Shari'ar maƙaryaci ta Bideford

Wani tambari da ke tunawa da kisan kai a bangon Rougemont Castle a Exeter.

Shari'ar maƙaryaci ta Bideford ta haifar da ratayewa don maita a Ingila. Temperance Lloyd, Mary Trembles da Susannah Edwards daga garin Bideford a Devon an gwada su a cikin 1682 a Exeter Assizes a Rougemont Castle . Yawancin shaidu a kansu sun kasance jita-jita, kodayake akwai ikirarin da Lloyd ya yi, wanda ba ta musanta shi ba ko da da a kashe shi. Wadannan mata an lakafta su a matsayin mutane na karshe da aka rataye a Ingila saboda maita.

Binciken Tashin hankali na Lloyd

A ranar Asabar, Yuli 1682, Thomas Eastchurch, mai sayar da kayayyaki na Bideford, ya koka wa wasu daga cikin 'yan sanda na garin cewa Temperance Lloyd yana yin maita. 'Yan sanda sun kama Temperance Lloyd kuma sun kulle ta a cikin tsohuwar ɗakin sujada a ƙarshen gadar, inda ta kasance har sai an kai ta gaban alƙalai, Thomas Gist, Magajin garin Bideford, da John Davie, Alderman, a ranar Litinin da safe. Zargin sun kasance: "sunanin yin amfani da wasu fasahar sihiri, maita ko maita a jikin Grace Thomas kuma suna da magana ko saba da shaidan a cikin kamannin ko siffar baƙar fata. " Grace Thomas ta yi tunanin cewa Temperance Lloyd ne ke da alhakin rashin lafiyarta, saboda a watan Satumba da ya gabata, Lloyd ya yi kuka da farin ciki kuma ya nuna farin ciki da ganin cewa Thomas ya dawo da lafiyarsa.

Shaidar Anne Wakely

Wata mace, Anne Wakely, ta ga wani magpie fly zuwa taga na Thomas. Da yake zargin maita, ta tambayi Lloyd, kuma ta same ta a cikin wani. Sun sami "a cikin ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyun ɓoyayenta ɓoyayyu ɓoyayye ɓoyayyo ɓoyayyar ɓoyayya ɓoyayyayi ɓoyayyan ɓoyayyi ɓoyayyadaddun ɓoyayyin ɓoyayyakin ɓoyayyaki ɓoyaykun ɓoyayensu ɓoyayayyun ɓeyyun ɓoyoyayyun ƙoyayyun

Duk sauran shaidu game da Lloyd sun kasance jita-jita, galibi suna da'awar cewa sun saurari ikirarin da ta yi. Akwai irin waɗannan maganganu guda shida, gami da da'awar Anne Wakely cewa "baƙar fata" ya ziyarci Lloyd a cikin nau'in tsuntsu. Wakely ta kuma ce Lloyd ya gaya mata cewa baƙar fata ya tsotse karin jarirai.

Shaidar Thomas Eastchurch

Sanarwar Thomas Eastchurch an dauke ta da mahimmanci, saboda shi dan gari ne mai daraja; duk da haka, shaidarsa ita ce kawai ya ji Lloyd ta furta yayin da take cikin kulle-kulle a Bideford ranar da ta gabata. Ya bayyana cewa ta furta cewa ta sadu da "wani abu a cikin kamannin baƙar fata" wanda ya jarabce ta ta je ta azabtar da Grace Thomas. Eastchurch ta yi iƙirarin cewa da farko ta ki amma daga baya ta yarda, ta bi shi zuwa gidan Thomas inda baƙar fata ya gaya mata ta kama Thomas sau da yawa. An ce, a lokacin da ta bar gidan, ta ga wani cat ya shiga shagon Eastchurch; ta yi imanin cewa Iblis ne.

A wani lokaci daga baya, ta sake saduwa da baƙar fata, wanda ya gaya mata ta kashe Thomas, "inda Temperance ya tafi gidansa tare da baƙarƙen kuma ta shiga cikin ɗakin da Grace Thomas ta kwanta, kuma ta ci gaba da furta cewa ta sake yin murkushewa da cinyewa Grace Thomas a sassa da yawa na jikinta, ta bayyana da hannayenta biyu yadda ta yi, kuma cewa a can Grace Thomas ta yi kuka sosai. "Baƙar fata, bisa ga bayanin Eastchurch, idan Lloyd za ta kasance marar ganuwa a lokacin wannan hari. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa wani irin wannan hari a kan Thomas ya biyo baya.

Eastchurch sannan ta ba da shaida cewa Grace Thomas ta nemi taimakon likita don korafinta.

Hoton sihiri

Matarsa Elizabeth, 'yar'uwar Grace, ta bayyana cewa Thomas ya sami tara a gwiwarta, kuma yana zargin maita, ya fuskanci Lloyd, wanda ya amsa cewa ta yi wa fata sau tara.

