Shire Jama Ahmed
 Shire Jama Ahmed | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Galguduud (en)  , 1936 |
| ƙasa | Somaliya |
| Mutuwa | 1989 |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta | Jami'ar Al-Azhar |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
linguist (en) da Masanin tarihi |
Shire Jama Ahmed ( Somali , Arabic an haife shie a ; 1936-1999) masanin harshe ne na kasar Somaliya kuma masani. Ya shahara wajen ƙirƙira da haɓaka rubutun Latin na zamani don rubuta harshen Somaliya .
Shekarun farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Shire a yankin Dusamareeb na Somaliya ga dangin Marehan . Ya taso ne a garuruwan Birnin Dhuusamareeb da Abudwak, biyu daga cikin fitattun garuruwan yankin.
Ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1940, yana ɗan shekara biyar (shekarar da yara suka fara fara karatun Alƙur'ani ), Shire ya fara koyon kur'ani a makarantarsa ko madrasah da ke kusa. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa na addini har zuwa 1945. An ruwaito cewa ya kai Kabir ko shugaban dalibai. Mutum yana samun sunan Kabir idan ya yi nasarar haddar nassi a sama da matsakaicin taki. A nan, Shire ya sami cikakken ilimin Kur'ani da sauri, wanda ya ƙunshi surori 30 masu kusan adadin ayoyi ko juz'i.
Jama Ahmed, mahaifin Shire, ya yanke shawarar ƙaura da iyalinsa zuwa Mogadishu, babban birnin Somalia. Daga baya Shire ya sami nau'ikan makaranta daban-daban. Ya fara zuwa makarantun cikin gida inda takwarorinsa ke koyon Larabci da Ingilishi . Yayin da yake birnin Mogadishu, ya kuma yi karatun wasu harsunan Italiyanci . Da yake halinsa ne ya yi fice a yawancin ayyukan da aka sa a gabansa, Shire ya bunƙasa a duk aikinsa na ilimi.
Daga 1951 zuwa 1954, Shire ya kammala karatunsa a kwalejin da tsoffin daliban da suka kammala karatunsu na babbar jami'ar Al-Azhar da ke birnin Alkahira na Masar ke gudanarwa. Karatun ya mayar da hankali ne akan Larabci da Shari'ar Musulunci . Daga baya, a cikin 1955, ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka sami tallafin karatu a manyan makarantun Masar.
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jamal Abdinasir ta Mogadishu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shire Jama Ahmed ya kammala makarantar sakandire ta Jamal Abdinasir da ke tsakiyar birnin Mogadishu. Har ila yau, mazauna Mogadishu sun san makarantar da makarantar sakandaren Allahi da na nahawu na Larabci.
Malamai da masu gudanarwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jamal Abdinasir, wani shiri ne a Mogadishu fiye da shekaru sittin har zuwa ƙarshen 1980s, sun taimaka wajen tabbatar da Shire da wasu dozin da yawa masu himma da ɗalibai tafiye-tafiye zuwa Masar don ƙarin karatu cikin Larabci na ci gaba. Daga karshe Shire ya samu digiri a Al-Azhar.
Nazarin kasashen waje a Misira da kuma a Rasha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan da Shire ya kammala karatunsa cikin nasara a Masar, ya sake samun kansa a cikin gungun daliban da aka zaba don samun tallafin karatu a kasashen waje, duk da cewa a wannan karon a Tarayyar Soviet . Daga baya ya sauke karatu daga jami'ar Rasha a 1967, kodayake aniyarsa ta farko ita ce ta halarci Jami'ar McGill a Montreal, Quebec, Kanada .
Sana'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shire shi ne shugaban farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Somaliya, da kuma wanda ya kafa mujallar farko ta Somaliya, Hasken Ilimi da Ilimi .
Bugu da kari, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu shiryawa da gudanarwa na kungiyar matasan Somaliya (SYL), kungiyar siyasa mai kishin kasa da matasa wacce ta wanzu a shekarun 1930 har zuwa karshen shekarun 1960. A tsakanin shekarar 1967 zuwa 1969, ya kuma rike mukamin babban ka’idar shugaban kasa a gwamnatin Sharmarke .
Batun harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kimanin shekaru goma, an yi ƙoƙari don nemo rubutun gama gari na harshen Somaliya, tare da yawancin malaman Somaliya suna aiki tuƙuru don gabatar da sabbin rubutun rubutu.
Shire, masanin ilimin harshe ta hanyar horarwa, ya kasance mai goyon bayan yin amfani da Latin don rubuta harshen Somaliya, amma wannan fifiko bai tsaya a kan fifita wani rubutu kawai ba; Shire kuma ya buga littattafai da yawa bisa al'adun baka na Somaliya ta amfani da ingantaccen rubutun Latin.
Gwamnatoci biyu da suka biyo baya, daga 1960–1967 da 1967–1969, sun kasa daidaita muhawara kan wanne rubutun da za a yi amfani da su: Larabci, rubutun da galibin Somaliyawa suka yi amfani da shi tsawon karnoni kuma wanda ke cikin Alkur’ani, ko Latin, rubutun da ya zo ga hankalin al’ummar Somaliya a karshen karni na 18 bayan tuntubar gwamnatin Birtaniya da Italiya.
Shire ya yi yakin neman rubutun Latin, yayin da Sheikh Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur, Osman Yusuf Kenadid da Muse Haji Ismail Galal kowannensu ya fi son tsarin rubutu daban-daban don rubuta harshen Somaliya. Asali, akwai rubutun 18 daban-daban da aka kawo gaban sabon kwamitin Harshen Somaliya da aka kafa. Daga cikin wadannan nau'o'in rubutun kalmomi 18 da aka tsara, 11 sababbi ne, yayin da 4 aka samo su daga rubutun Larabci, 3 kuma daga Latin.
Duk abin da bai wuce zabar haruffan Larabci ba, an daidaita shi da zama ba Musulmi ba . Hasali ma, wani zagi na gama gari da aka ƙera don yaɗa wa waɗanda ke goyon bayan rubutun Latin shine furcin “Latin, laa diin”, wanda ke fassara a matsayin “Latin, babu addini” ( Laa a Larabci yana nufin “a’a” kuma kalmar “diin” tana nufin addini). Shi kuwa Shire ya fi yin aiki tuƙuru a cikin mahawararsa. Ya yi nuni da cewa, na’urorin bugu da sauran injinan da ake amfani da su a lokacin a galibin sassan duniya an tsara su ne zuwa haruffan Latin, haka ma injuna da na’urar bugu da aka riga aka samu a Somaliya.
Gabatarwa a hukumance na rubutun Af-Soomaali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙarshen 1960s, Shire da wasu ƴan wasu masana harsunan Somaliya sun gabatar da gaban Kwamitin Harshen Somaliya, ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin daidaita al'amuran harshen Somaliya da suka fi fice, kuma daga ƙarshe sun yanke shawara tsakanin rubutattun rubuce-rubuce da dama. Waɗannan rubutun sun fito ne daga Larabci zuwa wasu kama da Ge'ez, tsohon tsarin rubutun Ethio-Semitic . Daga cikin wadanda aka gabatar akwai rubutun Osmanya, wani rubutun da mawaƙin Majeerteen kuma mai mulki, Osman Yusuf Kenadid ya ƙirƙira a farkon karni na ashirin, wanda ya sami goyon baya mai ƙarfi. Hotunan gasa na Shire, a nata bangaren, an samo su ne daga haruffan Latin, kuma ya bar wasu harufa ( p, v da z ) don daidaita sautuka na musamman na harshen Somaliya. Shire kuma ya gabatar da haruffan haɗin gwiwa ( kh, dh da sh ), waɗanda ta hanyoyi da yawa sun keɓanta ga harshe.
