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Shirin Dawes

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Shirin Dawes
public policy (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Suna saboda Charles G. Dawes (en) Fassara
Kwanan wata 1924

Shirin Dawes na wani dan lokaci ya warware batun diyya da Jamus ke bin kasashen kawancen yakin duniya na daya. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1924, ya kawo karshen rikicin diflomasiyyar Turai da ya faru bayan da sojojin Faransa da Belgium suka mamaye yankin Ruhr a matsayin martani ga gazawar Jamus wajen biyan diyya.

Shirin ya tsara jadawalin biyan bashin da Jamus za ta biya diyya na yaki, inda ta tanadi bada lamuni mai yawa don daidaita kudin Jamus da kuma kawo karshen mamayar da aka yi wa Ruhr. Ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na farfadowar tattalin arziki a cikin rabin na biyu na 1920s, ko da yake ya zo a farashin babban dogaro ga babban birnin ketare. Shirin Matasa ya maye gurbin Tsarin Dawes a cikin 1929.

Domin shirin ya warware wani mummunan rikici na duniya, Ba'amurke Charles G. Dawes, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar da ta haɓaka, ya sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 1925.

Tarihi

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A ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwaƙwalwa sun haɗa a cikin yarjejeniyar Versailles da wani shiri na diyya wanda Jamus za ta zama abin dogaro. Ya kafa Rikicin Biliyan 20 na Rikici na wucin gadi da za a biya har zuwa Afrilu 1920 kuma ya bar cikakkun bayanai don tantancewa ta Hukumar Kula da Kawancen Kawancen. A cikin Afrilu 1921, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun ɗauki Jadawalin Biyan Kuɗi na London wanda Hukumar ta haɓaka. Ya kafa jimillar alkaluman diyya na Jamus a tamburan zinare biliyan 132 (dalar Amurka biliyan 442 a cikin dala 2023). An raba jadawalin zuwa aji uku, wanda biyun farko kawai, wanda ya kai maki biliyan 50, ana sa ran za a biya. [1]  

A ranar 5 ga Mayu 1921 Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwaƙwalwa sun ba da wa'adi ga Jamus suna neman ta amince da Jadawalin London a cikin kwanaki shida tare da yin barazanar mamaye gundumar Ruhr mai arzikin masana'antu idan ba haka ba. Reichstag ya kada kuri'ar amincewa a ranar 11 ga Mayu, bayan haka gwamnati ta fara aiwatar da manufofinta na cikawa (Erfülllungspolitik), yunƙurin nuna rashin yiwuwar biyan kuɗin ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cika su. [2] Jamus ta biya kudi na farko na biliyan daya a lokacin rani na 1921 amma bayan haka ta biya kadan a tsabar kudi kuma ta fadi a cikin isar da kayan kamar kwal da katako.[3] Bayan da aka ayyana Jamus a cikin tsoho a watan Janairun 1923, sojojin Faransa da Belgium sun mamaye Ruhr. Jamus ta mayar da martani tare da juriya ga mamayar. Gwamnati ta buga kudi don biyan ma'aikatan da ba su da aiki, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki wanda ya lalata tattalin arzikin Jamus.[4]

Abubuwan da suka biyo baya sun jagoranci Allies su yanke shawarar cewa ana buƙatar sake nazarin Shirin London. Kasuwancin Ruhr ya kara tashin hankali tsakanin Faransa da Jamus. Amincewa da jadawalin London da gwamnatin Jamus ta yi ya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. Manufar cikawa ta Chancellor Joseph Wirth ta fusata mutane da yawa a hannun dama, wadanda suka kira shi mai cin amana.[5] Kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kaddamar da yakin ƙiyayya a kan wakilan Jamhuriyar wanda ya haɗa da kisan kai a watan Agustan 1921 na Matthias Erzberger, ɗaya daga cikin masu sanya hannu kan Armistice na 11 ga Nuwamba 1918, kuma a watan Yunin 1922 na Ministan Harkokin Waje Walther Rathenau.[2] Amurka ta ji tsoron juyin mulki daga ko dai dama ko hagu kuma idan mutum ya faru, yawan kuɗin da ya ba da rancen ga Faransa da Ingila a lokacin yakin - biyan kuɗin da ya dogara da karɓar biyan kuɗin Jamus - ba za a iya dawo da shi ba.[6]

Kwamitin Dawes

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Kwamitin Dawes a Berlin. Dawes yana zaune na huɗu daga hagu. A gefen hagu shine Owen Young, wanda Shirin Matasa na 1929 ya dauki sunansa.

