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Shugaban Kasar na har abada

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Shugaban Kasar na har abada
honorific (en) Fassara da position (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na shugaba da dictator (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara Mulkin kama-karya
Yadda ake kira mace presidenta vitalici, dosmrtna predsednica da Presidenta vitalicia
Yadda ake kira namiji président à vie
Babban Monument na Mansu Hill a Pyongyang, wanda ke nuna " shugabannin har abada " na Koriya ta Arewa, Shugaba Kim Il Sung da Sakatare Janar Kim Jong Il .

Shugaban mulkin mulaka'u ko shugaban kasa na rayuwa wani lakabi ne da wasu shugabannin suka ɗauka ko kuma aka ba su don ƙara wa'adinsu har zuwa mutuwarsu. Taken wani lokaci yana ba wa mai riƙe da haƙƙin nada ko nada wanda zai gaje shi. Amfani da taken " shugaban rayuwa" maimakon taken mulkin kama-karya na al'ada yana nuna rusa mulkin dimokuradiyya ta masu taken (ko da yake ba a bukatar jamhuriyar su zama dimokiradiyya a kowace rana ). Hakika, wani lokacin shugaban kasa na rayuwa zai iya ci gaba da kafa masarauta mai cin gashin kansa, irin su Jean-Jacques Dessalines da Henry Christophe a Haiti .

Mulkin Mulki

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Ana iya ɗaukar shugaba na rayuwa a matsayin mai mulkin kama-karya.[1][2]

Yawancin shugabannin da suka ayyana kansu a matsayin shugaban kasa har abada ba su sami nasarar ci gaba da yin aiki na tsawon rai ba. Yawancinsu an sauke su ne kafin su mutu, wasu kuma sun sami nasarar zama shugaban kasa ta hanyar kashe su a lokacin da suke kan mulki. Duk da haka, wasu sun yi nasarar yin mulki har sai sun mutu, ciki har da José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia na Paraguay, Alexandre Pétion da François Duvalier na Haiti, Rafael Carrera na Guatemala, Josip Broz Tito na Yugoslavia, da Saparmurat Niyazov na Turkmenistan . Wasu kuma sun yi yunƙurin ba da nasara a naɗa kansu a matsayin shugaban ƙasa har abada, kamar Mobutu Sese Seko na Zaire a 1972.

Wasu shugabannin da suka dade suna mulkin kama karya an yi kuskuren kwatanta su a matsayin shugabanni na rayuwa. Ba a taɓa ba su wa'adin rayuwa a hukumance ba kuma, a zahiri, sun tsaya lokaci-lokaci don sake zaɓe. Duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta, waɗannan zaɓen na bogi ne wanda ya ba su tabbacin sake tsayawa takara.[3][4]

Jerin shugabannin da suka zama shugaban kasa har abada

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Lura: Kwanan wata na farko da aka jera a kowace shigarwa ita ce ranar ayyana matsayin matsayin Shugaban Rayuwa.

Portrait Name

(Birth–Death) 		Country Title Took office Left office Notes
Toussaint Louverture

(1743–1803) 		Samfuri:Flagicon image French Saint-Domingue Governor for Life of Saint-Domingue 1801 1802 Deposed 1802, died in exile in France 1803.
Henri Christophe

(1767–1820) 		Samfuri:Country data State of Haiti President for Life of Haiti (Northern) 1807 1811 Became King 1811, committed suicide while reigning 1820.
José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia

(1766–1840) 		 Paraguay Perpetual Supreme Dictator of Paraguay 1816 1840 Died in office 1840.
Alexandre Pétion

(1770–1818) 		 Haiti President for Life of Haiti (Southern) 1816 1818 Died in office 1818.
Jean-Pierre Boyer

(1776–1850) 		President for Life of Haiti 1818 1843 Became President for Life immediately upon assuming the office because Alexandre Pétion's constitution provided for a life presidency for all his successors, deposed 1843, died 1850.
Antonio López de Santa Anna

