Shari'ar maƙaryaci ta Bury St Edmunds

Shari'ar maƙaryaci ta Bury St Edmunds
witch trial (en)

Shafin taken rahoton shari'ar 1662, wanda ba daidai ba ne a matsayin 1664.

Gwajin maƙaryaci na Bury St Edmunds jerin gwaje-gwaje ne da aka gudanar tsakanin shekarun 1599 da 1694 a garin Bury St Édmunds a Suffolk, Ingila.

Takamaiman gwaje-gwaje guda biyu a cikin 1645 da 1662 sun zama sanannun tarihi. Shari'ar 1645 da aka "saukaka" da Witchfinder Janar ya ga an kashe mutane 18 a rana ɗaya. Hukuncin da Babban Alkalin Ingila da Wales na gaba, Sir Matthew Hale ya yi a cikin shari'ar 1662 ya yi aiki a matsayin tasiri mai karfi a kan ci gaba da tsananta wa mayu a Ingila da irin wannan tsanantawa a cikin mulkin mallaka na Amurka.

Ikon iko

Kazalika da kasancewa wurin zama na majalisa, Bury St Edmunds ya kasance shafin yanar gizo don kotunan piepowder da kotunan kotu, na ƙarshe tun lokacin da aka ba Abbey Liberty, wato Liberty of St Edmund . Don dalilan gwamnatin farar hula garin da sauran (ko "jiki") na gundumar sun bambanta sosai, kowannensu yana ba da babban juri daban ga assizes.

Gwaje-gwaje na farko

Labarin farko da aka rubuta game da shari'ar maƙaryaci a Bury St Edmunds Suffolk ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda aka gudanar a 1599 lokacin da aka gwada Jone Jordan na Shadbrook (Stradbroke ) da Joane Nayler, amma babu wani rikodin tuhume-tuhume ko hukunce-hukuncen. A cikin wannan shekarar, an kashe Oliffe Bartham na Shadbrook, don "sanya kwari uku don halakar da sauran (barci ) na Joan Jordan".

Shari'ar 1645

Matthew Hopkins ne ya gabatar da shari'ar, wanda ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Janar Witchfinder, kuma ya gudanar da shi a wata kotu ta musamman a karkashin John Godbolt. Akwai abubuwa da yawa don kiyaye tunanin 'Yan majalisa a wannan lokacin, tare da Sojojin Royalist suna kan hanyar zuwa Cambridgeshire, amma ana nuna damuwa game da abubuwan da ke faruwa. An kai rahoto ga majalisa cewa masu farautar maƙaryaci suna fitar da ikirari ta hanyar azabtarwa; sabili da haka, an kafa kwamiti na musamman na oyer da terminer, don tabbatar da shari'a mai adalci. A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1645, an kashe mutane 18 ta hanyar ratayewa a Bury St Edmunds . 16 daga cikin mutane 18 da aka kashe a wannan rana mata ne. Wadanda aka kashe sune:

An kiyasta cewa duk gwajin maƙaryaci na Ingila tsakanin farkon ƙarni na 15 da farkon ƙarni ya haifar da kasa da hukuncin kisa 500; a wannan yanayin wannan gwajin, tare da hukuncin kisa 18, ya kai sama da kashi 3.6% na jimlar.

Witch Finder General, daga wani bangare da Matthew Hopkins ya buga kafin 1650.

A cewar John Stearn (e), wanda aka sani a lokuta daban-daban a matsayin mai farautar maƙaryaci, da kuma "mai farashi", abokin tarayya da Matthew Hopkins, a cikin littafinsa A Confirmation and Discovery of Witchcraft, akwai wasu ɗari da ashirin a kurkuku (kotu) suna jiran shari'a; daga cikin waɗannan 17 maza ne. Thomas Ady a cikin 1656 ya rubuta game da "kimanin ɗari", kodayake wasu sun rubuta "kusan 200". Bayan jinkirin makonni uku da Sojojin Sarki suka ci gaba suka sa ya zama dole, zaman na biyu na kotun ya haifar da wasu "lahlekane" 68; kodayake rahotanni sun ce "kisan kiyashi na macizai sittin ko saba'in". Dukansu Hopkins da Stearne sun bi da binciken mayu da gwajin su a matsayin kamfen na soja, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zaɓin yarensu a cikin neman tallafi da bayar da rahoton kokarin su. Bayan fitina da kisa Moderate Intelligencer, wata takarda ta majalisa da aka buga a lokacin yakin basasar Ingila, a cikin wani edita na 4-11 Satumba 1645, ya nuna rashin jin daɗi game da al'amuran a Bury: 

But whence is it that Devils should choose to be conversant with silly Women that know not their right hands from their left, is the great wonder ... The(y) will meddle with none but poore old women: as appears by what we receive this day from Bury ... Divers are condemned and some executed and more like to be. Life is precious and there is need of great inquisition before it is taken away.

