Shekarar Afirka

Shekarar Afirka

Iri	shekara
Sauran kalandarku
Gregorian calendar (en)	Shekarar Afirka ()
Hijira kalanda	aH – aH
Chinese calendar (en)	–
Hebrew calendar (en)	–
Hindu calendar (en)	– (Vikram Samvat) N/A (Shaka Samvat) – (Kali Yuga)
Solar Hijri kalendar	BP – BP
Armenian calendar (en)	N/A
Runic calendar (en)
Ab urbe condita (en)
Shekaru
[[]] [[]] [[]] - Shekarar Afirka - [[]] [[]] [[]]

'Yan Zambiya na gaba sun kalubalanci dan siyasa na Jam'iyyar Conservative Iain Macleod a Arewacin Rhodesia.

Shekarar Afirka tana nufin jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekara ta 1960 - galibi 'yancin kai na kasashe goma sha bakwai na Afirka - wanda ya nuna karuwar ra'ayoyin Afirka a nahiyar. Shekarar ta kawo cikas ga ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Afirka da kuma fitowar Afirka a matsayin babbar karfi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wadannan saurin ci gaban siyasa sun haifar da hasashe da bege game da makomar Afirka gaba ɗaya; duk da haka a lokaci guda, nahiyar ta fara fuskantar gaskiyar tashin hankali Bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan shekarar kuma ta ga farkon adawa da makamai ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tasirin siyasa a duk faɗin Afirka da duniya. A cikin shekara, duk yankunan Faransa na Yammacin Afirka da Faransanci na Equatorial Afirka sun sami 'yanci.

Asalin

Makon Barricades: Janairu 1960 a Aljeriya

O. H. Morris na Ma'aikatar Koloniyoyin Burtaniya ya yi hasashen a farkon watan Janairu cewa "1960 zai zama shekara ta Afirka". Ralph Bunche ya yi amfani da kalmar nan "shekarar Afirka" a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1960. Bunche ya yi tsammanin cewa jihohi da yawa za su sami 'yancin kai a wannan shekarar saboda "kusan saurin fashewa wanda mutanen Afirka a duk bangarorin ke fitowa daga mulkin mallaka. " Ma'anar "Shekarar Afirka" ta ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.

Har ila yau, labarin "Wind of Change" ya rinjayi tatsuniyoyin shekara, wanda Harold Macmillan ya gabatar a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1960. Da yake magana a Cape Town, Macmillan ya yarda cewa ikon mulkin mallaka zai sami wahalar ci gaba da sarrafa yankunansu. Jawabin ya wakilci yarda da manyan 'yan siyasa na Burtaniya cewa Daular Burtaniya ta ƙare kuma ba za a iya kiyaye ta ba. Wannan ya yi wahayi zuwa ga martani daga reshen Empire Loyalist na Jam'iyyar Conservative; duba Conservative Monday Club . 'Yan Afirka ma sun mayar da martani. A cikin kalmomin Ministan Harkokin Waje na Guinea Caba Sory:

The 'wind of change' which has been referred to recently by Prime Minister Macmillan, threatens to soon become a hurricane... Guns and bayonets can no longer prevail in the face of the strong conscience of the populations of Africa which are determined to put an end to colonialism.

'Yancin kai

A cikin shekara ta 1960, yawan kasashe masu zaman kansu ya tashi daga tara (tare da yawan mutane miliyan 95) zuwa ashirin da shida (tare da jama'a miliyan 180), suna samun 'yancin kansu daga Belgium, Faransa, Italiya da Ingila. 

Daga Faransa

Don mayar da martani ga rikice-Rikicin da ke ƙaruwa a Aljeriya - musamman Rikicin Mayu 1958 - Faransa ta kirkiro sabon kundin tsarin mulki a 1958. Wannan kundin tsarin mulki ya sanya jihohin mulkin mallaka wani ɓangare na "Al'ummar Faransa" (La Communauté) wanda ya sake fasalin daular Faransa a matsayin wani nau'i na tarayyar. Dukkanin kasashe mambobin sun amince da yarjejeniyar sai dai Guinea, wacce ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1958 lokacin da ta ki shiga La Communauté. Shawararta ta sa Faransa ta yanke duk goyon baya amma ta kafa misali ga sauran yankunan Faransa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1959, shugaban Faransa mai dawowa Charles De Gaulle ya amince da cewa kasashe membobin zasu iya samun 'yancin kai idan sun zaɓi. Dukkanin sun yi, da sauri fiye da yadda Faransa ke tsammani.