A cikin 1923 sabon shugaban Jamus Gustav Stresemann ya ba da umarnin kawo karshen juriya, ya aiwatar da sake fasalin kuɗi wanda ya kawo ƙarshen hauhawar farashi kuma ya nemi tattaunawa tare da Allied Powers wanda zai yi la'akari da abin da Jamus ke iya biyan kuɗi.[5] Hukumar Gyara ta kafa kwamitin Dawes, wanda ya kunshi wakilai goma masu ƙwarewa waɗanda ƙasashensu suka zaba: biyu kowannensu daga Belgium (Baron Maurice Houtart, Emile Francqui), Faransa (Jean Parmentier, Edgard Allix), Burtaniya (Sir Josiah C. Stamp, Sir Robert M. Kindersley), Italiya (Alberto Pirelli, Federico Flora) da Amurka (Charles G. Dawes da Owen D. Young). Dawes, shugaban kwamitin, tsohon janar ne na sojoji, ma'aikacin banki kuma ɗan siyasa. An ba kwamitin sa aikin bincika daidaita kuɗin Jamus, kasafin kuɗi da albarkatun sa. Dangane da binciken, kwamitin ya ba da shawarar ainihin jadawalin biyan kuɗi - wanda ya yi la'akari da ikon Jamus na biyan kuɗi - wannan zai maye gurbin jadawalin London.[7][8]

Shirin

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Farashin waje na Jamus, wanda aka bayar 15 ga Oktoba 1924

Rahoton Dawes ya jaddada a cikin gabatarwar cewa "tabbacin da muke ba da shawara na tattalin arziki ne ba siyasa ba". Sakamakon shirin Dawes ya ƙunshi adadin biyan kuɗi da lokaci, hanyoyin samun kudaden shiga, lamuni ga Jamus, daidaita kuɗin kuɗi da kawo ƙarshen aikin Ruhr.

  • Biyan biyan kuɗi sun fara ne a Reichsmarks biliyan daya a shekara ta farko, suna ƙaruwa a kowace shekara zuwa biliyan biyu da rabi bayan shekaru biyar. Ba a saita jimlar adadin ba.[8] Sharuɗɗan sun haɗa da ƙididdigar wadata, wanda ya dogara da abin da Jamus za ta biya ƙarin a ƙarƙashin yanayin tattalin arziki mai kyau.[9]
  • Tushen biyan diyya sun haɗa da haraji kan harajin kwastam, barasa, taba da sukari, da kuma kudaden shiga daga layin dogo da kasafin kuɗi. A matsayin tabbacin biyan kuɗi, an canza Railway ta Jamus zuwa kamfani a ƙarƙashin kulawar mai ba da bashi. Wani jinginar gida mai riba a kan masana'antar Jamus na Reichsmarks biliyan 5 ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin garantin.[10]
  • An sake tsara Reichsbank a karkashin kulawar jihohin masu ba da bashi. Tana da wakilai bakwai daga jihohin masu ba da bashi da Jamusawa bakwai a cikin kwamitin ta kuma tana da 'yanci daga gwamnatin tsakiya. [11][4]
  • An ba da rancen Reichsmark miliyan 800 a Jamus don zama babban birnin bankin tsakiya da kuma tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na Reichsmark. Kimanin rabin adadin an tara shi ta hanyar batutuwan jinginar Wall Street a Amurka.[6]
  • Kwamitin Canjin Allied ya maye gurbin Kwamitin Canji wanda zai dauki darajar Reichsmark a cikin la'akari yayin yin canjin biyan kuɗi.[10] Ba za a biya ba idan sun jefa zinariya da ke goyon bayan Reichsmark cikin haɗari. Biyan bashin kasuwanci ya ɗauki fifiko a kan biyan diyya don kula da cancantar bashi na Jamus.[12]
  • Za a janye sojojin kasashen waje daga Ruhr.

Yarjejeniyar Reichstag

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Tattaunawar game da Shirin Dawes a cikin Reichstag ta shafi kafa sabuwar gwamnati bayan zaben Reichstag na Mayu 1924. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Jamus (KPD) ta ga Shirin Dawes a matsayin mulkin mallaka na tattalin arziki, kuma Jam'iyyar Nazi ta ki amincewa gaba ɗaya da biyan diyya.[6] Mutane da yawa a kan 'yancin siyasa sun ki amincewa da shi saboda iyakokin da ya sanya a kan ikon mallakar Jamus (kula da Reichsbank da hanyar jirgin kasa ta kasa). Jam'iyyar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Jam'iyyar (DNVP) ta yi yakin neman zabe a kan shirin Dawes kuma ta sami karin kujeru 24, ta zama jam'iyya ta biyu mafi karfi a cikin Reichstag bayan Social Democrats. Rashin amincewar jam'iyyar na canza matsayinta a kan shirin Dawes ya haifar da Shugaba Wilhelm Marx na Jam'iyyar Tsakiya ya kasance a ofishin da ke jagorantar majalisar ministocin 'yan tsiraru.[13] Tun da sashi a cikin Dawes Plan game da Railway na Jamus ya buƙaci canji a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Weimar sabili da haka kashi biyu bisa uku a cikin Reichstag don wucewa, ya zama dole ga wasu mambobin DNVP su jefa kuri'a don karɓa. Yawancin kungiyoyin masana'antu da na noma sun bukaci DNVP da ta karɓi Shirin, tare da sakamakon cewa ya wuce a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta 1924 tare da taimakon kuri'un DNVP 48.[13] Shirin Dawes ya fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1924.