1655 Shari'a

Wani shari'ar maƙaryaci da aka rubuta a Bury St Edmunds ya kasance a cikin 1655 lokacin da aka gwada uwa da 'yar da sunan Boram kuma an ce an rataye su.

Shari'ar da aka yi a shekara ta 1662

... musamman a waɗannan lokutan, inda abubuwa na wannan yanayin suna da rikici sosai, kuma ta hanyar mutanen da ke da ilimi sosai a bangarorin biyu.

Da yake nuna rashin amincewa da yanayin ra'ayoyi game da maita da tsoratar da maƙaryaci, har ma a cikin karni na 17, an buga takarda ta asali game da ayyukan a cikin 1662 A Tryal of Witches ne kawai ba tare da an san su ba, kuma ba har sai shekaru ashirin bayan haka ba. An bayyana marubucin na asali kamar yadda ya zauna a kan aikin kuma ya ɗauki asusun "don gamsar da kansa" kafin ya ba da shi ga wani ba a san shi ba "hannun mutum mai zaman kansa a cikin ƙasar" wanda daga baya ya ba da ita ga mai wallafa aikin wanda ya buga shi a shekara ta 1682. Don haka mutane uku daban-daban a cikin wannan sarkar duk sun zaɓi su kasance ba a san su ba.

An fara shari'ar ne a ranar 10 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1662, [undefined] lokacin da tsofaffin gwauraye biyu, Rose Cullender da Amy Duny (ko Deny ko Denny), da ke zaune a Lowestoft, maƙwabtansu suka zarge su da maita kuma suka fuskanci tuhume-tuhumen 13 na yin sihiri ga yara da yawa tsakanin 'yan watanni zuwa shekaru 18, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar daya. [undefined] Wataƙila sun san juna, suna zaune a wani ƙaramin gari, amma Cullender ya fito ne daga dangin masu mallakar dukiya, yayin da Denny ta kasance gwauruwar ma'aikaci.[2][3] Wani dan kasuwa na Lowestoft, Samuel Pacy, ne ya fara gabatar da tuhumar maita, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa matan biyu sun kira daban a gidansa don sayen herring, amma sun yi fushi da a juya su.[4] Pacy ya zargi mata da haifar da wahalar 'ya'yansa mata biyu, Elizabeth da Deborah, masu shekaru goma sha ɗaya da tara bi da bi.[undefined] 'Yar'uwar Pacy Margaret ita ma ta ba da shaida a kan matan.[undefined] An gwada su a Assize da aka gudanar a Bury St Edmunds a karkashin Dokar Maƙaryaci ta 1603, ta hanyar alƙali mai daraja Sir Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. [5][1]

Thomas Browne ya halarci shari'ar kuma an kira shi ya ba da ra'ayinsa. Ra'ayinsa shi ne cewa an yi wa mutanen da ake tuhuma sihiri kuma ya ba da labarin irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Denmark. Wadannan ra'ayoyin na iya rinjayar juriya don kawo hukunci mai laifi. Ya bayyana imaninsa game da wanzuwar mayu shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, kuma kawai: "suna da wannan shakku game da waɗannan, ba wai kawai sun musanta su ba, amma ruhohi; kuma suna da kuskuren, kuma a sakamakon haka wani nau'i ba masu aminci ba ne, amma masu musun wanzuwar Allah" a cikin aikinsa Religio Medici, wanda aka buga a cikin 1643:

A cewar takardar, alƙalin ya umarci juriya cewa kawai "suna da abubuwa biyu da za su bincika bayan haka. Na farko, ko an yi wa waɗannan yara sihiri ko a'a? Na biyu, ko fursunoni a mashaya suna da laifi?" An yanke musu hukunci a ranar Alhamis 13 ga Maris 1662 (Kalandar Julian) kuma an kashe su kwana huɗu bayan haka a Bury St Edmunds a ranar 17 ga Maris 1662.

Littafin 1682 mai suna A Tryal of Witches ya yi kuskuren kwanan wata shari'ar a matsayin Maris 1664, duka a shafi na gaba da gabatarwa. Takardun asali a cikin Ofishin Rubuce-rubucen Jama'a da sauran bayanan zamani sun bayyana a sarari cewa ya faru ne a shekara ta 14 na mulkin Charles II (30 Janairu 1662 zuwa 29 Janairu 1663).

Misali ga Salem

This case became a model for, and was referenced in, the Salem Witch Trials in Massachusetts. Clergyman Cotton Mather in a book promoting the on-going trials in 1692   <i id="mwAVw">The Wonders of the Invisible World,</i> specifically draws attention to the Suffolk trial: