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Shari'ar Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya a kan bankunan Swiss

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Shari'ar Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya a kan bankunan Swiss
lawsuit (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Fuskar The Holocaust
Ƙasa Switzerland

An kaddamar da shari'ar Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya kan bankunan Swiss a cikin 1995 don dawo da kudaden ajiya da aka yi a cikin manyan bankunan Swiss uku (UBS, Credit Suisse da Swiss Bank Corporation) wadanda aka azabtar da zaluncin Nazi a lokacin da kuma kafin yakin duniya na biyu. An fara tattaunawar WJC tare da Gwamnatin Switzerland da bankunan Swiss, sannan kuma daga baya aka fadada don rufe kamfanonin inshora na Switzerland,[1] kan bukatu masu nauyi na shaidar mallaka don asusu da manufofin inshora. Ƙarfafan goyon baya daga ƴan siyasa da jami'an Amurka na tarayya da na jihohi, da barazanar takunkumi a kan bankunan Switzerland guda uku, da kuma wasu takardu da aka fallasa daga wani mai gadin banki sun matsa lamba kan sasanta ƙarar a cikin 1998 a wata kotun Amurka ga nau'ikan mutane da gwamnati da ayyukan banki suka shafa. Ita kanta gwamnatin Switzerland ba ta kasance ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba.

Tun daga farkon 2020, an ba da dalar Amurka biliyan 1.29 ga kusan masu da'awar 458,400.

Yayin da mutane da yawa a Amurka ke yabawa a matsayin muhimmin mataki na shari'a ga shari'ar Holocaust, [2] sasantawar ya kasance mai jayayya a Switzerland. Wasu masu sharhi sun gano yana da matsala cewa adadin kuɗin da aka fitar a ƙarshe ya wuce abin da aka samu a cikin bankunan Swiss (kamar yadda Hukumar Volcker ta ƙaddara) kuma cewa sulhu na ƙarshe bai dogara ne akan ainihin adadin da ake binta ba, amma a kan sasantawa tsakanin Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya da Cibiyoyin Kuɗi na Swiss a cikin koma bayan barazanar takunkumin Amurka a kan Switzerland. An kuma yi la'akari da bankunan da ke da alhakin kuɗi [3] don samun riba daga hana shigar wasu Yahudawa zuwa Switzerland da kuma aikin tilastawa da aka yi don amfanin kowane kamfani na Swiss (ba bankunan kawai) da 'yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa suka yarda da su a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da yanke shawara game da manufofin 'yan gudun hijira da aikin tilastawa ba su kasance a cikin tsarin bankunan ba. Gwamnatin Switzerland ba ta shiga cikin sasantawar ba.,[4]


Tarihin tarihi

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Saboda shelanta ba ruwanta da soja a Switzerland a yakin duniya na biyu, bankunan Switzerland sun kasance mafaka ga kadarorin Yahudawa kafin da lokacin yakin. Holocaust ya ga kisan gillar da aka yi wa Yahudawa kusan miliyan shida, wadanda suka hada da mutanen da suka ajiye kudadensu a bankunan Switzerland. Tun daga ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wasu magada masu ajiya da aka kashe sun ba da rahoton cewa an fuskanci matsaloli wajen maido da kuɗin saboda bankunan Switzerland sun nemi a ba su takardar shaidar mutuwar waɗanda suka ajiye ajiya na asali. Duk da haka, 'yan Nazi ba su ba da takaddun shaida na mutuwa ga waɗanda suka kashe ba. Bugu da kari, wasu magada wadanda abin ya shafa sun yi zargin cewa bankunan kasar Switzerland sun yi musu kawanya tare da bata su da gangan game da samuwar asusu. Dokokin sirrin banki na Switzerland sun hana masu banki amsa tambayoyi game da masu rike da asusu ga mutanen da suke ganin ba su da shaidar cewa suna da alaƙa da ainihin mai ajiya. Duk wani bayyanar da bayanai zai iya haifar da tara ko ɗaure ma'aikacin banki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tarayya ta Switzerland ta 1934 akan Bankunan.[5]

Switzerland ta daidaita da'awar yakin duniya na biyu: Yarjejeniyar Washington ta 1946

