Shanghaiing
| Iri | aiki |
|---|---|
| Suna saboda | Shanghai |
Shanghaiing ko crimping shine aikin satar mutane don yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ta hanyar dabarun tilastawa kamar yaudara, tsoratarwa, ko tashin hankali. Wadanda ke cikin wannan nau'in satar mutane an san su da crimps. Kalmar da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'Yan jarida tana nufin musamman ga ayyukan burgewa a cikin Royal Navy na Burtaniya.[1]
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmomin "Shanghai" sun shiga cikin ƙamus tare da "crimping" da "sailor thieves" a cikin shekarun 1850, watakila saboda Shanghai ita ce makoma ta yau da kullun na jiragen ruwa tare da ma'aikatan da aka sace.[2] Kalmar tun daga lokacin ta fadada zuwa ma'anar "sarraba" ko "an sa su yi wani abu ta hanyar zamba ko tilasta".
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Crimps sun bunƙasa a biranen tashar jiragen ruwa kamar Landan da Liverpool a Ingila da kuma San Francisco, [3] Portland, [4] Astoria, [5] Seattle, Savannah, da Port Townsend [6] a Amurka. A Yammacin Yammacin Amurka, Portland daga ƙarshe ya wuce San Francisco don Shanghaiing. A Gabashin Gabashin Amurka, New York tana da mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru, sannan Boston, Philadelphia, da Baltimore suka biyo baya.
Matsayin crimps da yaduwar aikin shanghaiing ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da dokoki, yanayin tattalin arziki, da ƙarancin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a Ingila da kuma Yammacin Yammacin Amurka a tsakiyar karni na 19.
Da farko, da zarar wani ɗan jirgin ruwa na Amurka ya sanya hannu a cikin jirgin ruwa don tafiya, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a gare shi ya bar jirgin kafin ƙarshen tafiya. Hukuncin shi ne ɗaurin kurkuku, sakamakon dokar tarayya da aka kafa a cikin 1790 [7] (Wannan abu ya ragu da Dokar Maguire ta 1895 da Dokar White ta 1898, kuma a ƙarshe Dokar Ma'aikacin Jirgin Jirgin Jirgi ta 1915).
Na biyu, ƙarancin ma'aikata ne ya haifar da aikin, musamman ma ƙwararrun ma'aikata a kan jiragen ruwa a Yammacin Yamma. Tare da ma'aikatan da ke barin jiragen ruwa saboda California Gold Rush, jiki mai lafiya a cikin jirgin ya kasance mai fa'ida.[8]
A shekara ta 1886, San Francisco ta wuce New Bedford, Massachusetts a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Amurka.[9]
A ƙarshe, shanghaiing ya yiwu ne ta hanyar kasancewar masanan shiga, wanda aikinsa shine neman ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa. An biya masu shiga jirgi "ta jiki", kuma saboda haka suna da karfi mai karfi don sanya ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da yawa a kan jiragen ruwa yadda zai yiwu. Wannan biyan ana kiransa "kudin jini", kuma yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin samun kudin shiga.[10] Wadannan dalilai sun kafa mataki don crimp: mai shiga jirgi wanda ke amfani da yaudara, tsoratarwa, ko tashin hankali don sanya ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa a cikin jirgin ruwa.
Hanyar da ta fi sauƙi don crimp zuwa Shanghai mai jirgin ruwa ita ce ya sa ya zama mara hankali, ya ƙirƙiri sa hannun sa a kan kayan jirgin, kuma ya karɓi "kudin jini". An yi amfani da wannan hanyar sosai, amma akwai hanyoyin da suka fi fa'ida.[10]
A wasu yanayi, mai kula da jirgin zai iya karɓar albashi na farko na watanni biyu, uku, ko hudu na mutumin da ya fitar. Masu aikin jirgin ruwa sun sami damar samun ci gaba a kan albashinsu don tafiya mai zuwa don ba su damar siyan tufafi da kayan aiki, amma ba a biya ci gaba kai tsaye ga mai aikin jirgin ba saboda zai iya tserewa da kuɗin kawai. Maimakon haka, waɗanda ake bin kuɗi za su iya ɗaukar su kai tsaye daga kyaftin din jirgin. Wani dan kasuwa, wanda ya riga ya yi hulɗa da ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, zai iya kara yawan kuɗin shiga ta hanyar samar da kayayyaki da aiyuka ga ma'aikaci a farashi mai yawa, da kuma karɓar bashin daga kyaftin din ma'aikacen jirgin ruwa.[11]
Wasu crimps sun yi kusan $ 9,500 a kowace shekara (daidai da $ 330,000 a 2024). [12]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- ↑ "Shanghai". dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
- ↑ "San Francisco Shangaiers 1886–1890". Collections & Research. Mystic Seaport Museum. 31 December 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
In 2005 Mystic Seaport Museum received, in database form, information gathered from a rare source, the ledger book of 19th century shipping master James Laflin. This ledger is accessible through the J. Porter Shaw Library, San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park. For more information, visit: The San Francisco Shanghaiers Database.
- ↑ Michael P. Jones. "The Portland Underground: Shanghai Tunnels". Archived from the original on 2007-03-23. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
- ↑ "Astoria's history along the tracks". Astoria Riverfront Trolley Association. Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
- ↑ "Levy, Maxwell (d. 1931), Port Townsend's Crimper King". historylink.org. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
- ↑ "American Merchant Marine Timeline, 1789–2005". Barnard's Electronic Archive and Teaching Library. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
- ↑ "The Lookout of the Labor Movement" (PDF). Sailors Union of the Pacific. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-05-12. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
- ↑ "whaling-timeline" (PDF). npshistory.com. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Georgia Smith (1988). "About That Blood in the Scuppers". Reclaiming San Francisco: History Politics and Culture, a City Lights Anthology. City Lights. Archived from the original on 2006-10-11. Retrieved 2007-04-03. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "smith" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Georgia Smith (1988). "About That Blood in the Scuppers". Reclaiming San Francisco: History Politics and Culture, a City Lights Anthology. City Lights. Archived from the original on 2006-10-11. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
- ↑ "Purchasing Power Today of a US Dollar Transaction in the Past". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 2008-04-20.