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Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi
area of law (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na legal proceeding (en) Fassara da dokar muhalli
Muhimmin darasi Rage canjin yanayi

Shari'ar canjin yanayi, wanda aka fi sani da Shari'ar yanayi, wata ƙungiya ce mai tasowa ta Dokar muhalli ta amfani da aikin shari'a don saita doka ta shari'a ta gaba da ƙoƙarin Rage canjin yanayi daga cibiyoyin jama'a, kamar gwamnatoci da kamfanoni. A fuskar jinkirin siyasar canjin yanayi da ke jinkirta rage canjin yanayi, masu gwagwarmaya da lauyoyi sun kara kokarin amfani da tsarin shari'a na kasa da kasa don ci gaba da kokarin. Shari'ar yanayi yawanci tana shiga cikin ɗayan nau'ikan da'awar shari'a guda biyar: [1] Dokar Tsarin Mulki (wanda ke mai da hankali kan keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki ta jihar), Dokar gudanarwa (ƙalubalanci cancantar yanke shawara na gudanarwa), dokar masu zaman kansu (ƙalubalantar kamfanoni ko wasu kungiyoyi don sakaci, damuwa, da dai sauransu, zamba ko kariya ga masu amfani (ƙalubalen kamfanoni don yin kuskure game da tasirin yanayi), ko haƙƙin ɗan adam (yi da' yancin cewa gazawar yin aiki akan canjin yanayi shine gazawar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam).[2] Masu shari'a da ke bin irin waɗannan shari'o'in sun sami sakamako mai rikitarwa.

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2000, tsarin shari'a don yaki da canjin yanayi ya karu ta hanyar dokokin da ke akwai, kuma karuwar shari'o'in kotu sun haɓaka tsarin doka na kasa da kasa wanda ke haɗa matakin yanayi zuwa ƙalubalen shari'a, wanda ke da alaƙa da dokar tsarin mulki, dokar gudanarwa, dokar sirri, dokar kariya ta mabukaci ko haƙƙin ɗan adam.[1] Yawancin shari'o'in da suka ci nasara da hanyoyin sun mayar da hankali kan inganta bukatun Adalci na yanayi da motsi na yanayin matasa. Tun daga shekara ta 2015, an sami ci gaba a cikin amfani da muhawara game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin shari'ar yanayi, a wani bangare saboda amincewa da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya a cikin ƙarin iko da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. [3][4]

Babban shari'ar shari'ar yanayi da aka kawo a kan jihohi sun hada da Leghari v. Pakistan, [5] Juliana v. Amurka (duka 2015), Urgenda v. Netherlands (2019), da Neubauer v. Jamus (2021), [6] [7] [8] yayin da Milieudefensie v Royal Dutch Shell (2021) ita ce mafi girman shari'ar da aka yi wa kamfani har zuwa yau.[9][10] Masu gwagwarmayar muhalli sun tabbatar da cewa kamfanonin masu saka hannun jari na kwal, mai, da iskar gas na iya zama doka da kuma halin kirki don keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi yanayi, duk da cewa yanke shawara na siyasa na iya hana su shiga cikin irin waɗannan keta doka.[11][12] Sau da yawa ana gudanar da shari'o'i ta hanyar hada-hadar kokarin da albarkatu kamar ta hanyar kungiyoyi kamar Greenpeace, kamar Greenpeace Poland wanda ya kai karar mai amfani da kwal da Greenpeace Jamus wanda ya kai kara ga masana'antar mota. [13] Irin waɗannan shari'o'in na iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don bayyanawa, kuma a wasu lokuta ba su yi nasara ba duk da ƙoƙarin dogon lokaci, kamar yadda ya faru da Juliana v. Amurka.

Shekaru na 2010 sun ga karuwar shari'o'in masu fafutuka da aka samu nasara a kotunan duniya.[14] Rahoton Shari'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2017 ya gano shari'o'i 884 a kasashe 24, ciki har da shari'o-tafiye 654 a Amurka da shari'a 230 a duk sauran kasashe tare. Ya zuwa 1 ga Yuli, 2020, adadin shari'o'in ya kusan ninka zuwa akalla shari'oʼin canjin yanayi 1,550 da aka gabatar a kasashe 38 (39 ciki har da kotunan Tarayyar Turai), tare da kusan shari'o" 1,200 da aka gabatar da su a Amurka kuma sama da 350 da aka gabatar su a duk sauran kasashe.[15] Ya zuwa Disamba 2022, adadin ya karu zuwa 2,180, ciki har da 1,522 a Amurka.[16] Ana sa ran adadin shari'o'in zai ci gaba da karuwa a cikin shekarun 2020 .[17]

Akwai karuwar shari'o'in shari'a, kuma yanke shawara na kasa da kasa na iya rinjayar kotunan cikin gida. Koyaya, wasu lokuta suna aiki a wata hanya: suna kalubalantar matakin yanayi kuma ba su dace da burin yanayi ba.[18]

Hanyoyi da nau'ikan dokoki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shari'ar yanayi yawanci ta fada cikin daya daga cikin manyan fannoni biyar na doka: [1]