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A cikin 1946, Switzerland da ƙawancen Yamma sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Washington a Washington, DC. Switzerland za ta biya Swiss francs miliyan 250 don sake gina Turai bayan yakin. A sakamakon haka, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun yi watsi da ƙarin da'awar a kan Bankin Ƙasar Swiss, wanda ayyukansa a lokacin yakin, irin su sayen zinare na Jamusanci, sun kasance masu rikici. Hakanan ana buƙatar Switzerland ta yi rajistar kadarorin Jamus da aka toshe a Switzerland daga ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1945, da kuma lalata kadarorin da 'yan ƙasar Jamus da ke zaune a Jamus ke riƙe a Switzerland[6] Asar Amirka ta warware kadarorin Swiss, wanda ta toshe a cikin 1941 tare da na sauran ƙasashe masu tsaka tsaki.[7] [8]

Bugu da ari, gwamnatin Switzerland ta yi alƙawarin nuna "kyau" da kuma bincikar gano duk wata kadarar da ta kwanta a cikin waɗanda Holocaust ya shafa, a cikin wasiƙar da ba a buga ba wacce ke da alaƙa da yarjejeniyar.[9] [10]

Abubuwan da suka dace da karar WJC shine cewa gwamnatin Switzerland za ta bayyana cewa duk da'awar sun kasance.

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[11] [12] Switzerland ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci da asusun ajiyar kuɗi don biyan diyya ta ƙasa A shekara ta 1949, Switzerland ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Poland mai mulkin gurguzu a lokacin, don yin ciniki da asusun ajiyar banki na Switzerland da masu ajiya a Poland ke da su, wadanda ba a jin komai tun kafin yakin duniya na biyu. Wannan ya kasance ne don samun diyya don ƙaddamar da kadarorin mallakar Swiss a Poland tare da bullar mulkin gurguzu[13] Yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi tanadi cewa idan masu ajiya ko magadansu suka bayyana, gwamnatin Poland za ta ɗauki nauyin biyan su diyya bisa doka. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance ce ta cece-kuce a kasar Switzerland da kuma kasashen waje a lokacin, amma ta dogara ne akan dokar kasar Switzerland. Dokar Tarayya ta Yuni 25, 1891 "Game da yanayin Dokar Farar Hula na Mazauna da Mazauna na wucin gadi"[14] buƙaci a ba da asusun ajiyar kuɗi na mutanen da ba su zama a Switzerland ba ga gwamnatin marigayin ƙasar zama ta ƙarshe, inda suka kasance masu alhakin haraji na ƙarshe. Matsayin da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Banki ta Switzerland ta ɗauka, wanda ya goyi bayan yarjejeniyar, shi ne cewa masu ajiya suna da alhakin fahimtar dokokin hukumomin banki da suka ba da kuɗin su, wanda ya haɗa da abubuwan da ba a sani ba da suka shafi kwanciyar hankali na asusun. [15] [16] Ba a bayar da sunayen masu ajiya da aka mikawa gwamnatin Poland ba, inda gwamnatin kasar Switzerland ta bayyana fargabar kare lafiyar duk wani mai ajiya da ya rage ko kuma magadansu a gwamnatin gurguzu. Wannan ya haifar da cece-kuce saboda yana nufin hukumomin Poland, idan suna so, ba za su iya biya diyya ga masu ajiya ko magada da ke raye ba.[17] [18]

