Shirin Matasa

Shirin Matasa
Reparations (transitional justice) da plan (en)

Shirin Matasa yunƙuri ne na 1929 don warware batutuwan da suka shafi wajibcin diyya na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da Jamus ta binta a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Versailles. An ƙirƙira don maye gurbin shirin Dawes na 1924, an yi shawarwarin Shirin Matasa a Paris daga Fabrairu zuwa Yuni 1929 ta kwamitin kwararrun harkokin kuɗi na duniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan kasuwa na Amurka kuma masanin tattalin arziki Owen D. Young. Wakilan gwamnatocin da abin ya shafa sun kammala kuma sun amince da shirin a taron Hague na 1929/30. An saita ramuwa a kan 36 biliyan Reichsmarks da za a biya ta 1988. Ciki har da riba, jimlar ta kai biliyan 112 Reichsmarks. Matsakaicin biyan kuɗi na shekara shine kusan biliyan biyu Reichsmarks (US $ 473 miliyan a 1929). Shirin ya fara aiki ne a ranar 17 ga Mayu 1930, tun daga ranar 1 ga Satumba 1929.

A cikin wata yarjejeniya mai kama da juna, Faransa ta amince da janye sojojinta daga yankin Rhineland da ta mamaye a shekara ta 1930, shekaru biyar kafin yarjejeniyar ta Versailles.

Saboda illar Babban Mawuyacin hali, Hoover Moratorium ya dakatar da shirin Matasa a watan Yuni 1931 kuma an rage biyan kuɗi da kashi 90% a taron Lausanne a Yuli 1932. Gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Adolf Hitler ba ta biya kuɗi ba bayan da ta hau mulki a 1933. Duk da haka, Jamus ta ci gaba da biyan ruwa a kan takardun Dawes da Young.39 har zuwa 19.

Asali

Matsalolin da ke tattare da Shirin Dawes

Yarjejeniyar Versailles ba ta saita jimillar adadin ko sharuɗɗan biyan kuɗin Jamus ba. Ya kafa Rikicin Biliyan 20 na Rikici na wucin gadi da za a biya har zuwa Afrilu 1920 kuma ya bar cikakkun bayanai don tantancewa ta Hukumar Raya Haɗin Kai. Hukumar ta tsara Jadawalin Biyan Kuɗi na London na Mayu 1921 wanda ya kayyade jimillar jimillar biliyan 132 Reichsmarks. Bayan da aka ayyana Jamus a cikin watan Janairu 1923, sojojin Faransa da na Belgium sun mamaye Ruhr. Jamus ta mayar da martani da tsayin daka ga mamaya, kuma kudaden da gwamnati ta biya ma'aikatan Ruhr da ba su da aiki, ya haifar da hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya kusan durkusar da tattalin arzikin kasar. An tsara shirin Dawes na 1924 don maye gurbin Jadawalin London.

Shirin Dawes ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1924. Ya sake buɗe kasuwar babban birnin Amurka zuwa Jamus, kuma biliyoyin a cikin takardun dogon lokaci da rance na gajeren lokaci sun gudana zuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na Jamus a kusan sassan daidai. Tattalin arzikin Jamhuriyar Weimar ya karu sosai a lokacin Golden Twenties (1924-1929), kuma duk da ma'aunin cinikayya mara kyau, akwai isasshen musayar kasashen waje don biyan kuɗin shirin. Biyan sun zo, duk da haka, a farashin babban bashin kasashen waje.

Dukkan bangarorin sun fara rashin jin daɗi game da shirin tun daga 1927 zuwa gaba. Bankunan Wall Street da Baitul malin Amurka sun kara nuna damuwa cewa Jamus za ta ci bashi. Tun daga 1924, lamunin ƙasashen waje na sama da biliyan goma Reichsmarks sun shiga cikin Jamus. Tambayar ta taso game da ko ya kamata lamuni masu zaman kansu su kasance suna da fifiko a yayin rikicin biyan kuɗi.

Charles Dawes, wanda ya jagoranci kwamitin da ya haɓaka Shirin Dawes

Gwamnatin Faransa ta kara damuwa. Tun daga shekara ta 1919 Amurka ta yi kira ga biyan bashin yaƙi da Faransa ta samu a 1917 da 1918. Faransa ta bukaci rance da gaggawa don daidaita franc bayan hauhawar farashin 1924 da 1925, amma an rufe kasuwar babban birnin Amurka har sai bashin yaƙi bai biya ba. An warware batun tare da Yarjejeniyar Mellon-Berenger a watan Afrilun 1926 wanda ya kafa jadawalin biyan kuɗin Faransa ga Amurka. Majalisar Wakilai ta Faransa, duk da haka, ta ki amincewa da shi har sai an warware batun biyan diyya na Jamus. Tun da za a yi amfani da kuɗin daga Jamus don biyan kuɗin Faransa ga Amurka, Faransa ta fi son yarda da sabon shirin biyan kuɗi, har ma da daidaita ƙasa da alamar zinariya biliyan 132 da aka buƙata a cikin Shirin Biyan London na 1921.

Jamus ba ta gamsu da shirin Dawes ba. A cikin 1928 cikakken biyan shekara-shekara na Reichsmarks biliyan 2.5 ya kasance a karo na farko. Ya yi daidai da kashi 12.4 cikin dari na jimlar kuɗin da gwamnatin Jamus ta kashe da kuma kashi 3.3 cikin dari na kudin shiga na kasa. Idan tattalin arzikin ya ci gaba da bunkasa da kyau, tsarin ci gaban shirin zai buƙaci adadi mafi girma, wanda zai iya yin barazanar wuce ikon Jamus na biyan kuɗi.

Bayan shawarwarin diflomasiyya da yawa a lokacin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kaka, kasashe shida masu sha'awar - Jamus, Faransa, Burtaniya, Belgium, Italiya da Japan - sun amince a ranar 16 ga Satumbar 1928 don kafa kwamitin kwararru na kasa da kasa karkashin jagorancin masanin tattalin arziki na Amurka Owen D. Young don warware tambayoyin diyya kuma a lokaci guda don fara tattaunawa kan korar bakin haure. Masana harkokin kudi na kasa da kasa goma sha hudu da aka zaba don tsara sabon tsarin ramuwa dole ne su kasance masu zaman kansu kuma su kasance masu jagoranci da kwarewar tattalin arziki kawai.

Taron Hague

Owen D. Young, wanda ya jagoranci Hukumar Matasa

Gwamnatocin kasashe shida da suka ba da umarnin tsara shirin Matasa sun amince da shi bisa ƙa'ida a watan Yuni na shekara ta 1929. Ministocin harkokin wajen Faransa da Jamus, Aristide Briand da Gustav Stresemann, sun yi kira da a gudanar da wani taro don yanke shawara kan warware duk wasu tambayoyi da har yanzu suke tasowa daga Yaƙin Duniya na farko.

A zaman farko na taron Hague daga ranar 6 zuwa 31 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1929, shugabar gwamnatin Burtaniya na Exchequer, dan siyasan jam'iyyar Labour, Philip Snowden, ya bukaci a kara yawan kudaden diyya na shekara-shekara ga Burtaniya da kwatankwacin miliyan 48 na Reichsmarks. Snowden ya yi nuni da cewa a shirye yake ya bar Shirin Matasa ya gaza idan ya cancanta. An cimma mafita ta hanyar sauye-sauye a cikin ma'auni na masu ba da lamuni, sama da duka a kuɗin Jamus, kuma an sami sasantawa kan batun isar da kayayyaki. Briand ya kasance a shirye ya ba da gudummawa kan ƙaura daga Rhineland kuma ya amince da 30 Yuni 1930 a matsayin ranar ƙarshe na zama.

Taron na biyu na taron ya gudana daga 3 zuwa 20 ga Janairu 1930. An bayyana batutuwan da suka fi dacewa da fasaha, musamman kafa Bankin Sadarwar Kasa da Kasa don kula da canja wurin biyan diyya da tambayar ko, kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin Yarjejeniyar Versailles, masu ba da bashi na iya ci gaba da sanya takunkumi a yayin da aka yi amfani da Jamusanci. An amince da cewa kasashe masu ba da bashi za su sake samun "cikakken 'yancin aikinsu" idan Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ta gano cewa Jamus tana cikin aiwatar da "ƙagewa" Matasa. Faransanci sun ga a cikin sanarwa damar da za su koma baya a kan yiwuwar takunkumi mai ƙarfi na Yarjejeniyar Versailles, yayin da Jamusawa suka amince da shi kawai 'yancin aiki wanda kowace ƙasa mai zaman kanta ke da ikon mallakar ta a ƙarƙashin dokar kasa da kasa.

