Sirimavo Bandaranaike
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Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike (/ˌbændərəˈnɑːɪɪkə/;[1] Sinhala: සිරිමා රත්වත්තේ ඩයසස බණ්ඩාරනායක; Tamil: சிறிமா ரத்வத்தே டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்கே 1 April 2000), wanda aka fi sani da Sirimavo Bandaranaike,[bayanin kula na 1] 'yar siyasa ce ta Sri Lanka wadda ta zama firayim minista mace ta farko a duniya lokacin da aka zabe ta a matsayin Firayim Ministar Sri Lanka (a lokacin mulkin Ceylon) a 1960.[1] Ta shugabanci Jam'iyyar 'Yanci ta Sri Lanka (SLFP) daga 1960 zuwa 1994, kuma ta yi aiki na wa'adi uku a matsayin firayim minista daga 1960 zuwa 1965, daga 1970 zuwa 1977, da kuma daga 1994 zuwa 2000 a karkashin shugabancin 'yarta Chandrika Kumaratunga.
An haife shi a cikin dangin Sinhalese Kandyan aristocratic, Bandaranaike ya yi karatu a makarantun Katolika, na Turanci, amma ya kasance Buddha, kuma yana magana da Sinhala da Ingilishi. A matsayinta na mai karɓar bakuncin mijinta S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar gurguzu ta SLFP a 1951 kuma ya zama Firayim Minista a 1956, ta zama mai ba da shawara ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma ta mai da hankali kan inganta rayuwar mata da 'yan mata a yankunan karkara na Sri Lanka.
Bayan kisan mijinta a shekarar 1959, shugabancin jam'iyyar sun shawo kanta ta shiga siyasa kuma ta gaji marigayi mijinta a matsayin shugabar, kuma ta mayar da jam'iyyarta ga gwamnati ta hanyar kayar da UNP na Firayim Minista Dudley Senanayake a Zaben Yuli 1960. Daga nan ne Senanayake ya cire ta a Zaben 1965 kuma ta zama Shugaba na Jam'iyyar adawa, kafin ta lashe rinjaye mai yawa a shekarar 1970 saboda haɗin gwiwar zabe da aka tsara da kyau tare da jam'iyyun Marxist masu adawa.
Bandaranaike ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake fasalin tsohon Dominion na Ceylon a cikin jamhuriya mai zaman kanta ta hanyar sanya kungiyoyi a cikin banki, ilimi, masana'antu, kafofin watsa labarai da bangarorin Kasuwanci. Canja harshen gudanarwa daga Turanci zuwa Sinhala da kuma yin kamfen akai-akai kan manufofin Sinhalese da masu adawa da Tamil sun kara rashin jin daɗi tsakanin 'yan asalin Tamil, da kuma Yankin Tamils, waɗanda suka zama marasa ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Citizenship ta 1948.
A lokacin wa'adin farko na Bandaranaike a matsayin Firayim Minista kasar ta fuskanci rashin aikin yi, hauhawar farashi da haraji, kuma ta dogara da shigo da abinci. Da yake tsira daga yunkurin juyin mulki a shekarar 1962, da kuma tayar da kayar baya na matasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a shekarar 1971, a shekarar 1972 ta kula da rubuce-rubucen sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma kafa jamhuriyar Sri Lanka, ta raba shi da Daular Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1975, Bandaranaike ya kirkiro abin da zai zama Ma'aikatar Mata da Harkokin Yara ta Sri Lanka, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kasashen waje a matsayin mai tattaunawa da jagora tsakanin Al'ummomin da ba su da alaƙa.
