Shari'ar kisan Jasper Ibrahim

Shari'ar kisan Jasper Ibrahim

Iri	criminal case (en)
Kwanan watan	6 ga Yuni, 1923
Ƙasa	Kenya Colony (en)

A watan Yunin 1923, an yi wa mazaunin Burtaniya Jasper Ibrahim shari'a saboda kisan ma'aikacin Afirka Kitosh a yankin Kenya. Kitosh ya mutu bayan bulala da Ibrahim da ma'aikatansa suka gudanar a wani gona kusa da garin Molo, Kenya. Masu juriya, wadanda duk na Turai ne kuma sun hada da sanannun Ibrahim, sun same shi da laifin karamin zargi na mummunan rauni kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku.

Hukuncin, wanda aka fi la'akari da shi a matsayin mai sauƙin kai, ya kawo hukunci daga Ofishin mulkin mallaka na Gwamnatin Burtaniya game da yadda tsarin shari'a na mulkin mallaka ya magance shari'ar da kuma ci gaba da amfani da Dokar Shari'ar Indiya (IPC) a Kenya, wanda ya bambanta sosai da dokar Ingila a cikin maganin kisan kai. Sakataren sakataren jihohin Burtaniya sun yi ƙoƙari su tilasta sake fasalin doka a kan mulkin mallaka, kodayake Babban Alkalin Kenya Sir Jacob William Barth da Gwamna Edward Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham sun yi tsayayya da su. A ƙarshe an maye gurbin IPC a Kenya da sabon lambar doka a cikin 1930.

Mutuwar Kitosh

Jasper Ibrahim ya kasance Mazaunin Burtaniya a yankin Kenya . Dan Charles Ibrahim, bishop na Derby daga 1909 zuwa 1927, yana da matsayi mai girma a cikin 'yan uwansa. Ibrahim ya ci gaba da gonar da aka sani da Kweresoi a kusa da kilomita 27 (17 daga garin Molo. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan Ibrahim a gonar wani ma'aikacin Afirka ne da ake kira Kitosh . Yana da shekaru kusan 30, Kitosh ya yi aiki ga Ibrahim na tsawon watanni 18, kodayake ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsere daga gonar a watan Afrilu 1923, yana zargin cin zarafin jiki.

A ranar 6 ga Yuni 1923 Ibrahim, wanda ke kwance a gado tare da raunin baya, ya ba da ɗaya daga cikin dawakai ga maƙwabcin da ke tafiya zuwa tashar jirgin ƙasa a Molo. Doki yana da ciki, don haka Ibrahim ya aika Kitosh tare da umarni don tafiya zuwa gona. Wani mazaunin Turai mai suna Polson ya ce ya ga Kitosh yana hawa doki kuma yana buge ta a cikin ciki da sanda. Polson ya bayyana cewa ya gaya wa Kitosh ya sauka ya koma Kweresoi. Polson ya ziyarci Ibrahim washegari don ya ba shi abubuwan da suka faru. Ibrahim ya gaya wa Polson cewa ya yi fushi da Kitosh kuma ya yi rantsuwa da "ƙazantar da Tikitin aiki yaron".

Ibrahim ya fuskanci Kitosh a yammacin 10 ga Yuni. Ya tambayi Kitosh wanda ya ba shi izinin hawa kuma bai sami amsar ba. Ibrahim, wanda ta hanyar yarda da kansa "ya tashi daga hannunsa", ya tura Kitosh cikin wani shinge kuma ya doke shi da fata. Ibrahim ya kira ma'aikatan gona biyu na Afirka don su riƙe Kitosh yayin da ya buge shi kuma daga baya ya sami wasu maza uku bayan Kitosh ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya. Ibrahim ya yada Kitosh a kan motar karusa kuma ya buge shi a kan wuyan hannu. Dan uwan Ibrahim Michael da wani mazaunin mai suna Powell ne suka shaida harin. Michael da Powell dukansu sun bayyana cewa sun ga Ibrahim ya yi amfani da bugawa 15 ko 20 kafin su bar da yamma. Ibrahim daga baya ya ci gaba da doke Kitosh, yana kiran ma'aikatansa Kimesu arap Killel da Chuma arap Chebule su buge shi sau uku zuwa hudu. Ibrahim ya yanke hukunci cewa mutanen sun yi jin kunya sosai a bulala kuma ya sami ma'aikaci na uku, Bariche arap Chumia, ya karbe mulki. Bayan wasu bugun jini biyar daga Bariche, Kitosh ya bayyana ya fadi, amma Ibrahim ya yanke hukunci cewa yana nuna rashin sani kuma ya jefa guga huɗu na ruwa a kansa.

