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Shingen da ke tattare da halayyar muhalli

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Shingen da ke tattare da halayyar muhalli

Halin kare muhalli shine halin da mutane suka zaɓa da gangan don rage tasirin ayyukansu a kan muhalli.[1] Shingen halayyar kare muhalli sune dalilai da yawa da ke hana mutane lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin daidaita halayensu don rayuwa mai ɗorewa.

Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba waɗannan shingen zuwa manyan rukunoni: na tunani, zamantakewa / al'adu, na kuɗi da na tsari. Ana ɗaukar shingen tunani na ciki, inda ilimin mutum, imani da tunani ke shafar halayensu. Shingen zamantakewa da al'adu suna da mahallin, inda halin mutum ke shafar kewayenta (misali unguwa, gari, birni, da sauransu). Shingen kudi shine kawai rashin kudade don matsawa zuwa ga halayyar da ta fi ɗorewa (misali sabbin fasahohi, motocin lantarki). Shingen tsari na waje ne kuma sau da yawa ba zai yiwu ba ga mutum ya sarrafa shi, kamar rashin aikin gwamnati, ko yankin zama wanda ke inganta dogaro da mota ba tare da jigilar jama'a ba.

Shingen ciki / tunani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gano shingen tunani ga halayyar kare muhalli shine mabuɗin ƙirar sauye-sauyen halayyar da aka samu nasara. Masana sun gano nau'o'i daban-daban na shingen tunani ga aikin kare muhalli. Wani sanannen mai bincike a fagen, Masanin ilimin halayyar muhalli Robert Gifford, ya gano 33 daga cikin wadannan shingen, shingen da ya kira "The Dragons na Inaction.". Dragons an raba su zuwa kashi bakwai: Ƙayyadadden Sanarwa, Ideologies, Kwatanta Jama'a, Kudin Sunk, Rashin Gaskiya, Rashin Halin Halin Halitta, da Halin Hanyar Halin Hadin Ganin Halin Harshe.[2][3] Da ke ƙasa akwai nau'o'i bakwai, waɗanda aka haɗa tare da ƙarin shingen da wasu masu bincike suka gano. Sauran masu ilimin halayyar dan adam sun yi jayayya cewa yunkurin gano shingen halayyar muhalli yana da matsala lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana rashin aikin al'umma akan canjin yanayi.[4]

kayayyadadden Fahimta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙayyadadden shingen fahimta shingen ne wanda ya taso daga rashin ilimi da wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli. Misali, tare da mahimmin batun muhalli kamar canjin yanayi, mutum bazai shiga cikin halayyar muhalli ba saboda su ne: ba su san cewa canjin yanayi yana faruwa ba; ko kuma suna sane da cewa canjin sauyin yanayi matsala ce, amma ba su da masaniya game da kimiyya na canjin yanayi; ko kuma ba su da bayani game da yadda za su iya magance matsalar.[2][5]

Ga waɗanda ke sane da batutuwan muhalli na yanzu, ingancin kai muhimmiyar cikas ce ga aiki, inda mutane galibi ke jin ba su da iko wajen cimma manyan manufofi kamar ragewa Canjin yanayi na duniya.[6][7] Bugu da ƙari, rashin motsawa don canza halayyar mutum yana da alaƙa da imanin cewa mutane ba su da ikon yin tasiri ga ayyukan kare muhalli.[8]

Ra’ayoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Allon talla na musanta yanayi

An halicci shingen ra'ayi ta hanyar ra'ayoyin da aka riga aka tsara da kuma yadda mutum yake tunani game da duniya. Ra'ayoyin da zasu iya haifar da shingen ga halayyar kare muhalli na iya haɗawa da imani mai ƙarfi a cikin jari-hujja na kasuwanci kyauta, imani mai banƙyama cewa iko mafi girma yana cikin iko, da kuma imani cewa fasaha na iya warware duk matsalolin muhalli.[9] Dangane da haka, dabaru irin su Manufofin muhalli sun haifar da halin gwagwarmaya da barazanar da ake gani ga 'Yanci mutum da salon rayuwa mai kyau.[10][11] Wannan shingen yana nan a Kasashen Yamma inda mutane ke jin daɗin matakan da suka dace da jin daɗi saboda matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.[12] An lura cewa don rayuwa a cikin iyakokin muhalli, akwai buƙatar yin canje-canje ga al'amuran rayuwa na Yamma, alal misali, rage amfani da nama, amfani da jiragen sama, da amfani da na'urorin lantarki tare da gajeren rayuwa.[13] Ka'idodin al'adu na Yammacin Turai suna haɗa cin nama tare da wadata, matsayi da alatu, kuma cin nama ga kowane mutum a cikin kasashe 15 masu arziki a duniya ya fi 750% sama da na kasashe 24 mafi talauci. [14][15] Canjin dabi'u na iya zama da wahala, kamar yadda burin rayuwar mutane ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyinsu na Ci gaban zamantakewa, Matsayi na mutum, da nasara ta hanyar aiki, mafi girman kudaden shiga da amfani.[16]