Bayan da aka rasa J. R. Jayewardene a cikin raguwa a Zaben 1977, an kwace Bandaranaike daga 'yancin bil'adama a shekarar 1980 saboda zargin da ya yi amfani da iko a lokacin da take mulki kuma an hana ta daga gwamnati har tsawon shekaru bakwai. Sabuwar gwamnati da farko ta inganta tattalin arzikin cikin gida, amma ta kasa magance batutuwan zamantakewa, kuma ta jagoranci kasar cikin yakin basasa mai tsawo da 'yan bindiga na Tamil, wanda ya karu da zalunci, musamman lokacin da Sojojin Tsaro na Indiya suka shiga tsakani. Bandaranaike ya yi tsayayya da shigar Indiya, yana gaskanta cewa ya keta ikon mallakar Sri Lanka.
Da ta kasa lashe ofishin shugaban kasa a kan sabon shugaban UNP Ranasinghe Premadasa a shekarar 1988, ta dawo da jam'iyyarta, wacce a yanzu ta bunkasa wasu manufofi na tsakiya kuma ta ba da shawarar hanyar sulhu ga Tamils a yakin basasa, a matsayin mai dacewa a Zaben majalisa na farko bayan shekaru 12 kuma ta yi aiki a karo na biyu a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa daga 1989 zuwa 1994. Lokacin da 'yarta, wacce ta gaji ta a matsayin shugabar jam'iyya, ta lashe Zaben shugaban kasa na 1994, an nada Bandaranaike zuwa wa'adin ta na uku a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma ta yi aiki har sai da ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 2000, watanni biyu kafin mutuwarta.
Rayuwa ta farko (1916-1940)
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An haifi Bandaranaike Sirima Ratwatte a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1916 a Ellawala Walawwa, gidan kawunta a Ratnapura, a Ceylon na Burtaniya. [1][1] Mahaifiyarta ita ce Rosalind Hilda Mahawalatenne Kumarihamy, likitan Ayurvedic ne na yau da kullun, kuma mahaifinta Barnes Ratwatte ne, shugaban asalin ƙasar kuma ɗan siyasa.[1][1][1] Kakan mahaifiyarta Mahawalatenne, kuma daga baya mahaifinta, ya yi aiki a matsayin Rate Mahatmaya, shugaban asalin ƙasar, na Balangoda . [1] Mahaifinta memba ne na dangin Radala Ratwatte, shugabannin Masarautar Kandy . [1][1] Kakanninta na uba sun hada da kawunta Sir Jayatilaka Cudah Ratwatte, mutum na farko daga Kandy da ya karbi matsayin jarumi na Burtaniya, da kuma ma'aikatan majalisa da ke aiki da Sarakunan Sinhalese. [1][1][1] Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, Ratwatte, Dissawa na Matale, ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kandyan ta 1815. [1]
Sirima ita ce babba a cikin iyali na yara shida.[1] Tana da 'yan'uwa maza huɗu, Barnes Jr., Seevali, Mackie, da Clifford, da kuma' yar'uwa ɗaya, Patricia, wanda ya auri Colonel Edward James Divitotawela, wanda ya kafa Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Ceylon.[1][1] Iyalin sun zauna a walawwa, ko gidan mulkin mallaka, na kakan mahaifiyar Sirima Mahawalatenne, sannan daga baya a nasu walawwa a Balangoda. Tun tana ƙarama, Sirima tana da damar yin amfani da babban ɗakin karatu na kakanta na ayyukan wallafe-wallafen da kimiyya.[1] Ta fara halartar makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta a Balangoda, ta koma takaice a 1923 zuwa aji na farko na Ferguson High School a Ratnapura, sannan aka tura ta makarantar kwana a St Bridget's Convent, Colombo.[1][1][1] Kodayake karatunta na cikin tsarin makarantar Katolika, Sirima ta kasance mai bin addinin Buddha a duk rayuwarta [1] kuma tana da ƙwarewa a Turanci da Sinhala.[1][1]