Sakamakon faduwar kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta New York a ranar 24 ga Oktoban 1929, wanda ya faru tsakanin zaman biyu a Hague, ya bayyana a fili cewa nan gaba kasuwar babban birnin Amurka ba za ta iya yin riga-kafin duk darajar bashin da Jamus ta biya ba ga masu lamuni na Turai. Sun so su yi amfani da haɗin kai don samun damar biyan bashin yaƙi tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen waje ga Amurka a dunƙule. "Sabon Shirin", kamar yadda aka kira Shirin Matasa a hukumance, kuma yarjejeniya kan ficewa daga Rhineland duk da haka shugabannin gwamnatocin kasashe shida sun sanya hannu a kan 20 ga Janairu 1930.

Shirin

Shirin Matasa ya samar da bashin biyan bashin Jamus wanda ya kai Reichsmarks biliyan 36. Za a biya shi da riba har zuwa 1988, wanda ya haifar da jimlar Reichsmarks biliyan 112. Kudin shekara-shekara zai tashi da sauri daga biliyan 1.7 zuwa biliyan 2.1 na Reichsmarks, ya fadi zuwa biliyan 1.65 bayan 1966. Da yake ɗaukar 1930 a matsayin tushe, za a buƙaci Jamus ta biya kowace shekara, a matsakaita, daidai da kusan kashi 12 cikin 100 na fitar da ita, kashi 2.5 cikin 100 na samfurin ƙasa da kashi 7.3 cikin 100 na duk kudaden shiga na jama'a.

Ginin Reichsbank a Berlin. Shirin Matasa ya dawo da bankin gaba daya a karkashin ikon Jamus.

An soke kariyar canja wurin shirin Dawes, wanda ke nufin nan gaba, Jamus ce ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa adadin kuɗin da aka samu daga kudaden haraji za a iya tura shi cikin kuɗin waje ko kuma a cikin nau'i na Bankin Mazaunan Ƙasashen Duniya. Cibiyar ta dauki nauyin ayyukan Hukumar Reparation, wanda aka soke, kamar yadda ofishin babban wakili na biyan kuɗi. Har ila yau, an yi watsi da ikon da masu ba da lamuni suka samu a cikin Shirin Dawes akan Titin Railway na Jamus da Reichsbank, kamar yadda aka samu ci gaban wadata, wanda ke nufin cewa Jamus na iya tabbatar da cewa ba za ta biya fiye da haka ba idan yanayin tattalin arziki ya kasance mai kyau.

Bayar da kayayyaki (kamar, alal misali, kwal), wanda sau da yawa ya yi gasa da kamfanoni a cikin ƙasashen masu bashi, zai ƙare bayan shekaru goma. Sauran wajibin biyan kuɗi a cikin kuɗin ƙasashen waje an raba shi zuwa wani ɓangaren da ba a kare shi ba, wanda dole ne a canja shi a cikin kuɗin waje a kowane yanayi kuma ya kai Reichsmarks miliyan 600. Kayan da aka kare, wanda ya fi sau biyu girma, ana iya canja shi da farko a cikin Reichsmarks a yayin da "gajeren lokaci", amma dole ne a kawo kuɗin kasashen waje cikin shekaru biyu. Wannan sashi mai kariya yana da alaƙa da bashin yaƙi na hadin gwiwa ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar da ikon mai ba da bashi ya haɗa da Shirin Matasa.

A ranar 17 ga Mayu 1930, Shirin Matasa ya fara aiki a baya har zuwa 1 ga Satumba 1929. A lokaci guda kuma, an sanya haɗin gwiwar Young a kasuwa. Jamus ta ci bashin Reichsmarks biliyan 1.47 (alamomin zinare miliyan 300) akan ribar kashi 5.5 cikin ɗari na shekaru 35. Kashi biyu bisa uku na kudaden sun tafi ne ga masu karbar bashi da kuma tallafawa tattalin arzikin Jamus da kuma kashi daya bisa uku ga ma'aikatan gidan waya da kuma layin dogo na kasa. Duk da rashin kyawun kasuwar babban birnin bayan faduwar Wall Street, haɗin gwiwar ya yi nasara tare da jama'ar duniya.

