuniyar Faust . Sauran ka'idoji sun haɗa da wariyar launin fata, Gallicisms, ko kuskuren rubutu.
Asalin Ma'anar
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An danganta kalmar "shaidan mai buga takardu" da hannun ɗaliban da fatarsu ke yin baƙi da tawada lokacin da suke cire takardu daga tympan . A shekara ta 1683, firintar Ingilishi Joseph Moxon ya rubuta cewa "shaidan" kalma ce mai ban dariya ga yara maza waɗanda aka lulluɓe da tawada: "Daga nan ne Ma'aikata Jocosely ke kiransu Shaidan; wani lokacin kuma Ruhohi, wani lokacin kuma Kudaje." Da zarar an yi amfani da nau'in ƙarfe da aka yi da siminti, ko aka sa, ko kuma aka karye, sai a jefa shi cikin " akwatin jahannama ", bayan haka aikin shaidan na firinta ne ko dai ya mayar da shi cikin akwatin aiki, ko kuma ya kai shi cikin tanda don a narke shi a sake yin amfani da shi.
An bayar da bayanai da yawa game da ma'anar addini ko na allahntaka na kalmar. [1] Tun daga Tsakiyar Zamani zuwa gaba, musamman a ƙasashen Katolika, ana ɗaukar ƙirƙira fasaha kamar injin buga littattafai da zargi, kuma ana danganta su da Shaiɗan da " Fasahohin Duhu ". [2] [3] Wasu sun nuna cewa marubuta sun ƙirƙiro kalmar a matsayin suna ne da tsoron cewa injin buga littattafai zai sa kwafin rubuce-rubuce da hannu ya tsufa. [4] An haɗa da ra'ayoyi da yawa game da asalin kalmar a ƙasa.
Titivillus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wata sanannen ka'ida tana da alaƙa da imani mai ban sha'awa tsakanin masu buga littattafai cewa wani aljani na musamman, Titivillus (wanda kuma ake kira "shaidan na firinta na asali" ), yana lalata kowace shagon buga littattafai, yana aikata barna kamar juya nau'in rubutu, kuskuren rubuta kalmomi, da kuma cire dukkan layukan da aka kammala rubutu. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] An ce Titivillus yana yin barkwancinsa ta hanyar rinjayar matasa masu koyon aiki - ko "shaidun mawallafi" - yayin da suke saita nau'in, ko kuma ta hanyar haifar da kurakurai yayin ainihin jefa nau'in ƙarfe. [1] Kurakuran bugawa masu girma da aka "zargi" a kan Titivillus sun haɗa da cire kalmar da ba ta cikin Sigar Izini ta 1631 ta Littafi Mai Tsarki ba, wanda ya haifar da Fitowa 20:14 ya bayyana a matsayin "Za ka yi zina." Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ta a matsayin halitta mai ƙafafu masu kama da ƙusoshi da ƙaho a kansa, asalin tatsuniyar Titivillus ta samo asali ne tun daga Tsakiyar Zamani, lokacin da aka ce yana tattara "guraguzan kalmomi" waɗanda malamai ko masu ibada suka jefar ko suka yi kuskuren faɗa a cikin jaka don isar wa Shaiɗan kowace rana, kuma daga baya, don yin rikodin addu'o'in da ba a karanta ba da tsegumi da ake ji a coci da alkalami a kan takarda, don amfani a Ranar Shari'a . [1] [2] Tsawon ƙarni, an zargi Titivillus da laifin sa sufaye su yi kuskure yayin kwafin rubuce-rubuce da hannu; tsoma baki da buga bulo da faranti; kuma daga ƙarshe, suna yin barkwanci da nau'in rubutu mai motsi . [1]