Sauraro

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Hukumar ta WJC ta sami damar ba da goyon bayan jami'an gwamnatin Amurka da ba a taba ganin irin ta ba, ciki har da Sanata Alfonse D'Amato R-NY, wanda ya gudanar da zaman majalisar dattijai na Bankin Banki inda ya ce ya mallaki "takardun da aka bayyana kwanan nan wadanda suka ba da sabon haske" game da rawar da Switzerland ta taka a yakin. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa “daruruwan miliyoyin daloli” na kadarorin Yahudawa na zamanin yaƙi sun kasance a bankunan Switzerland.[19] [20] [21] umarnin Shugaba Bill Clinton, [22] Sakatare-Janar na Kasuwanci Stuart Eizenstat ya ba da shaida a waɗannan sauraron karar kuma ya ba da rahoton [23] wanda ya zargi Switzerland da kasancewa "ma'aikacin banki na Nazi Jamus". Rahoton ya dogara kacokan akan asusun ajiyar gwamnatin Amurka. Ba ta ƙunshi wani sabon bayani na tarihi kan ajiyar kuɗin da 'yan Nazi suka kashe a bankunan Switzerland ba, kuma sun soki shawarar jami'an Amurka waɗanda suka yi shawarwari tare da Switzerland bayan yaƙin da cewa suna da sassauci. [24] Christoph Meili, wani mai gadin bankin Swiss, shi ma ya ba da shaida a yayin sauraron karar, [25]yana da'awar cewa ya ga yadda aka lalata bayanan yaki ba bisa ka'ida ba a Union Bank of Switzerland (SBG/UBS) a cikin Janairu 1997. Ya cire bayanan yakin lokacin mu'amala da kamfanonin Jamus kuma ya ba su ga Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta Swiss-Isra'ila. An bayar da sammacin kama shi saboda karya dokokin sirrin banki, kuma ya gudu zuwa UBS na Amurka ya ce bayanan ba su da alaka da kadarorin Yahudawan da ke kwance. [26] Sauran mutanen da suka ba da shaida sun hada da marubuci dan Burtaniya Tom Bower, wanda ya rubuta littafi mai suna Blood Money: Swiss, the Nazis and the Looted Billions.[27] Tashin hankali na Amurka-Swiss Sauraron karar ya haifar da cece-kuce tsakanin Amurka da Switzerland, tare da kauracewa kamfanonin Switzerland da kayayyaki a wasu jihohin Amurka. A Switzerland, mafi yawan jayayya [28] na rahoton Eizenstat shine cewa Switzerland ta taimaka wa Nazis fiye da abin da ya wajaba don ƙasa mai tsaka-tsaki, kuma ta tsawaita yakin. Ra'ayin jama'a na Switzerland ya yi matukar adawa da duk wani sulhu. Matsayin bankunan shine cewa buƙatun sasantawa sun kasance daidai da ƙimar kadarorin da ba a ba da izini ba, kuma matsayin gwamnatin [29] shine cewa tattaunawar da ta shafi wawashe dukiyar da 'yan Nazis suka wawashe an daidaita su yayin yarjejeniyar da ta gabata tare da gwamnatocin Allied (kamar Yarjejeniyar Washington ta 1946) ba za a iya sake buɗewa ba, saboda babu wani sabon bayani na tarihi.

Binciken asusun ajiyar kuɗi da gwamnatin Switzerland ta ba da umurni a cikin 1962 da 1995 ya nuna dala miliyan 32 (dala 1995) a cikin asusun da ba a ɗauka a lokacin yaƙi ba. A cikin 1997, bankunan sun buga jerin asusun ajiyar kuɗi a jaridu a ƙasashen waje. Daga cikin sunayen, jakadan Amurka a lokacin, haifaffen Zurich, Madeleine Kunin, ta sami Renee May, mahaifiyarta, wacce ta rasu a shekara ta 1970.[30] [31] WJC ta ki amincewa da tayin dala miliyan 600 daga bankuna[28] kuma ta bukaci a biya dala biliyan 1.8 don sasanta karar. A yayin tattaunawar, bankunan Switzerland sun amince su biya wani bincike, karkashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban Tarayyar Reserve Paul Volcker, na asusun ajiyar lokacin yakin. Wannan kwamitin binciken ya ƙunshi wakilan banki uku da uku daga ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa. Kwanturolan birnin NY Alan G. Hevesi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattaunawar, inda ya kira taro a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1997 tare da shugabannin bankin Swiss da masu kula da asusun ajiyar jam'iyyar Democratic Party don tattauna takunkumi kamar karkatar da kudaden gwamnati daga bankunan Swiss da kuma rike lasisi.[32] [33]