Halin da aka yi

Faransa

An yi maraba da Shirin Matasa a Faransa. 'Yan jarida masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yi hukunci mai kyau; kawai a hannun dama na siyasa ne aka zargi cewa shirin da kuma janyewarsa daga Rhineland ya shafi tsaron kudi da na soja na Jamhuriyar Faransa.

Firayim Minista Raymond Poincaré. Ya kasa shawo kan majalisar dokokin Faransa ta yarda da shirin Matasa.

Aristide Briand Ministan harkokin waje ya kuma kasa wucewa da Young Plan a matsayin Firayim Minista.

Tun da dukan gwamnatoci daga 1926 zuwa 1932 sun dogara ne akan cibiyar siyasa tare da haɗin gwiwar masu kishin ƙasa da na Katolika na dama, matsaloli sun taso a majalisar dokokin Faransa. Ba a samu damar kammala Shirin Matasa ba a watan Yulin 1929, ranar ƙarshe don amincewa da yarjejeniyar kan basussukan yaƙi tsakanin kawance. Don haka sai da Poincaré ya nemi majalisa ta amince da yarjejeniyar Mellon-Berenger kan bashin Faransa da ke bin Amurka kafin Jamus ta amince da Shirin Matasa. Duka 'yan siyasa da 'yan adawa na Socialists, wadanda suka goyi bayan manufofin ketare na Briand, sun dage kan danganta basussukan biyu, matsayin da Amurka ke adawa da shi. Da ɗan ƙaramin rinjaye, Majalisar Wakilai ta amince da yarjejeniyar Mellon-Bérenger a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1929 tare da tanadin cewa za a yi amfani da ita kawai muddin aka karɓi isassun diyya daga Jamus. Tunda amincewar sharadi da Amurka ba za ta amince da shi ba, ajiyar bai sami karfin doka ba kuma yarjejeniyar bashi kawai ta zama doka. Poincaré yayi murabus bayan ƴan kwanaki.

Aristide Briand ne ya gaje shi, wanda yunƙurinsa na zartar da Shirin Matasa shi ma ya ci tura.[1] Bayan shi ma ya yi murabus, André Tardieu na jam'iyyar Democratic Republican Alliance ya zama firaminista. Ya yi nasara a ranar 29 ga Maris 1930 wajen samun rinjaye don amincewa da Tsarin Matasa. Dangane da fatawar da yawa daga cikin wakilai na Tarayyar Republican, ya jinkirta muhawarar majalisar har sai da Reichstag na Jamus ya amince da ita. Jawabin sabon ministan kudi Paul Reynaud ya bayyana ma'auni mai kyau sosai: Shirin Matasa ya sanya ramuwa daidai gwargwado tare da bashi na sirri na Jamus don haka ya tabbatar da su, ya rufe basussukan yaki na kawance da kuma samar da ragi don sake gina yankunan Faransa da aka lalata a yakin. Duk da cewa Versailles ta asali adadin zinare biliyan 132 tare da riba dole ne a jefar da su, "hadaya ita ce farashin mafita ta dindindin". Bai ambaci ainihin manufar tattara ramuwa mai girma da kuma biyan bashin da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu a matsayin dunkulalliyar kudade ba saboda ayyukan kudi na irin wannan girman ya zama ba zai yiwu ba bayan faduwar kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta New York.

Bayan amincewa da Tsarin Matasa, Faransawa sun nemi haɗin gwiwa tare da Jamus. Tardieu ya shaidawa jakadan na Jamus cewa "samun kusanci da Jamus" shine burin gwamnatinsa. Tare da da alama madawwamin bayani game da tambayar ramuwa da kuma janyewa daga mamayar Rhineland, batutuwan ƙarshe na jayayya da suka samo asali daga yerjejeniyar Versailles da alama an warware su kuma an share hanyar da za a samu makoma mai aminci da lumana.

Jamus

Wadanda suka halarci taron da aka yi a kan shirin matasa a Hermann Monument a ranar 1 ga Satumba. Alfred Hugenberg yana cikin tsakiya.