Sakamakon

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Charles G. Dawes (1865-1951), wanda aka ba shi kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1925 saboda aikinsa a kan shirin Dawes

Hawan bashi na kasashen waje ya haifar da hauhawar tattalin arzikin Jamus wanda ya kafa "Golden Twenties" na 1924-1929. Gabaɗaya samar da tattalin arziki ya karu da kashi 50% a cikin shekaru biyar, [8] rashin aikin yi ya faɗi sosai kuma kashi 34% na Jamus na cinikin duniya ya fi girma fiye da yadda ya kasance a 1913, shekara ta ƙarshe kafin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na I. [6] A farkon rikicin tattalin arzikin duniya a 1929, Jamus ta sami Reichsmarks biliyan 29 a cikin rance. Duk da tattalin arziki mai karfi, Jamus ba ta iya cimma burin kasuwanci da ake bukata don biyan diyya ba. Ya haɗu da kusan dukkanin biyan kuɗi a ƙarƙashin shirin Dawes amma zai iya yin hakan ne kawai bisa ga babban bashin ƙasashen waje. [3][14] Yawancin rance na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne, wanda ke nufin cewa ana iya kiran su da sauri idan ƙasar mai ba da bashi ta fuskanci matsalar tattalin arziki.[12] Jamus ta sami kanta ta dogara sosai ga babban birnin kasashen waje.

Jamus ta dauki shirin Dawes a matsayin mataki na wucin gadi kuma tana sa ran sake fasalin mafita a nan gaba.[3] A cikin 1928 Ministan Harkokin Waje na Jamus Gustav Stresemann, tsohon shugaban majalisa, ya yi kira da a kafa shirin karshe, kuma an kafa shirin Young a cikin 1929.[15]

Dawes, wanda shi ne mataimakin shugaban kasar Amurka a lokacin, ya samu kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya a shekarar 1925 saboda "muhimmin rawar da ya taka wajen samar da shirin Dawes", musamman yadda ya rage zaman tankiya tsakanin Faransa da Jamus sakamakon rashin biyan diyya da Jamus ta yi da kuma mamayar da Faransa ta yi wa yankin Ruhr. Ministan harkokin wajen Burtaniya Austen Chamberlain ya raba kyautar tare da Dawes, duk da cewa kyautarsa ta kasance ga yarjejeniyar Locarno, wacce ta shafi matsugunan yankunan bayan yakin. [7]

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. ↑ Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History. 11 (3): 237. doi:10.1017/s0008938900018707. JSTOR 4545835. S2CID 144072556.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Scriba, Arnulf (14 September 2014). "Londoner Ultimatum". Deutsches Historisches Museum (in Jamusanci). Retrieved 13 October 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Marks 1978.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kunzel, Michael (14 September 2014). "Die Inflation". Deutsches Historisches Museum (in Jamusanci). Retrieved 8 October 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "9. April 1924 - Dawes-Plan vorgelegt" [9 April 1924 - Dawes Plan presented]. Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR) (in Jamusanci). 9 April 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Llewellyn, Jennifer; Thompson, Steve (30 September 2019). "American assistance to Weimar Germany". Alpha History. Retrieved 8 October 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Charles G. Dawes – Biographical". Nobel Prize. Retrieved 15 October 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Scriba, Arnulf (2 September 2014). "Der Dawes-Plan". Deutsches Historisches Museum (in Jamusanci). Retrieved 8 October 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ "Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Volume XIII: Part VIII—Reparation". US Department of State Office of the Historian. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7
  11. ↑ "Reichsgesetzblatt Teil II Nr. 32: Bank Gesetz § 14" [Reich Law Gazette Part II Nr. 32: Banking Law § 14]. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek – Gesetzestexte Online (in Jamusanci). 30 August 1924. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Piper, Ernst (7 July 2021). "Weimarer Republik: Gefährdete Stabilität 1924–1929" [Weimar Republic: Endangered Stability (1924–1929)]. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) (in Jamusanci). Retrieved 8 October 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Winkler 2000.
  14. ↑ Braun, Helmut (31 January 2007). "Reparationen (Weimarer Republik)". Historisches Lexikon Bayerns (in Jamusanci). Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  15. ↑ "Dawes Plan". Encyclopedia.com. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
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