Volcker da Bergier kwamites

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Babban Labarai: Hukumar Volcker da Kwamitin Bergier Hukumar mai fitad da Volcker tana kashe Miliyan 300, wacce bankunan Swithland suka biya, kuma a rufe cewa ba a ba da rahotonsa na 1999 ba. Na wannan duka, Switzerland Francs 24 sun kasance "tabbas" da alaƙa da waɗanda ke fama da cutar da Nazi. [34] Bugu da kari hukumar ta samo tabbacin lalata bayanan bayanan asusun da aka azabtar, da aka shirya don karkatar da kudaden wadanda na wadanda Nazi tsananta wa wadanda suka ta'addanta da dalilan da aka zalunta. " Hakan kuma ya "tabbatar da shaidar shaidu da mukamai ta wasu bankuna na wasu bankuna a cikin asusun wadanda abin ya shafa". [35] [36] Hukumar mai fitad da Volcker ta ba da shawarar cewa, ya kamata a gyara dabi'u na littafin zuwa 1945 (ta hanyar kara kudaden da aka biya a cikin Switzerland a cikin Switzerland. A karkashin wadannan ka'idoji, jimlar dala miliyan 37.4.4 an ba masu rijista ko magada. [37]A cikin lokuta inda za'a iya tabbatar da cewa za a iya tabbatar da girman asusun, an ba da kyautar $ 125,000. Hukumar ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a baiwa sauran daidaiton sulhu a wasu wadanda aka cutar da Nazi wadanda suka ta'allaka ne.

Hukumar Bergier ta cimma makoki game da batun bankunan a cikin rahoton karshe, [38] kuma sun sami wannan cinikin tare da Na'i Jamus ba ta da matukar yakin duniya na II. @,[39], hukumar ta kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga Switzerland yakin duniya na Switzerland ta yakin kasar ta Ii a cikin yankuna na wanin wannan asusunka na dormant[40]

Zaure

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A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2000, alkali Edward R. Korman ya ba da sanarwar sasanta wannan shari'a tare da amincewa da wani shiri [41] da ke nuna biyan dala biliyan 1.25 cikin asusun da Hukumar Kula da Bankin Isra'ila ke sarrafawa. An nada Juda Gribetz Jagora na Musamman don gudanar da shirin, wanda wani lokaci ake kira Gribetz Plan bayan babban marubucin sa.[42]

Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2020, an ba da dalar Amurka biliyan 1.29 don kusan masu da'awar 458,400.@,[43]

Sakamakon da tasiri

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Nasarar da masu gabatar da kara suka samu wajen cimma matsaya sun kara karfafa kararrakin kararraki a kan bankunan kasashen waje da kamfanoni na kasa da kasa a karkashin Dokar Da'awar Alien Tort. Ed Fagan, daya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin da ke wakiltar masu kara a shari'ar WJC a kan bankunan Swiss, zai sake shigar da kara a kan Credit Suisse da UBS a cikin 2002, a wannan lokacin a madadin wadanda rikicin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu ya shafa.@,[44] daga baya an fadada shari'ar zuwa kamfanoni sama da 30 da suka hada da Nestle, Ford, Shell, ExxonMobil da Citigroup. Ya yi zargin cewa, kamfanonin sun ba da gudummawar kudade ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu, ta yadda suke ba da gudummawa da kuma tsawaita take hakkin dan Adam. Wani alkalin tarayya na Amurka ya yi watsi da wannan shari’ar a shekara ta 2004.[45]

Daga baya za a kori Fagan a cikin jihohi da yawa saboda kasa biyan tara da kuma kudade na kotu da kuma satar kudaden abokin ciniki da kuma ba da amana ga wadanda suka tsira daga Holocaust, wasu daga cikinsu ya wakilta a lokacin karar Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya.[46]