Ko da yake shirin Matasa ya rage nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan Jamus yadda ya kamata, amma wasu sassa na siyasa a Jamus sun yi adawa da shi. Jam'iyyun masu kishin kasa sun fi nuna adawa da ramuwa da kuma kwace kan Tsarin Matasa a matsayin batun. An kafa wani kwamiti na kungiyoyi daban-daban na masu kishin kasa karkashin jagorancin Alfred Hugenberg, mai kula da harkokin yada labarai kuma shugaban jam'iyyar jama'ar Jamus. Daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka shiga ita ce jam'iyyar Nazi karkashin jagorancin Adolf Hitler .

Manufar kwamitin ita ce aiwatar da abin da ta kira "Dokar Tsayayya da Bautar Jama'ar Jamus", ko kuma a taƙaice, "Dokar 'Yanci". Zai yi watsi da duk biyan diyya kuma ya zama laifi ga kowane jami'in Jamus ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta sanya sabbin wajibai na biyan diyya. Har ila yau, zai yi watsi da amincewar Jamus game da laifin yaki da kuma mamaye yankin Jamus, dukansu biyu sun kasance sharuddan Yarjejeniyar Versailles An gabatar da Dokar 'Yanci a hukumance a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1929. Kwamitin ya yi nasarar tattara isasshen sa hannu don sanya shawarar a gaban Reichstag, wanda ya jefa kuri'a kan lissafin da kashi 318-82. A cikin raba gardama na Dokar 'Yanci da ta biyo baya, kashi 94.5% na kuri'un da aka jefa sun goyi bayan dokar da aka gabatar, amma yawan masu jefa kuri'a ya kai kashi 14.9%, ma'ana cewa kashi 13.8% ne kawai na masu jefa kuriʼa suka kada kuri'a don amincewa da dokar. Saboda haka raba gardama ya gaza, tunda yana buƙatar kashi 50% na duk masu jefa kuri'a da suka cancanta don wucewa.

Reichstag ta karɓi Shirin Matasa a ranar 12 ga Maris 1930.

Abubuwan da suka faru na gaba

Wall Street Crash na Oktoba 1929 ya faru ne tsakanin yarjejeniyar farko da karɓar Young Plan. Tare da mummunar matsalar tattalin arziki a duniya wanda ya sanar da Babban Mawuyacin hali, Shugaban Amurka Herbert Hoover ya sami goyon baya don dakatar da shekara guda kan biyan diyya daga kasashe 15 a watan Yulin shekara ta 1931. An yi ƙoƙari na ƙarshe don warware batun biyan kuɗi a Taron Lausanne na 1932. Ya ƙare biyan diyya na Jamus.

Koyaya, Jamus ta ci gaba da biyan riba a kan takardun Dawes da Young, waɗanda aka bayar a 1924 da 1930. An sayar da waɗannan a Kasuwancin Kasuwancin London har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, tare da Jamus kawai ta dakatar da biyan riba a lokacin barkewar yaƙi a 1939.  : : 655  watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1934, Burtaniya da Jamus sun yi abin da aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Biya ta Anglo-Jamusanci, inda a tsakanin sauran sharuɗɗa, Jamus ta amince da ci gaba da biyan riba a kan Dawes da Young a cikin tsabar kudi. : 662 : 662 

An kiyasta cewa jimlar biyan bashin Jamus har zuwa 1931 ya kai kimanin dala biliyan 36.1.

Bayan shan kashi na Jamus a yakin duniya na biyu, wani taron kasa da kasa (Yarjejeniyar London kan bashin kasashen waje na Jamus, 1953) ya yanke shawarar cewa Jamus za ta biya ragowar bashin ne kawai bayan da kasar ta sake haɗuwa. Jamus ta Yamma duk da haka ta biya bashin a shekarar 1980; sannan a shekarar 1995, bayan sake hadewa, sabuwar gwamnatin Jamus ta sanar da cewa za ta ci gaba da biyan bashin, gami da kan takardun matasa. Jamus ta biya riba ga Amurka a cikin 2010, da kuma wasu ƙasashe a cikin 2020. A cikin shekara ta 2010, mujallar Time ta ba da rahoton cewa Jamus ta yi "biyan kuɗi na ƙarshe don Babban Yakin a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, kusan shekaru 92 bayan da Allies suka ci kasar".