Shari'ar kisan kai ta Langley Hawkins
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legal case (en)  |
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A watan Mayu 1920, fararen mazaunin Turai Langley Hawkins ya gano kudi da takardu sun ɓace daga gidansa a Kiambu County a cikin British East Africa Protectorate. Ya kira wani dan sanda na Afirka baƙar fata daga Ruiru da ke kusa kuma ma'aurata sun ci gaba da doke da azabtarwa da ma'aikatan baƙar fata na Hawkins guda uku da kuma wata baƙar fata mai ciki don cire bayanai game da sata. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan, Mucheru, ya mutu a lokacin azabtarwa kuma matar daga baya ta zubar da ciki.
Dan sanda, Kisanda, ya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa, amma an gurfanar da Hawkins a gaban shari'a kan laifin kisan kai daya da kuma mummunan rauni uku. Wani namiji mai farin juri ya dawo da hukunci daya mai laifi don mummunan rauni da biyu a kan ƙananan zarge-zarge na rauni mai sauƙi. Hawkins ya sami hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyu, mai tsanani saboda laifukan da aka yanke masa hukunci amma ƙasa da yadda za a yi tsammani idan an yanke wa Hawkins hukunci a kan manyan tuhume-tuhume.
Wannan shari'ar ta kasance daya daga cikin irin wannan sakamako wanda ya haifar da damuwa a Ofishin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya game da yaduwar aikin bulala da mazauna Turai ke yi a Kenya. Yawancin yunkurin sake fasalin a ƙarshe sun ga maye gurbin Dokar Shari'ar Indiya ta mulkin mallaka da sauran matakan don ƙuntata hankali da aka ba da izini ga juriya da alƙalai a cikin kisan kai da batir.
Abin da ya faru
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Langley Hawkins ya kasance mazaunin, na Zuriyar Turai, a cikin Kiambu County na Gabashin Afirka Protectorate (Kenya ta yanzu). A ranar 5 ga Mayu 1920 ya gano kudi da takardu sun ɓace daga gidansa. Hawkins ya faɗakar da ofishin 'yan sanda mafi kusa a Ruiru kuma an tura wani dan sanda dan kasar Kenya, Kisanda. Hawkins da Kisanda sun tsare uku daga cikin ma'aikatan baƙar fata na Hawkins: Mucheru, Richu da Kamanyu . [1]:485
Daga baya Kisanda ya yi wa maza uku tambayoyi, ya buge su kuma ya azabtar da su, wani lokacin Hawkins ya taimaka musu.[1]::485 Tsanani ya haɗa da murkushe yatsunsu a cikin mugunta.[2] Har ila yau, Hawkins ya "tsere" wata mace baƙar fata mai ciki, a cikin ƙoƙari na cire bayanai.[1]::485 Matar daga baya ta zubar da ciki. A ranar 8 ga Mayu, Mucheru ya mutu.[1] : 485 :485
Shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An bayar da rahoton shari'ar a ko'ina a cikin manema labarai na gida kuma an yi biyan kuɗi tsakanin mazauna Turai don biyan kuɗin shari'a. An gabatar da karar a gaban Babban Kotun a watan Agustan 1920 a Nairobi a karkashin Alkalin Thomas Doveton Maxwell . An tuhumi Hawkins da laifin kisan kai guda daya da kuma mummunan rauni uku. Kisanda ya kashe kansa kafin shari'ar ta fara, a bayyane yake an motsa shi don yin hakan saboda nadama da tsoro game da makomarsa.[1]:485
Kenya a wannan lokacin, wanda ba a saba gani ba ga yankin Burtaniya a Afirka, yana aiki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'ar Indiya. Wannan ya ba da damar raguwar kisan kai da cajin batir. Don a tabbatar da zargin kisan kai lambar ta buƙaci cewa juriya ta tabbata cewa akwai niyyar kashewa, don haifar da raunin da ya isa ya haifar da mutuwa" ko kuma cewa mutum mai ma'ana zai kammala cewa raunin da aka haifar na iya haifar da mutuwa. Don kisan kai ana buƙatar wannan gwajin, kodayake ba tare da niyyar kashewa ba. Ciwon mummunan rauni wani abu ne na lahani na jiki wanda ke jefa rayuwa cikin haɗari kuma rauni mai sauƙi ƙarami ne, na haifar da kowane ciwo da gangan.[1]:484
A lokacin shari'ar Maxwell ya bayyana ayyukan Hawkins a matsayin "marar tausayi, mummunan zalunci". Koyaya, juriya na Turai da maza gaba ɗaya sun dawo da hukunci mai laifi kawai a kan tuhuma ɗaya na mummunan rauni da biyu na rauni mai sauƙi. Maxwell ya lura a cikin taƙaitaccen bayanin cewa shaidar da aka yi wa Hawkins na iya zama mafi muni idan Kisanda ya tsira don yin shaida.[1]::485 Wataƙila da yake tunanin zargi na baya-bayan nan daga manema labarai da Ofishin mulkin mallaka don yanke hukunci mai sauƙi a cikin irin waɗannan shari'o'in, kamar shari'ar kisan gillar Watts da Betchart na 1918 wanda maza suka karɓi tarar kawai a kan hukunci saboda mummunan rauni, Maxwell ya ɗora hukuncin tsare-tsare.[1]::485-485 Ya sanya wa'adin kurkuku guda biyu, wanda ya kai ga hukuncin shekaru biyu na kurkuku.[1] : 485
Sakamakon haka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shari'ar Hawkins da irin waɗannan shari'o'in kamar na Watts da Betchart a 1918 da Jasper Abraham a 1923, sun haifar da damuwa a Landan game da yaduwar al'ada a Kenya na Turawa da ke bulala ma'aikatan su baƙar fata. Sakataren Gwamnati na Ƙungiyoyin da suka biyo baya sun rubuta wa gwamnonin Kenya don ƙoƙarin ƙuntata aikin, ba tare da amfani ba yayin da gwamnonin suka goyi bayan mazauna.[1]: 492-495 The Devonshire White Paper na 1923 ya ba da umarnin cewa a sanya bukatun baƙar fata na Kenya sama da na mazauna Turai, amma ba su da tasiri sosai.
A ƙarshe an sami sauye-sauyen shari'a tare da matsin lamba daga Ofishin mulkin mallaka. An maye gurbin Dokar Shari'ar Indiya a cikin 1930 kuma an cire maganin ta na musamman na kisan kai da cajin batir, yana rage ikon juriya don nuna jinƙai ga mutanen da ake zargi da kisan kai. Daga baya gyare-gyare a karkashin Gwamna Sir Joseph Byrne, wanda ya sa ya zama wanda ba a yarda da shi a tsakanin jama'ar Turai, ya rage ikon da alƙalai ke da shi a kan yanke hukunci. Ra'ayin jama'ar Turai a cikin mulkin mallaka ya kasance da karfi a cikin goyon baya ga mummunan hali ga baƙar fata na Kenya na tsawon shekaru.:492–495
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Anderson, David M. (September 2011). "Punishment, Race and 'The Raw Native': Settler Society and Kenya's Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (3): 479–497. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.602887. S2CID 143999794. Cite error: Invalid
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