Gwamnatin mulkin soja, wacce ta hau kan karagar mulki a watan Oktoban 1969 a karkashin jagorancin Janar Mohamed Siad Barre, ta dauki ajandar. A cikin shekara guda, sabuwar gwamnatin ta zaɓi yin amfani da ingantaccen rubutun Latin na Shire a matsayin hanyar rubutun hukuma don rubuta harshen Somaliya. [1] A shekara ta 1972, gwamnatin Barre ta fara buga ƙarin littattafai a cikin Af Soomaali ta amfani da sabon rubutun na makarantun firamare da manyan makarantu.
An kuma umurci dukkan ma'aikatan gwamnati su koyi harshen Somaliya cikin watanni shida daga watan Janairu na wannan shekarar. An kuma yanke shawarar cewa takardu a ofisoshin gwamnati za su ƙunshi rubutun Shire na Latin.
Ko da yake shi kansa shi Shire bai sabawa rubutun Larabci ba, kasancewar da kansa ya yi karatun harshen Larabci a lokacin yana Mogadishu da kuma lokacin da yake a Masar, bai yi tunanin cewa ita ce mafita mafi amfani wajen warware matsalar harshen da al'ummar kasar ke fuskanta ba.
Yakin Karatun Karkara na Somaliya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan da aka gabatar da rubutun na kasar Somaliya, gwamnatin kasar ta gudanar da gagarumin yakin neman karatu a kauyuka da kauyuka a fadin kasar daga shekarar 1974 zuwa 1975. An kira wannan ƙoƙarin a cikin harshen Somaliya Ol Olaha Education Reer Miyiga ko Kamfen Karatun Karatun Ƙarshen Somaliya . Matasa wadanda akasari malaman firamare ne da daliban sakandare ne suka gudanar da gangamin na kasa. Wannan aiki ne mai sauƙi kamar yadda a yanzu akwai haruffa da za a koya.
Mutane da yawa suna la'akarin farkon gabatarwar Shire na harshen Somaliya da yaƙin neman karatu na gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da aka samu a gwamnatin Somaliya bayan mulkin mallaka. Saboda wannan muhimmin shawarar, shekaru da yawa bayan haka, bakin haure na Somaliya a duk faɗin duniya suna samun sa'a sosai wajen koyon sabbin harsuna idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ke fitowa daga ƙasashen da ke amfani da rubutun da ba na Latin ba.
Kasashen waje sun yi la'akari da irin ci gaban da Somaliya ta samu wajen ilimantar da jama'a ta fuskar karatu. Julius Nyerere, shugaban Tanzaniya a lokacin, ya tabbatar da cewa "[t] Somalia suna yin abin da muke wa'azi a Tanzaniya." [2]
Labarai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shire ya rubuta ayyuka da yawa da suka shafi karatu da al'adun Somaliya. Duk waɗannan wallafe-wallafen an yi su ne a ko dai a cikin nasa na'urar buga littattafai ko kuma ta wasu kayan bugawa a Mogadishu.
Ya buga littattafai da ƙasidu da yawa, tare da wallafe-wallafen farko har da na lokaci-lokaci. Ayyukan Shire Jama Ahmed sun haɗa da:
- Iftiinka Aqoonta ("Hasken Ilimi") - tsarin mujallu na lokaci-lokaci
- Littafin Digiri na Ilimin Firamare
- Ilimin Somaliya da Taimakon Shari'a - an shirya don masu sa kai na US Peace Corps
- Halgankii Nolosha ("Gwagwarmaya ta Rayuwa") Jarida ta Ƙasa, Mogadishu 1974
- Gabayo, Maahmaah, iyo Sheekooyin Yaryar ("Poems, Proverbs, and Short Stories "), Shire Jama Ahmed Personal Press, Mogadishu, 1965
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Harafin Somaliya
- Musa Haji Ismail Galal
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Blogger". marehansade.blogspot.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-10-25.
- ↑ MohammedIbrahimShire. "The Revolutionary Government's Achievements | Somali President Jaalle Maxamed Siyaad Barre". www.jaallesiyaad.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-10-25.[permanent dead link]