Shari'ar sirri
 Shari'ar sirri | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | shari'a |
| Hannun riga da |
public trial (en)  |
Shari'a sirri ita ce shari'ar da ba a bude ga jama'a'a ba ko kuma a gabaɗaya ana ruwaito ta a cikin labarai, musamman duk wani aikin shari'a. Gabaɗaya, babu wani rikodin hukuma na shari'ar ko hukuncin alƙali da aka bayar. Sau da yawa babu tuhuma.
Gwaje-gwaje na sirri sun kasance halayyar mulkin kama-karya da yawa a zamanin zamani, amma kuma ana amfani da su a kasashe masu yawa na dimokuradiyya, tare da bayanin cewa ya zama dole don tsaron kasa. Batun muhawara ne mai zafi a wurare da yawa, amma an yarda da su gabaɗaya a yammacin duniya yayin da ake ganinsu a matsayin kare "mafi kyau abu".
Ostiraliya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yana yiwuwa wasu gwaje-gwaje na sirri sun faru a Ostiraliya a lokacin yakin duniya na farko ko yakin duniya na biyu.[1] A cikin karni na 21, an yi gwaji na sirri da yawa ko kuma an shirya su faru a Ostiraliya:
- A cikin 2018, gwamnatin Australiya ta gwada "Witness J" kuma ta ɗaure shi a cikin kusan sirri. Wani alƙali ya gano wanzuwar Shaida J ne kawai ta hanyar sa'a, kuma an ba da rahoton ga kafofin watsa labarai kaɗan. Babban Lauyan Babban Birnin Australiya, inda aka tsare Shaida J, bai san lamarin ba. Shaida J tsohon ma'aikaci ne na ɗaya daga cikin hukumomin leken asiri na Ostiraliya, amma ainihin da laifuffukan da ake zargi har yanzu ba a fili ba. Mai kula da Dokar Tsaro ta Kasa mai zaman kanta James Renwick ya ce matakin sirri a cikin shari'ar Shaida J "ba a taɓa gani ba".[2]
- Daga 2018 zuwa 2021, lauya Bernard Collaery da "Witness K" gwamnatin Australiya ta gurfanar da su tare da babban sirri, kuma za a gudanar da wani ɓangare na shari'arsu mai zuwa a asirce. Gwamnatin Liberal-National Coalition ta John Howard ta taimaka wajen tabbatar da 'yancin Timor ta Gabas daga Indonesia. An gudanar da shawarwari game da ajiyar man fetur da ke cikin teku tsakanin Timor ta Gabas da Ostiraliya. Gwamnatin Howard ta yi leken asiri a kan sabuwar gwamnatin Timor ta Gabas, kuma ta yi amfani da hakan a matsayin tasiri a tattaunawar don taimakawa kamfanin Woodside Petroleum na Australia. An zargi Collaery da Witness K da raba wannan tare da kafofin watsa labarai na Australiya da gwamnatin Timor Leste. Collaery ya kasance lauyan Shaida K a lokacin. Shaida K ya yi ikirarin laifi, yayin da Collaery bai yi ba. An yi watsi da tuhumar da aka yi wa Collaery a ranar 7 ga Yulin 2022 ta hanyar sabon Babban Lauyan Mark Dreyfus SC.
- Daga 2018 zuwa 2021, tsohon lauyan soja David McBride ya gurfanar da shi daga gwamnatin Australiya saboda ya ɓoye cikakkun bayanai game da laifuffukan yaki da ake zargi da sojojin Australiya suka aikata a Afghanistan. McBride ya ba da rahoton laifukan ga manyan jami'an tsaro na Australiya amma ya ji cewa ba a dauki shaidar da muhimmanci ba. Ya tafi Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australiya, wanda a cikin 2017 ya buga jerin labarai game da kisan kai da yankan gawa da ake kira "The Afghan Files". Bayan haka, sojoji sun fara binciken Laifukan yaki, wanda ya haifar da Rahoton Brereton na 2020. Za a gudanar da wani bangare na shari'ar McBride mai zuwa a asirce. A ranar 14 ga Mayu 2024, an yanke wa McBride hukuncin shekaru 5 da watanni 8 a kurkuku, tare da lokacin da ba a sake shi ba na shekaru 2 da watanni 3.
Tarayyar Soviet
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kodayake Babban Tsarkakewa a Tarayyar Soviet a karkashin Joseph Stalin an fi tunawa da su don Shari'ar Moscow, nuna fitina inda kotun ta zama abin takaici na adalci, yawancin wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa an yi musu shari'a a asirce. Mikhail Tukhachevsky da 'yan uwansa jami'an Red Army an yi musu shari'a a asirce ta Kotun soja, kuma an sanar da hukuncin kisa ne kawai bayan gaskiyar. Babban alƙali na Kotun Moscow, Vasili Ulrikh, ya kuma jagoranci yawancin shari'o'in sirri, wanda ya ɗauki 'yan mintoci kaɗan, inda zai yi saurin magana ta hanyar tuhuma da aka riga aka tsara da kuma yanke hukunci.
Ƙasar Ingila
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, ɗayan sanannun kotunan sirri shine Star Chamber a ƙarƙashin Sarki Charles I na Ingila a farkon karni na 17. Cin zarafin Star Chamber na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na 'yan adawa da suka shirya a kusa da Oliver Cromwell kuma daga ƙarshe ya haifar da kisa sarki da aka tsige. Kalmar nan "tauraron taurari" ta zama kalma ce ta kotun da ba ta da alhakin kowa (sai dai shugaban zartarwa) kuma an yi amfani da ita don murkushe rashin amincewar siyasa ko kawar da abokan gaba na mulkin.
R v Incedal da Rarmoul-Bouhadjar (2014) ya kasance gwajin Burtaniya na farko da za a gudanar gaba ɗaya a asirce. Koyaya, Kotun daukaka kara ta toshe cikakken sirri.
Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kotunan FISA na kayan aikin leken asiri na kasa sun kasance ta hanyar ƙirar kotuna na sirri kuma an ba su ikon Dokar Kula da leken asiri ta kasashen waje ta 1978 don gudanar da gwaji na sirri da kuma sanya hukunci na sirri. Lauyan da ke jayayya a kotun suna ƙarƙashin umarnin sirri game da bayyana bayanai game da kowane shari'a a gaban kotun. Mutanen da aka yi niyya a kotun suma suna ƙarƙashin umarnin sirri. Kotun ta zauna ba tare da kowa ba sai dai alƙali da gwamnati da ke wurin sauraron. Wannan, haɗe da ƙarancin buƙatun da kotun ta ƙi, ya jagoranci masana su bayyana shi a matsayin hatimi na roba; tsohon mai sharhi na Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa Russ Tice ya kira shi "Kotun kangaroo tare da hatimi na goma".[3]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- A cikin kyamara
- Ka'idar bude kotu
- Shaidar sirri
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Witness J case unprecedented says national security watchdog | The Canberra Times | Canberra, ACT". 4 March 2020.
- ↑ "Witness J case unprecedented says national security watchdog | The Canberra Times | Canberra, ACT". 4 March 2020.
- ↑ Ackerman, Spencer (June 6, 2013). "Fisa Chief Judge Defends Integrity of Court over Verizon Records Collection – Reggie Walton Tells The Guardian Claims Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 'Is a Rubber Stamp [Are] Absolutely False' – Revealed: NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily". The Guardian. Retrieved July 11, 2013.