Bayan kammala karatunta tana da shekaru 19, Sirima Ratwatte ta shiga cikin aikin zamantakewa, rarraba abinci da magani ga ƙauyukan daji, shirya asibitoci da taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar masana'antar karkara don inganta yanayin rayuwar mata na ƙauye.[1][1][1] Ta zama mai ba da kuɗi na Social Service League, tana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 1940.[1] A cikin shekaru shida masu zuwa, ta zauna tare da iyayenta yayin da suka shirya aurenta.[1] Bayan sun ƙi masu neman aure biyu - dangi, da ɗan dangin farko na Ceylon - wani mai yin wasa ya tuntubi iyayen Ratwatte wanda ya ba da shawarar haɗin kai tare da Solomon West Ridgeway Dias (S.W.R.D.) Bandaranaike, lauya mai ilimin Oxford-ya zama ɗan siyasa, wanda a lokacin Ministan Gudanarwa ne a Majalisar Jiha ta Ceylon.[1][1] Da farko, S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike ba a dauke shi daga dangin "mai karɓa" ba, saboda Ratwattes dangin Kandyan ne na aristocratic, waɗanda suka gaji hidimarsu ga dangin sarauta na gargajiya, yayin da Bandaranaikes iyali ne mai arziki daga ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci, wanda ya kasance a hidimar sarakunan mulkin mallaka na ƙarni.[1] Masu ilimin taurari sun ba da rahoton cewa horoscopes din su sun dace, an auna fa'idodin haɗa iyalai, kuma iyalin Ratwatte sun ba da amincewa.[1] Ma'auratan, wadanda suka hadu a baya, sun yarda da zaɓin.[1][1]
Kiwon iyali, aikin zamantakewa (1940-1959)
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A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1940, Ratwatte da Bandaranaike sun yi aure a Mahawelatenne Walawwa a cikin abin da 'yan jarida suka kira "auren karni" saboda girmansa. [1][2][3] Sabbin ma'aurata sun koma Wendtworth a cikin Guildford Crescent na Colombo, wanda suka hayar daga Lionel Wendt. An haifi 'ya'yansu mata, Sunethra (1943) da Chandrika (1945), a Wendtworth inda iyalin suka zauna har zuwa 1946, lokacin da mahaifin S.W.R.D. ya saya musu wani babban gida da aka sani da Tintagel a Rosmead Place a Colombo.[4][5]
Daga wannan lokacin zuwa gaba, iyalin sun rayu wani ɓangare na shekara a Tintagel kuma wani ɓangare na shekarar a gidan kakannin S.W.R.D., Horagolla Walawwa .[6] An haifi ɗa, Anura a Tintagel a shekara ta 1949.[5] A cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, Sirima Bandaranaike ta ba da mafi yawan lokacinta don tayar da iyalinta da kuma zama mai masaukin baki ga yawancin masanan siyasa na mijinta.[7]
Dukkanin 'ya'yan Bandaranaike uku sun yi karatu a kasashen waje. Sunetra ta yi karatu a Oxford, Chandrika a Jami'ar Paris, da Anura a Jami'an London. Dukansu daga baya za su dawo kuma su yi aiki a gwamnatin Sri Lanka.[8]
A shekara ta 1941 Bandaranaike ta shiga kungiyar Mahila Samiti" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs">Lanka Mahila Samiti (Lankan Women's Association), babbar kungiyar mata ta sa kai a kasar. Ta shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da yawa da Mahila Samiti ta fara don karfafa mata na karkara da taimakon bala'i.[7][9] Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta na farko shine shirin noma don saduwa da karancin samar da abinci. Ofishinta na farko, a matsayin sakatariyar kungiyar, ya haɗa da ganawa da masana aikin gona don haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin samar da amfanin shinkafa.[9] Bayan lokaci, Bandaranaike ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi, mataimakin shugaban kasa, kuma a ƙarshe shugaban Mahila Samiti, yana mai da hankali kan batutuwan ilimin 'yan mata,' yancin siyasa na mata, da shirin iyali.[7] Ta kuma kasance memba na All Ceylon Buddhist Women's Association, da Ciwon daji Society, da Ceylon National Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, da kuma Nurses Welfare Association.[5]