• Kamaru (tsohon Kamaru) ta sami 'yancin kai a ranar farko ta 1960 (haɗin kai tare da wani ɓangare na Kamaru na Burtaniya a 1961).
• Togo (tsohon Faransa Togoland) ta sami 'yancin kai a ranar 27 ga Afrilu
• Tarayyar Mali ta sami 'yanci a ranar 20 ga Yuni, sannan ta rabu zuwa Mali da Senegal a ranar 20 ta Agusta
• Madagascar ta sami 'yanci a ranar 26 ga Yuni
• Dahomey (wanda aka sake masa suna zuwa Benin a shekara ta 1975) ya sami 'yanci a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta
• Nijar, mai zaman kanta a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta
• Upper Volta (wanda aka sake masa suna zuwa Burkina Faso a 1984), mai zaman kansa a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta
• Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire), mai zaman kanta a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta
• Chadi, mai zaman kanta a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta
• Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, mai zaman kanta a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta
• Jamhuriyar Kongo (Brazzaville), mai zaman kanta a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta
• Gabon, mai zaman kanta a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta
• Mauritania, mai zaman kanta a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba

Wadannan ƙasashe sun kasance a cikin tasirin Faransanci, musamman a fannin tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, Faransa ta yi sulhu da yarjejeniyar siyasa tare da Tarayyar Mali da Madagascar, ta watsar da umarnin cewa tashi daga Al'ummar Faransa zai haifar da ƙarshen alaƙar siyasa (kamar yadda yake ga Guinea). Kamfanonin Faransa sun yarda da shirin, saboda za su kasance a cikin matsayi mai kyau don samun riba daga sabbin kasashe masu zaman kansu - wanda kuma ya ci gaba da amfani da francs na mulkin mallaka (CFA).

Sabbin kundin tsarin mulki da waɗannan ƙasashe suka kirkira suna amfani da wasu ra'ayoyi daga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Faransa, gami da dabi'un dimokuradiyya da haƙƙin duniya da kuma tsarin majalisa tare da zartarwa mai ƙarfi. Har ila yau, wani lokacin suna amfani da harshe daga sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam. Dukansu suna jaddada Pan-Africanism akan kishin kasa.

Daga Italiya da Ingila

Kasashe biyu sun sami 'yancin kai daga Daular Burtaniya a cikin 1960: Somaliya, ta hanyar hadin kan Somaliland na Burtaniya da yankin Trust na Somaliya, da Najeriya.

A ranar 26 ga Yuni (kuma ranar samun 'yancin Madagascar), Somaliland ta Burtaniya ta zama Jihar Somaliland mai zaman kanta. Kwanaki biyar bayan haka, ta haɗu da Yankin Amincewa na Italiya na Somalia don ƙirƙirar Jamhuriyar Somaliya a ranar 1 ga Yuli.

Najeriya tana da mafi yawan jama'a da tattalin arziki mafi kyau a nahiyar. Ya zama mai zaman kansa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba.

Har ila yau, a cikin 1960, Dominion na Ghana ya kada kuri'a don zama Jamhuriyar, don haka ya kawo karshen mulkin Sarauniya Elizabeth II, 1957-1960, a matsayin Sarauniya ta Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah, tsohon Firayim Minista, wanda aka zaba a matsayin Shugaban kasa, a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1960.