Bugu da ƙari, akwai zurfin tsarin da al'adu waɗanda ke haɗa manyan matakan kuɗi, dukiya ko cibiyoyin aiki zuwa ƙananan matakan mutum, dabi'u mai amfani. Wadannan tushen suna da alaƙa da tsarin Ci gaban tattalin arziki na yanzu, [17] [18] wanda za'a iya bayyana shi azaman ra'ayi na duniya wanda ke kula da cewa ci gaban tattalin arziƙi yana da kyau kuma ya zama dole.[19]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Kollmuss, Anja; Julian Agyeman (2002). "Mind the Gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior?". Environmental Education Research. 8 (3): 239–260. doi:10.1080/13504620220145401. S2CID 16062059.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gifford, Robert (2011). "The dragons of inaction: Psychological barriers that limit climate change mitigation and adaptation". American Psychologist. 66 (4): 290–302. doi:10.1037/a0023566. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 21553954. S2CID 8356816. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":13" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ "The Dragons of Inaction – Diagnosing and Slaying the Barriers to Positive Climate and Environmental Action". www.dragonsofinaction.com. Retrieved 2019-03-25.
  4. ↑ Schmitt, Michael T.; Neufeld, Scott D.; Mackay, Caroline M. L.; Dys-Steenbergen, Odilia (2020). "The Perils of Explaining Climate Inaction in Terms of Psychological Barriers". Journal of Social Issues (in Turanci). 76: 123–135. doi:10.1111/josi.12360. ISSN 1540-4560. S2CID 213436745.
  5. ↑ Eisenack, Klaus; Moser, Susanne C.; Hoffmann, Esther; Klein, Richard J. T.; Oberlack, Christoph; Pechan, Anna; Rotter, Maja; Termeer, Catrien J. A. M. (1 November 2014). "Explaining and overcoming barriers to climate change adaptation". Nature Climate Change. 4 (10): 867–872. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4..867E. doi:10.1038/nclimate2350. ISSN 1758-678X.
  6. ↑ van der Linden, Sander; Maibach, Edward; Leiserowitz, Anthony (1 November 2015). "Improving Public Engagement With Climate Change". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 10 (6): 758–763. doi:10.1177/1745691615598516. ISSN 1745-6916. PMID 26581732. S2CID 3117859.
  7. ↑ Axon, Stephen (1 November 2017). ""Keeping the ball rolling": Addressing the enablers of, and barriers to, sustainable lifestyles". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 52: 11–25. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.05.002. ISSN 0272-4944.
  8. ↑ Landry, Nicholas; Gifford, Robert; Milfont, Taciano L.; Weeks, Andrew; Arnocky, Steven (1 February 2018). "Learned helplessness moderates the relationship between environmental concern and behavior". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 55: 18–22. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.12.003. ISSN 0272-4944.
  9. ↑ Gifford, Robert (2011). "The dragons of inaction: Psychological barriers that limit climate change mitigation and adaptation". American Psychologist. 66 (4): 290–302. doi:10.1037/a0023566. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 21553954. S2CID 8356816.
  10. ↑ Clayton, Susan; Devine-Wright, Patrick; Stern, Paul C.; Whitmarsh, Lorraine; Carrico, Amanda; Steg, Linda; Swim, Janet; Bonnes, Mirilia (1 July 2015). "Psychological research and global climate change". Nature Climate Change. 5 (7): 640–646. Bibcode:2015NatCC...5..640C. doi:10.1038/nclimate2622. ISSN 1758-678X. S2CID 83681827. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  11. ↑ Gifford, Robert (2014-01-03). "Environmental Psychology Matters". Annual Review of Psychology. 65 (1): 541–579. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115048. ISSN 0066-4308. PMID 24050189. S2CID 26496067.
  12. ↑ Büchs, Milena; Koch, Max (1 January 2019). "Challenges for the degrowth transition: The debate about wellbeing". Futures. 105: 155–165. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2018.09.002. ISSN 0016-3287. S2CID 149731503.
  13. ↑ Koch, Max; Buch-Hansen, Hubert; Fritz, Martin (1 August 2017). "Shifting Priorities in Degrowth Research: An Argument for the Centrality of Human Needs". Ecological Economics. 138: 74–81. Bibcode:2017EcoEc.138...74K. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.03.035. ISSN 0921-8009.
  14. ↑ Ruby, Matthew B. (1 February 2012). "Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study". Appetite. 58 (1): 141–150. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.019. ISSN 0195-6663. PMID 22001025. S2CID 30991920.
  15. ↑ Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (1 November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972.
  16. ↑ Büchs, Milena; Koch, Max (1 January 2019). "Challenges for the degrowth transition: The debate about wellbeing". Futures. 105: 155–165. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2018.09.002. ISSN 0016-3287. S2CID 149731503.
  17. ↑ Castoriadis, Cornelius; Murphy, John (1 February 1985). "Reflections on 'Rationality' and 'Development'". Thesis Eleven. 10-11 (1): 18–36. doi:10.1177/072551368501000103. ISSN 0725-5136. S2CID 142987710.
  18. ↑ Kallis, Giorgos (1 March 2011). "In defence of degrowth". Ecological Economics. 70 (5): 873–880. Bibcode:2011EcoEc..70..873K. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.12.007. ISSN 0921-8009.
  19. ↑ Kallis, Giorgos; Kostakis, Vasilis; Lange, Steffen; Muraca, Barbara; Paulson, Susan; Schmelzer, Matthias (2018). "Research On Degrowth". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 43 (1): 291–316. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025941. S2CID 158876694.
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