Kitosh bai farka ba kuma Kimesu da Chuma sun ɗauke shi kuma ya koma wani shago. A can Ibrahim ya kori Kitosh a gefe sau biyu kuma ya umarce shi a ɗaure shi a wani matsayi kafin ya tafi. Ibrahim daga baya ya koma shagon don karfafa takunkumin kuma ya umarci ma'aikatan gidansa, Sefu bin Namakoyo da Kimnyigue arap Chepkorus su tsare shagon. An bar Kitosh da dare ba tare da abinci ko ruwa ba kuma tsohuwar rigar ne kawai don dumi. Sefu ya saki Kitosh a kusa da karfe 2 na safe kuma daga baya ya tuna cewa mutumin da ya ji rauni ya ce "idan ina da wuka zan kashe kaina".  Kitosh yana gumi da kuka da karfe 3 na safe kuma da karfe 4 na safe ya nemi Sefu ya gano jikinsa kuma ya gaya masa cewa yana tunanin yana gab da mutuwa.   Kitosh ya mutu jim kadan bayan haka.

Kimnyigue ya ba da rahoton mutuwar ga Ibrahim, wanda ya aika da sako ga Walter Scott, a matsayin kwamandan ofishin 'yan sanda na Molo. Saƙon Ibrahim ya karanta "Wani ɗan asalin ƙasar mai suna Kitosh wanda na yi masa bulala a wannan gona da daddare ya mutu yanzu. Da yardar rai za ku fito ku bincika". Scott ya isa karfe 2:30 na yamma kuma ya bincika gawar a cikin ɗakin ajiya. Scott ya kama Ibrahim, Kimesu, Chuma da Bariche. An saki Ibrahim a kan beli amma an tsare ma'aikatan Afirka a tsare. Scott ya dawo da jikin Kitosh zuwa Molo a cikin Karusar bijimi don gwajin bayan mutuwar likitan gundumar F. L. Henderson .

Shari'ar Abraham

Tashar jirgin kasa a Nakuru, an ɗauke hoton a shekara ta 1913

An tuhumi Abraham da ma'aikatansa da laifin kisa kuma aka kai su gaban kotu a Babban Kotun Nakuru a watan Yuni, a wani shari’a da alkalin Joseph Alfred Sheridan ya jagoranta. Masu yanke hukunci dukkansu Turawa ne daga yankin, kuma dukkansu sun san Abraham. Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Kenya ta nuna damuwa kan rashin adalcin masu yanke hukunci, kuma ta ba da shawarar a canza wurin shari’ar. Bukatar da Babban Lauyan Kenya, Robert William Lyall-Grant, ya gabatar na mayar da shari’ar zuwa Nairobi, babban birnin kasar, an ƙi amincewa da ita saboda tsadar tafiya da wahalar shaidu.

A lokacin shari’ar, dokar da ke aiki a cikin mallakar ƙasar ita ce ta Lambar Laifuka na Indiya, wanda ke ba da damar a rage hukunci daga kisa zuwa mummunan raunuka ko raunuka masu sauki. Domin a tabbatar da laifin kisa, dole ne masu yanke hukunci su tabbatar da cewa akwai niyyar kashewa, ko jikkatar da ke da karfin haddasa mutuwa, ko kuma cewa duk mai hankali zai fahimci cewa raunin da aka yi zai iya haddasa mutuwa. Mummunan raunuka na nufin rauni da ke barazana ga rayuwa ba tare da niyyar kashewa ba, yayin da raunuka masu sauki ke nufin ciwo da aka yi da gangan. Sheridan ya fadawa masu yanke hukunci cewa shaidun da aka gabatar ba su goyi bayan laifin kisa ba, kuma ya bukaci su mayar da hankali kan laifuka masu rauni.

Lauyan kare Abraham ya yi nasarar hana a tattauna ƙoƙarin Kitosh na tserewa a watan Afrilu 1923 a cikin kotu saboda yana ganin hakan zai shafi shari’arsa. Abraham ya bayyana cewa "da yaro ya yarda da kuskuren hawa doki, da ba za a yi masa dukan ko daya ba". Ya yarda da cewa ya yi wa Kitosh bulala, amma ya ce "duk buguna na ba su da ƙarfi sosai – ko a ganina haka ne". Michael Abraham ya ce "ban ɗauka da mugunta ba; irin bulalar da aka yi masa iri ce da abin da aka yi mini tun ina yaro".