Daga Belgium

Lumumba a Brussels, Janairu 1960

'Yan Kongo sun kasance suna yin kira sosai don samun' yancin kai, kuma a farkon shekarar 1960 an daure Patrice Lumumba saboda tayar da tarzoma a shekarar 1959. Da yake fahimtar cewa Kongo za ta sami 'yanci, Belgium ta 'yantar da Lumumba kuma ta ba shi damar halartar taron a Brussels daga 18 zuwa 27 ga Janairu. A taron, an kafa ranar 30 ga Yuni a matsayin ranar samun 'yancin kai ga Jamhuriyar Kongo. Lumumba ya lashe babban rinjaye a zaben Mayu kuma ya zama Firayim Minista na kasar a ranar 30 ga Yuni. Ruhun wannan taron ya yi wa shahararren mawaƙin Kongo Le Grand Kallé waƙar "Independence Cha", wanda ya zama abin da ya faru a Afirka.

Ba da daɗewa ba ƙasar ta shiga cikin rikici, kuma an kori Lumumba a ranar 14 ga Satumba. Daga baya aka azabtar da shi kuma aka kashe shi. Lokaci na gaba na rashin kwanciyar hankali wani lokacin ana kiransa Rikicin Kongo .

Abubuwan da suka faru a Kongo sun jagoranci jaridar London Daily Express - wacce ta ci gaba da amincewa da mulkin mallaka - don yin tir da "Shekarar Afirka" kuma ta yi kira ga 1961 ya zama "shekarar hakikanin gaskiya".

Afirka ta Kudu

"Kisan kai a Sharpeville", Godfrey Rubens - Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville ya kawo hankalin duniya ga wariyar launin fata

Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville a Afirka ta Kudu ya faru ne a ranar 21 ga Maris 1960, wanda ya haifar da juriya ta karkashin kasa da kuma zanga-zangar hadin kai ta kasa da kasa. Wannan taron wani lokacin ana ambaton shi a matsayin farkon gwagwarmayar duniya da ke adawa da wariyar launin fata. 'Yan gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu da malamai sun bayyana shi a matsayin canji a cikin juriya, yana nuna ƙarshen rashin tashin hankali da sassaucin ra'ayi. Wasu sun ce babban tasirinsa ya zo ne ta hanyar sa fararen Afirka ta Kudu su san yadda ake zaluntar 'yan baƙi na siyasa.

A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, an gudanar da raba gardama a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya soke mulkin mallaka, wanda ya kafa Afirka ta Kudu ta bar Commonwealth of Nations a shekara mai zuwa game da manufofin launin fata.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

A watan Oktoba, shugaban kasar Ghana Kwame Nkrumah ya gabatar da jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya inda ya tattauna rawar da Afirka ke takawa a duniya da kuma rawar da duniya ke takawa nan gaba a Afirka. Nkrumah ya tabbatar da sabon ikon Afirka, yana mai cewa ba ta son fansa a kan al'ummomin Turai da suka mallaki nahiyar, amma duk da haka za ta dage kan 'yanci:

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman gaskiyar zamaninmu shine tasirin farkawar Afirka a duniyar zamani. Rashin jituwa na kishin kasa na Afirka yana mamaye duk abin da ke gabansa kuma ya zama ƙalubale ga masu mulkin mallaka don yin maidowa mai adalci ga shekarun rashin adalci da aikata laifuka da aka aikata a kan nahiyarmu.Amma Afirka ba ta neman fansa. Yana da saɓani ga halinta na ɓoye mugunta. Fiye da mutane miliyan biyu na mutanenmu suna kuka da murya ɗaya mai ƙarfi. Kuma menene suke faɗi? Ba mu roƙi a ga masu zaluntarmu; ba mu furta sha'awar rashin lafiya ga iyayengijinmu ba; muna tabbatar da adalci da kuma kyakkyawan buƙata; muryarmu tana tasowa a fadin tekuna da duwatsu, a kan tuddai da kwari, a wuraren hamada da kuma cikin yawan mazaunan ɗan adam, kuma tana kira ga 'yancin Afirka. Afirka tana son 'yancinta. Dole ne Afirka ta kasance 'yanci. Kira ne mai sauƙi, amma kuma siginar da ke haskaka jan gargadi ga waɗanda za su yi watsi da shi.