Alƙalai sun ba da izinin su ga Lloyd ya sami tambayoyi daga shugaban, Michael Ogilby. Kodayake ta furta cewa ta juya ta zama cat, ta sata yar tsana kuma ta sanya ta a cikin ɗakin gado na Thomas, ta musanta yin amfani da sihiri na hoto duk da takamaiman tambayar Ogilby.

Sanarwar William Herbert

William Herbert shine shaidar karshe game da Temperance Lloyd . A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1671, ya ji mahaifinsa William "ya bayyana a kan gadonsa na mutuwa cewa Temperance Lloyd... ya yi masa sihiri har zuwa mutuwa. " Bayan ya mutu, William ya ga alamomi a jikinsa, kuma ya zargi Lloyd da maita; an wanke ta a shari'ar da ta biyo baya.

Shaidar ta Lloyd

A ranar 3 ga watan Yulin alƙalai sun tambayi Temperance Lloyd kanta, kuma ta yarda da duk zargin da aka yi mata. Kashegari, a kurkuku ta yarda ta kashe William Herbert, Lydia Burman da Anne Fellow, da kuma makantar da Jane Dallyn a ido daya. Ta yarda da duk wannan saboda ta yi imanin cewa har yanzu tana ƙarƙashin kariya ta baƙar fata.

Exeter

A ranar 8 ga watan Yulin Temperance Lloyd ya shiga Exeter Gaul don jiran shari'ar maita. A lokacin shari'ar ta ci gaba da nuna laifinta.

A lokacin kisa, ta yi ƙoƙari ta ba da dalilin ayyukanta: "Shaiɗan ya sadu da ni a kan titi, kuma ya nemi ya kashe ta, kuma saboda ba zan doke ni a kai da baya ba. "

Binciken Mary Trembles da Susanna Edwards

An bincika Mary Trembles da Susanna Edwards bayan wata mace ta yankin, Grace Barnes, ta zargi Trembles saboda rashin lafiyarta. A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1682, an zargi Mary Trembles da hukumomi kuma saboda haka aka kama shi, tare da Susanna Edwards, wanda ya bi Trembles yayin da suke rokon abinci (akwai karancin abinci a kasar a lokacin).

A binciken, mijin Grace Barnes John ya yi magana da farko, yana zargin Trembles da cutar da matarsa ta hanyar maita. William Edwards ya kuma yi magana, yana da'awar ya ji ikirarin Susanna. Mutane sun zo don ganin matan biyu yayin da suke cikin kulle-kulle na gari.

Anthony Jones ya girgiza

A lokacin tambayoyin Edwards, Anthony Jones, mijin Joan, ya ja hankalin Edwards da ke jan hannunta. Ya zarge ta da "yanzu tana azabtar da wani mutum ko wani. " Ya ce amsarta ita ce, "To, zan dace da ka". Daga nan sai ya bar Guildhall don taimakawa kawo Grace Barnes don ba da shaida. Lokacin da ya dawo, Anthony Jones ya yi ihu "Matar, yanzu wannan shaidan ya yi mini sihiri!" kuma an shawo kansa da girgizar ƙasa a lokacin da ya "tsalle kuma ya yi kama da mahaukaci", bayan haka ya fadi ba tare da sanin komai ba har rabin sa'a.

Confession na Maryamu Trembles

Bayan wannan rikici, Grace Barnes ba ta yi sanarwa ba; a maimakon haka alƙalai sun tambayi Mary Trembles. Ta amsa duk zargin da suka yi, ta furta maita, amma ta zargi Susanna Edwards da fara ta. Edwards ta biyo baya tare da ikirarin maita, ta kara da cewa ta kuma azabtar da Dorcas Coleman, wata mace ta yankin.

Kashegari, Laraba 19 ga Yuli, Anthony Jones ya warke sosai daga lafiyarsa don yin nasa sanarwa, yana ba da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru a safiyar da ta gabata. Daga baya a wannan rana, an nemi Maryamu da Susanna don duk wata alama mai ban mamaki a jikin su, sannan aka tura su zuwa Exeter don shiga Temperance Lloyd yayin jiran shari'arsu. Grace Barnes a cikin sanarwa ta sake maimaita labarin kuma ta kara da cewa tana da wasu tuhuma game da Susanna Edwards saboda sau da yawa tana kiran gidan mijinta saboda dalilai marasa amfani, ko kuma wani lokacin babu wani abu.

Sanarwar William Edwards

Yawancin shaidu game da matan biyu sun fito ne daga maganganun William Edwards da Joan Jones, wadanda dukansu sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna ba da rahoton abin da suka ji. William Edwards ya ce ranar da ta gabata, 17 ga Yuli, ya ji Susanna Edwards ta furta cewa Iblis yana da ilimin jiki game da jikinta, kuma "ya tsotse ta a cikin ƙirjinta da ɓoyayenta. Kuma ya ci gaba da cewa ya ji ta ce ita da Mary Trembles sun bayyana hannu da hannu marar ganuwa a gidan John Barnes inda Grace matar John Barnes ta kwanta a cikin mummunan yanayi. Kuma ya kara cewa ya kuma ji Susanna cewa ita da Mary trembles a wannan lokacin sun zo su kawo karshen ta.