Henderson, ƙwararren likita kuma wanda 'yan sanda ke girmamawa, ya bayyana cewa ya gano raunuka masu zurfi a cikin jikin Kitosh, kuma raunin da ke wurin bayansa sun fi ƙarfin abin da ya taɓa gani. Ya kuma lura cewa Kitosh bai ci komai ba cikin sa'o’i 20 kafin mutuwarsa. Henderson ya bayyana cewa raunin da aka yi zai iya haifar da mutuwa kuma a ra’ayinsa, sune suka haddasa mutuwar, watakila ta hanyar firgici.

Lauyan kare Abraham ya kira likitoci biyu daga cikin yankin su bada shaida: Arthur John Jex-Blake da Gerald Victor Wright Anderson. Likitocin sun ce raunin da Kitosh ya samu na faruwa ne a lokacin da ake jigilar gawarsa zuwa Molo. Sun kuma ce yunwa ta raunana Kitosh, saboda haka ya mutu da wuri fiye da yadda Abraham zai iya tsammani. Sun kara da cewa “halin tunanin bawan” ya kamata a ɗauka a matsayin dalilin da ya taimaka wajen mutuwarsa, suna cewa ya “rasa son rayuwa”. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan ƙasa na iya mutuwa idan sun yanke shawarar hakan, kuma mutuwar ta kasance kamar kisan kai. Henderson ya ƙi yarda da hakan, ya ce ya taɓa yin binciken gawar mutane fiye da 100 amma bai taɓa ganin wanda ya mutu saboda “ƙudurin zuciyarsa” kawai ba. Sheridan ya lura cewa likitocin ba su duba jikin Kitosh ba, kuma "Henderson ya taɓa yin bincike gawar 'yan Afirka da dama, amma Blake da Anderson ba su taɓa yin ko daya ba".

Masu yanke hukunci sun tabbatar da Abraham da laifin raunuka masu tsanani. Yayin da yake bayar da hukunci, Sheridan ya lura cewa “wannan shari’a ta fi sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da shari’ar Watts, Hawkins da Harries”. Duk da haka, Sheridan ya bayar da mafi ƙanƙanta hukunci da ake iya bayarwa kan wannan laifi, wato ɗaurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari. Ma'aikatan Abraham uku daga Afirka an samu su da laifin raunuka masu sauki, amma hakan an ɗauka ne a matsayin fasaha saboda sun bi umurnin Abraham. An yanke musu hukuncin kwana daya a kurkuku, kuma tun da sun riga sun shafe wata biyu a cikin tsare, aka sako su nan take.

Martani da gyare-gyare

A ƙarshen shari'ar, Sheridan ya yaba wa alkalin kotu don ƙoƙarinsu wajen shari'ar wani mutum "wanda da yawa daga cikinsu suka san shi sosai" cikin wani rahoto zuwa Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya. 'Yan sanda na Kenya sun shawarci Lyall-Grant cewa ra'ayin jama'a na cikin gida shi ne hukuncin ya kasance "ba daidai ba ga Abraham". Bulala masu tsayi sun zama ruwan dare a Kenya a lokacin, musamman a cikin shari'o'in da suka shafi dabbobi, waɗanda suka kasance masu matuƙar muhimmanci ga manoma a wannan matakin na farkon zaman lafiya. A lokacin da aka yanke hukunci, Hukumar Hukunci ta Asali ta Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta bayar da rahoto cewa masu zaman Kenya sun goyi bayan dokoki masu tsauri ga 'yan Kenya baƙi, musamman game da laifukan da suka shafi aikin. Samun wannan rahoto, wanda ya haɗa da ra'ayoyi masu goyon baya daga jami'an mulkin mallaka da alƙalai, ya tayar da hankalin Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka a Landan. Shari'ar Abraham ta janyo damuwa a Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka game da yadda jami'an shari'a na mulkin mallaka ke gudanar da aikinsu. Bayan shari'o'in Watts da Hawkins, tsarin shari'a na mulkin mallaka ya fara fuskantar bincike. Shari'ar Abraham ta zama farkon ƙarshen amfani da Dokar Laifuka ta Indiya a cikin Mulkin Kenya.