Nkrumah ya yi kira ga kawo karshen fararen fata, musamman a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin gabatarwa rubutun da aka buga na jawabin, W.E.B. Du Bois ya rubuta: "... babu shakka cewa Kwame Nkrumah shine Muryar Afirka. Wato, kusan fiye da kowane mutum mai rai yana bayyana tunanin da manufofi na nahiyar duhu kuma wannan nahiyar tana tafiya a gaba a cikin al'amuran duniya. "

A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1960, Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da sanarwar bayar da 'yancin kai ga kasashe da mutane masu mulkin mallaka. Wannan sanarwa ta tabbatar da cewa "duk mutane suna da 'yancin cin gashin kansu", kuma wannan mulkin da iko na waje ya zama keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar ta wuce ba tare da kuri'u ba. Amurka da wasu iko bakwai na mulkin mallaka sun guje wa; Zelma George, Ba'amurke Ba'amurkiya a cikin tawagar Amurka, sun tsaya don nuna goyon bayanta ga Sanarwar.

Abubuwan da suka shafi

Taron Jama'ar Afirka na Biyu, wanda aka gudanar daga 25 zuwa 31 ga Janairu, ya yi kira ga cikakken 'yancin kai na Afirka da kafa bankin Afirka.

A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1960 a Roma, mai tsere na Habasha Abebe Bikila ya lashe gasar marathon kuma ya zama Baƙar fata na farko da ya karbi lambar zinare ta Olympics. Nasarar da ya samu ta kara girman kai na Afirka da kuma mayar da hankali ga nahiyar.

Tasiri da gado

Taron neman 'yancin kai a Arewacin Rhodesia (daga baya Zambia), Maris 1960

Shekarar Afirka ta canza matsayin alama na 'yan Afirka a duk duniya, ta hanyar sa duniya ta amince da wanzuwar al'ummomin Afirka a matsayin karfi da za a lissafa a fagen duniya. Ya nuna farkon sabon, mafi zamani na Afirka a cikin Nazarin Afirka, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar kafa Cahiers d'Études africaines da Journal of African History .

Shekarar Afirka babbar ci gaba ce ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka, da kansu sun shiga cikin Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama a cikin Amurka. Baltimore Afro-American, mai amincewa da cewa zama zai kayar da wariyar launin fata a Kudancin Amurka, ya shirya: "'Halin canji' wanda ke mamaye Afirka, yana hurawa a yankunan da ke da haske na Amurka, ma. " Farfesa James H. Meriwether, yana kallon baya a Shekarar Afirka, ya rubuta: "Ayyukan 1960 sun ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin 'yan Afirka ta Kudu da gwagwarmayar da ke fama da fararen fata, yayin da ita don yin hakan a kan tushen Afirka ta Kudu don ƙarin rabuwa da Amurkawa don yin amfani da Amurkawa da ita" Ƙananan Afirka ta Kudu.

An sake amfani da kalmar "Shekarar Afirka" a shekara ta 2005, galibi tare da kulawar Yammacin Turai ga nahiyar da ke kewaye da Taron G8 na 31 .

A shekara ta 2010, kasashe da yawa na Afirka sun yi bikin shekaru 50 na 'yancin kai a kan "Shekarar Afirka" .

Manazarta

Bibiyar tarihi

• De Lusignan G. French-Speaking Africa Since Independence. New York: Praeger, 1969.
• Foderaro S. Independent Africa. Toronto: Macmillan, 1976. ISBN 0-7705-1415-4.
• Houser G. M. No One Can Stop the Rain: Glimpses of Africa's Liberation Struggle. New York: Pilgrim Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8298-0795-0.
• Lodge T. Sharpeville: an apartheid massacre and its consequences. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. ISBN 9780192801852.
• Meriwether J. H. Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935–1961. University of North Carolina Press, 2002. ISBN 9780807849972.
• Phyllis T. African Freedom: How Africa Responded to Independence. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
• Smith A. W. M., Jeppesen C. Britain, France and the Decolonization of Africa: Future Imperfect. UCL Press, 2017.

Mahaɗa

• Special Links Independence of African Countries. In: Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa (ilissAfrica).
• 1960: The year of independence on France24