  • Dokar Tsarin Mulki - ta mayar da hankali kan keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki ta jihar. 
  • Dokar Gudanarwa - kalubalantar cancantar yanke shawara ta gudanarwa a cikin dokokin da ke cikin littattafai, kamar ba da izini ga ayyukan manyan fitarwa. 
  • Dokar masu zaman kansu - kalubalanci kamfanoni ko wasu kungiyoyi don sakaci, damuwa, keta doka, amincewar jama'a, da wadataccen rashin adalci. 
  • Cin hanci ko kariya ta mabukaci - yawanci kalubalanci kamfanoni don yin kuskuren bayani game da tasirin yanayi. 
  • 'Yancin Dan Adam - da'awar cewa gazawar yin aiki akan canjin yanayi ko kare albarkatun kasa masu alaƙa, kamar yanayi ko gandun daji, ya kasa kare' yancin ɗan adam.[2] 

Wadannan yankuna ba su tsaya ba. Misali, Smith v Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd ya yi jayayya game da sabon laifin lalacewar canjin yanayi kuma Kotun Koli ta New Zealand ta yanke hukunci a cikin 2024 cewa za a iya tabbatar da wannan sabon laifin farar hula a cikin ayyukan gaba.

Ma'auni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rahoton Shari'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2017 ya gano shari'o'i 884 a kasashe 24, ciki har da shari'o-tafiye 654 a Amurka da shari'a 230 a duk sauran kasashe tare. Ya zuwa 1 ga Yuli, 2020, adadin shari'o'in ya kusan ninka zuwa akalla shari'oʼin canjin yanayi 1,550 da aka gabatar a kasashe 38 (39 ciki har da kotunan Tarayyar Turai), tare da kusan shari'o" 1,200 da aka gabatar da su a Amurka kuma sama da 350 da aka gabatar su a duk sauran kasashe.[19] Ya zuwa Disamba 2022, adadin ya karu zuwa 2,180, ciki har da 1,522 a Amurka.[20]

Masana sun lura da "yanayin da ke girma cikin sauri na shari'ar yanayi" (kamar yadda na 2024) kuma sun ce kotuna suna tsara doka da hanyoyin shugabanci, bayan iyakokin dokar cikin gida.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 King; Mallett, Wood Mallesons-Daisy; Nagra, Sati (27 February 2020). "Climate change litigation - what is it and what to expect? | Lexology". www.lexology.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2020-09-20. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  2. 1 2 Orangias, Joseph (1 December 2021). "Towards global public trust doctrines: an analysis of the transnationalisation of state stewardship duties". Transnational Legal Theory. 12 (4): 550–586. doi:10.1080/20414005.2021.2006030. S2CID 244864136 Check |s2cid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Peel, Jacqueline; Osofsky, Hari M. (March 2018). "A Rights Turn in Climate Change Litigation?". Transnational Environmental Law. 7 (1): 37–67. doi:10.1017/S2047102517000292. S2CID 158786536.
  4. ↑ de Vilchez, Pau; Savaresi, Annalisa (2023-04-20). "The Right to a Healthy Environment and Climate Litigation: A Game Changer?". Yearbook of International Environmental Law (in Turanci). 32 (1): 3–19. doi:10.1093/yiel/yvac064. ISSN 0965-1721. Archived from the original on 2023-07-04. Retrieved 2023-07-04. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  5. ↑ "Leghari v. Federation of Pakistan". Climate Case Chart. Sabin Centre for Climate Change Law. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  6. ↑ Beauregard, Charles; Carlson, D'Arcy; Robinson, Stacy-ann; Cobb, Charles; Patton, Mykela (28 May 2021). "Climate justice and rights-based litigation in a post-Paris world". Climate Policy. 21 (5): 652–665. Bibcode:2021CliPo..21..652B. doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1867047. ISSN 1469-3062. S2CID 233731449 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  7. ↑ Marris, Emma (3 November 2018). "US Supreme Court allows historic kids' climate lawsuit to go forward". Nature (in Turanci). 563 (7730): 163–164. Bibcode:2018Natur.563..163M. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07214-2. PMID 30401851. S2CID 53234042. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  8. ↑ Viglione, Giuliana (28 February 2020). "Climate lawsuits are breaking new legal ground to protect the planet". Nature (in Turanci). 579 (7798): 184–185. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..184V. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00175-5. PMID 32157222. S2CID 212654628. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  9. ↑ "Constitutional complaints against the Federal Climate Change Act partially successful". www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de. Bundesverfassungsgericht. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  10. ↑ "Shell: Netherlands court orders oil giant to cut emissions". BBC News. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  11. ↑ "Science Hub for Climate Litigation | Union of Concerned Scientists". www.ucsusa.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  12. ↑ "As South Africa clings to coal, a struggle for the right to breathe". Grist (in Turanci). 12 December 2020. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  13. ↑ "Greenpeace threatens to sue coal utility in Poland". Climate Home News (in Turanci). 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  14. ↑ US EPA, OP (2013-02-22). "Summary of the Clean Air Act". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  15. ↑ "Global Climate Litigation Report: 2020 Status Review" (PDF). UN environment programme. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-26.
  16. ↑ United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law (2023). "Global Climate Litigation Report / 2023 Status Review" (PDF). p. XIV. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2023.
  17. ↑ Kaminski, Isabella (4 January 2023). "Why 2023 will be a watershed year for climate litigation". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  18. ↑ Osborne, Louise (2025-07-23). "National climate inaction just got harder". dw.com (in Turanci). DW. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
  19. ↑ "Global Climate Litigation Report: 2020 Status Review" (PDF). UN environment programme. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-26.
  20. ↑ United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law (2023). "Global Climate Litigation Report / 2023 Status Review" (PDF). p. XIV. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2023.
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