Cavendish, an dauka lokacin Yakin Duniya na Farko

Gwamnan Kenya, Robert Coryndon, ya ɗauki watanni biyu kafin ya aika da cikakken bayani game da shari'ar Abraham zuwa Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka. Sakataren Jiha na Mulkin Mallaka, Victor Cavendish, Duke na 9 na Devonshire, ya mayar da martani a watan Disamba inda ya soki alkalin kotu na Kenya game da aikinsu a wani "laifi da ba ya da wata sassaucin hali" kuma ya lura cewa ya kamata a ɗauki shari'ar a matsayin kisa mai sauƙi. Game da yadda tsarin alkalin kotu ke aiki, Cavendish ya lura da cewa "Ina tare da waɗanda suka gabata wajen guje wa tsoma baki cikin wata al'umma wadda ke da alaƙa da al'adun shari'a na Birtaniya: amma a cikin yanayin Kenya, tsarin yana buƙatar kulawa sosai". A cikin wata sanarwa daga baya, Cavendish ya tambaya dalilin da yasa mulkin mallaka ya ƙi bin umarnin Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka na shekarar 1913 da ke buƙatar Turawa su kasance masu shari'a daga wajen yankin. Ofishin yi la'akari da cewa kotun da ta yi shari'ar Abraham ba ta girmama shaidar likita da Henderson ya bayar ba kuma Sheridan ya yi amfani da ikonsa cikin kuskure wajen bayar da hukunci mai sauƙi. Lyall-Grant ya yarda cewa a karkashin dokar Ingila, hukuncin kisa ya kamata a samu, amma hukuncin ciwo mai tsanani ba sabon abu bane a dokar Indiya. Ya gaya wa Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka cewa yana tunanin irin waɗannan shari'o'in za su samu hukunci mai tsauri a nan gaba, amma gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta yi shakku da hakan.

Cavendish ya yi la'akari da cewa dokar Indiya ba ta da isasshen hukunci game da kisa kuma ya umarci Lyall-Grant da ya tsara dokar cikin gida domin sanya tsarin ya fi dacewa da tsarin dokar Ingila da ake amfani da shi a sauran mulkin mallaka. Cavendish ya tambayi dalilin da yasa barazanar Abraham na ƙwace katin aiki na Kitosh ba a ambata ba a kotu, tunda yin hakan laifi ne. Ya yi la'akari da cewa lauya, alƙali da alkalin kotu sun ɗauki irin wannan barazana a matsayin al'ada kuma abin karɓa. Don kunyata jami'an mulkin mallaka, Cavendish ya nemi cikakken bayani kan dukkan shari'o'in da irin wannan barazana ta kai ga hukunci, da ya san babu. A amsarsa ga Cavendish, Coryndon ya kare jami'an

Gado

Abraham ya zama tushen wahayi ga hali Louis Schultz a cikin littafin Nora K. Strange na shekarar 1928 Kenya Dawn. Schultz wani mai mulki ne dan ƙasar Holland wanda ya kashe wani Bafrikanci kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin yin fyade ga wata Baturiya. Kashewar Kitosh an bayyana ta a cikin labarin Kitosch's Story daga marubuciyar Danish-Kenyan Karen Blixen, wani ɓangare na aikinta na shekarar 1937 Out of Africa. Bayanin Blixen game da shari'ar ta nuna kyakykyawan kallo ga kisan Kitosh kuma ta yarda da ra'ayin cewa Kitosh yana da niyyar kashe kansa, amma ba ta wanke Abraham gaba ɗaya ba.

Ɗan majalisar Birtaniya Rennie Smith ya tambayi Ormsby-Gore a ranar 29 Nuwamba 1926, ko Abraham ya sake fuskantar kotu saboda wata hari da ya kai wa wani Bafrikanci, kamar yadda aka ba shi labari. Amery ya mayar da martani a ranar 24 Fabrairu 1927 cewa hakan ba gaskiya ba ne kuma Abraham ya ci gaba da zama ba shi da tarihin laifi tun bayan shari'ar. Amery ya bayyana cewa Grigg ya gaya masa cewa Abraham yana "ƙoƙarin gyara halayyarsa da sunansa". Bayanai daga kundin Europeans In East Africa sun nuna cewa Abraham ya mutu a Kenya a shekara ta 1943.

Majiya

• Anderson, David M. (September 2011). "Punishment, Race and 'The Raw Native': Settler Society and Kenya's Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (3): 479–497. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.602887. S2CID 143999794.
• Kjældgaard, Lasse Horne (1 October 2019). "Death from Torture as a Thing of Beauty? Karen Blixen and Kitosch's Story". Scandinavian Studies. 91 (3): 345–370. doi:10.5406/scanstud.91.3.0345. S2CID 167170250.
• Nicholls, Christine Stephanie (2005). Red Strangers: The White Tribe of Kenya (in Turanci). Timewell Press. ISBN 978-1-85725-206-4.
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• Wiener, Martin J. (8 December 2008). An Empire on Trial: Race, Murder, and Justice under British Rule, 1870–1935 (in Turanci). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-47344-6.
• Williams, Elizabeth W. (July 2017), Sexual Trusteeship: Constructing Race and Sexuality in Colonial Kenya, 1885–1963 (PDF) (PhD thesis), University of Minnesota