Abubuwan da suka faru na antisemitic sun taso a Switzerland bayan sulhu.[47]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Swiss insurer cooperating in Nazi suit - Aug. 14, 1998"
  2. ↑ "Secrets and Lies? Swiss Banks and International Human Rights"
  3. ↑ Ammann, René; Ruchti, Balz (2013-01-22). "Wo sind die Millionen hin?" (in Swiss High German). ISSN 1661-7444. Retrieved
  4. ↑ "Class Action Settlement Agreement"
  5. ↑ "The Swiss Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks"
  6. ↑ "The Washington Agreement of 1946 | Dodis"
  7. ↑ "Executive Order 8785 Freezing the Assets of Certain European Countries. | The American Presidency Project"
  8. ↑ "SWISS SATISFIED WITH NAZI-ASSETS TREATY"
  9. ↑ "The Washington Agreement of 1946 | Dodis"
  10. ↑ "Switzerland confronts issue of looted Nazi gold"
  11. ↑ "D'AMATO: SWITZERLAND USED HOLOCAUST VICTIMS' ASSETS TO COMPENSATE ITS CITIZENS"
  12. ↑ "Swiss Will Turn Over to Warsaw Property of Heirless Polish Jews; Agreement for Transfer of Funds Left by War Victims Brings Strong Protests That Assets Should Go to Refugee Body"
  13. ↑ "Swiss Government Agrees to Turn over to Poland Heirless Property of Polish Jews"
  14. ↑ "Fedlex". www.fedlex.admin.ch. Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  15. ↑ liegende Vermögenswerte von Nazi-Opfern und Entschädigungsabkommen mit Oststaaten: Bericht über historische Abklärungen erstellt im Auftrag der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Eidgenössisches Departement für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten, Task force, vom 29. Oktober 1996 = Les avoirs déposés en Suisse par des victimes du nazisme et les accords d'indemnisation conclus avec les pays de l'Est. Bundesarchiv-Dossier. Schweizerisches Bundesarchiv. Bern: Schweizerisches Bundesarchiv. ISBN 978-3-9520503-5-4.
  16. ↑ "The Alien Tort Statute: A Primer"
  17. ↑ 10.1093/oso/9780190923068.001.0001
  18. ↑ "Swiss Banks Settlement"
  19. ↑ Hearings before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, April 23, 1996.
  20. ↑ Weinstein, Henry; Goldman, John J. (1998-07-02). "Nazi-Era Claims Spark Sanctions on Swiss
  21. ↑ Bisa gaCodevilla, Angelo M. (2000) Between the Alps and a Hard Place. New York: Regnery Publishing.
  22. ↑ Hearings before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, May 15, 1997. Testimony of Undersecretary Eizenstat
  23. ↑ U.S. and Allied Efforts To Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany During World War II
  24. ↑ "Switzerland winds up Holocaust fund"
  25. ↑ Hearings before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
  26. ↑ "Geschäft Ansehen"
  27. ↑ "Bower"
  28. ↑ Hearings before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, May 15, 1997. Testimony of Ambassador Borera
  29. ↑ The Swiss government paid 250 million francs (1946 francs) to the allies in 1946 as part of a settlement
  30. ↑ "New Twist on Swiss Accounts: Envoy Sees Her Mother's Name (Published 1997)"
  31. ↑ "$600 MILLION OFFERED TO SETTLE JEWISH CLAIMS"
  32. ↑ Codevilla, Angelo M. (2000) Between the Alps and a Hard Place. New York: Regnery Publishing
  33. ↑ "State treasurer restores sanctions against Swiss banks"
  34. ↑ Report on Dormant Accounts of Victims of Nazi Persecution in Swiss Banks
  35. ↑ Report on Dormant Accounts of Victims of Nazi Persecution in Swiss Banks
  36. ↑ Report on Dormant Accounts of Victims of Nazi Persecution in Swiss Banks
  37. ↑ "Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation"
  38. ↑ The Bergier Commission Final Report
  39. ↑ The Bergier Commission Final Report
  40. ↑ The Bergier Commission Final Report
  41. ↑ "Class Action Settlement Agreement"
  42. ↑ Finkelstein, Norman. The Holocaust Industry. Verso, New York, second paperback edition 2003, p. 154.
  43. ↑ "Swiss Banks Settlement Fund Distribution Statistics as of January 31, 2020"
  44. ↑ "Swiss banks 'face apartheid lawsuit'"
  45. ↑ "Apartheid court case dismissed | Business | The Guardian"
  46. ↑ "Lawyer Edward Fagan is disbarred in N.J. for misusing Holocaust victims' funds"
  47. ↑ "Refworld | Freedom in the World 2001 - Switzerland"
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