(1794–1876) 		 Mexico (Second Federal Republic) President for Life of Mexico 1853 1855 Resigned 1855, died 1876.
Rafael Carrera

(1814–1865) 		Samfuri:Flagicon image Guatemala President for Life of Guatemala 1854 1865 Died in office 1865.
Adolf Hitler

(1889–1945) 		 Germany (Third Reich) Chancellor and Führer for life 1934 1945 Committed suicide in office 1945.
Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole

(1905–1963) 		 Samoa O le Ao o le Malo for Life of Samoa 1962 1963 Died in office 1963, elected to serve alongside Tanumafili II (see below). The position of O le Ao o le Malo (head of state) is ceremonial; executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister, and Samoa is a parliamentary democracy.[5]
Malietoa Tanumafili II

(1913–2007) 		2007 Died in office 2007, elected to serve alongside Meaʻole (see above).[5]
Sukarno

(1901–1970) 		Indonesiya (Guided Democracy era) Supreme Commander, Great Leader of Revolution, Mandate Holder of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly, and President for Life of Indonesia 1963 1966 Designated as President for Life according to the Ketetapan MPRS No. III/MPRS/1963,[6] life term removed 1966, deposed 1967, died under house arrest 1970.
Kwame Nkrumah

(1909–1972) 		 Ghana President for Life of Ghana 1964 1966 Ousted in 1966, died in exile in Romania 1972.
François "Papa Doc" Duvalier

(1907–1971) 		 Haiti President for Life of Haiti 1964 1971 Died in office 1971, named his son as his successor (see below).
Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier

(1951–2014) 		1971 1986 Named by his father as successor (see above), deposed 1986, died 2014.
Hastings Banda

(1898–1997) 		 Malawi President for Life of Malawi 1971 1993 Life term removed 1993, voted out of office 1994, died 1997.
Jean-Bédel Bokassa

(1921–1996) 		Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya President for Life of the Central African Republic 1972 1976 Became Emperor 1976 (crowned 1977), deposed 1979, died 1996.
Francisco Macías Nguema

(1924–1979) 		Gini Ikwatoriya President for Life of Equatorial Guinea 1972 1979 Deposed and executed 1979.
Ferdinand Marcos

(1917–1989) 		Filipin (Martial law regime) President for Life of the Philippines 1973 1981 Life term removed 1981, deposed 1986, died in exile 1989.
Josip Broz Tito

(1892–1980) 		Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (en) Fassara President for Life of Yugoslavia 1974 1980 Appointed as President for Life according to the 1974 Constitution, died in office 1980.
Habib Bourguiba

(1903–2000) 		 Tunisia President for Life of Tunisia 1975 1987 Deposed 1987, died under house arrest 2000.
Idi Amin

(1925–2003) 		 Uganda (Second Republic) President for Life of Uganda 1976 1979 Deposed 1979, died in exile in Saudi Arabia 2003.
Lennox Sebe

(1926–1994) 		Afirka ta Kudu South Africa

({{country data Ciskei}}) 		President for Life of Ciskei 1983 1990 Deposed 1990, died 1994.
Saparmurat Niyazov

(1940–2006) 		 Turkmenistan President for Life of Turkmenistan 1999 2006 Died in office 2006.

Magana

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  1. ↑ Phillips, Tom (26 February 2018). "'Dictator for life': Xi Jinping's power grab condemned as step towards tyranny". The Guardian.
  2. ↑ "Xi Jinping Reveals Himself as an Autocrat". The Atlantic. 26 February 2018.
  3. ↑ Snyder, Timothy (3 April 2018). The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America. Crown. p. 43. ISBN 9780525574460.
  4. ↑ Chivers, C.J. (February 8, 2008). "European Group Cancels Mission to Observe Russian Election, Citing Restrictions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Constitution of the Independent State of Western Samoa 1960". University of the South Pacific. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
  6. ↑ "Ketetapan MPRS No. III/MPRS/1963". hukumonline.com.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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