Sanarwar Joan Jones

Joan Jones ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta ji Edwards yana yin cikakken ikirarin maita ga baƙo daga Torrington. Daga nan sai ta ba da rahoton wannan al'amari ga alƙalai. Bayan mutumin, John Dunning, ya bar Guildhall (ba tare da ba da shaida ba), Jones ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da abin da ta yi iƙirarin ta ji: cewa Trembles ta tambayi Edwards yadda ta zama maƙaryaci, kuma Edwards ta amsa cewa wani mutum da ke sanye da tufafi "duk baƙar fata" ya ba da shawarar cewa ba za ta taɓa kasancewa ba idan kawai ta yi masa abu ɗaya - kuma lokacin da ta tambayi menene, a cikin sunan Allah, wannan zai iya zama, mutumin ya ɓace.

Jones daga nan ta bayyana cewa ta ji Tremble da Edwards suna tattauna Grace Barnes, kuma ta ci gaba da da da'awar Edwards: cewa shaidan yana dauke da ruhun Edwards; cewa shaidan, a cikin siffar yaro, ya shayar da ƙirjinta; kuma shaidan ya yi jima'i da ita sau hudu.

Jones ta kuma ba da rahoton cewa Tremble ta yi jayayya da Edwards, tana zargin ta da zama (ko zama) maƙaryaci, kuma za ta ɗora wa Edwards alhakin wannan.

Mary Trembles, a cikin ikirarin ta, ta zargi Edwards da farawarta da maita; Edwards kuma ta zargi Temperance Lloyd. Ra'ayin jama'a ya kara mayar da hankali ga Lloyd - "matar da ta lalata sauran biyu".

Yayinda su biyun suke cikin Exeter Gaol, labaran da suka yi da shaidan sun ci gaba da yawo; wani ɗan littafin lokacin ya ce, "Sun kuma tabbatar da cewa shaidan ya zo tare da su zuwa ƙofar kurkuku kuma ya bar su a can".

Mai shari'a Sir John Holt na Richard van Bleeck, c. 1700. Holt ya taimaka sosai wajen kawar da tuhumar maita a Ingila bayan shari'ar maita ta Bideford. National Portrait Gallery, London.

Sanarwar Dorcas Coleman

Zuwa ƙarshen watan Yuli an shigar da maganganu huɗu a cikin rikodin. Abinda kawai ya kara muhimmiyar al'amari ga shari'ar shine na Dorcas Coleman, wanda ya tuna da rashin lafiya da ta sha a shekara ta 1680. Wani likita bai iya taimakawa ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar maita, watakila don yafe wa gazawarsa ta likita. An kira Susanna Edwards, kuma Coleman ya zarge ta da kasancewa mai azabtar da ita.

Hukunce-hukunce da kisa

An yi wa matan uku shari'a a gaban Sir Thomas Raymond, wanda juriya ta yanke masa hukunci, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. An rataye matan a ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1682 a kan gungumen azaba a waje da Exeter, sannan aka zubar da jikinsu a kusa da Ƙasa da ba a tsarkake ba. Mutuwarsu da wuraren binne su yanzu suna cikin filin ajiye motoci na St Luke's Campus na Jami'ar Exeter.

Tasirin siyasa da na addini

Masanin tarihi John Callow ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa na 2022, The Last Witches of England, cewa yanke hukunci da kisa na mata uku ya rinjayi tashin hankali na siyasa da na addini tsakanin Whigs marasa bin doka, a gefe guda, da mabiyan Anglican Toryism, a gefe ɗaya, a Yammacin Yammacin bayan Yaƙin basasar Ingila.

Ƙarshen gurfanar da maita

Dokar Maƙaryaci ta 1735 a ƙarshe ta kammala gurfanar da ake zargi da maita a Ingila bayan masu shari'a masu shakka, musamman Sir John Holt (1642-1710) , sun riga sun kawo ƙarshen hukunce-hukuncen da ake zarge da maƙaryaci a ƙarƙashin dokar Ingila.

Dubi kuma

• Burton a Bideford (gidan kayan gargajiya a Bidefordi, Burtaniya, wanda ke da nuni na dindindin game da gwajin)
• Ayyukan maita (a Ingila, Scotland, Wales, da Ireland)
• Gwajin maƙaryaci na Salem (a Massachusetts, Amurka)
• Margaret Mattson (mace da ake zargi da maita a Lardin Pennsylvania; William Penn ya wanke ta bayan shari'a a Philadelphia a shekara ta 1683)
• Gwajin maƙaryaci na Torsåker (a Sweden)
• Shari'ar maƙaryaci ta Ramsele (a Sweden)
• Shari'ar Maƙaryaci ta Arewacin Berwick (a Scotland)
• Shari'ar maƙaryaci ta Würzburg (a cikin abin da ke yanzu Jamus)