Siyasa ta ainihi
 Siyasa ta ainihi | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | siyasa |
Artsy gene (en)  | identity-politics-1 |
Siyasa ta ainihi siyasa ce da ta dogara da wani ainihi, kamar kabilanci, kabilanci، ƙasa, Addini, ƙungiya, jinsi, Jima'i, asalin zamantakewa, alaƙar siyasa, matsayi, Shekaru, ilimi, nanakasa, ra'ayi, hankali, da zamantakewar jama'a. Kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwa daban-daban na siyasa da maganganu, kamar manufofin ƙaura na gwamnati waɗanda ke tsara motsi da dama bisa ga ainihi, ajanda na hagu da suna shafi Siyasa ta tsakiya ko rage aji, da kuma ajanda na ƙasa na dama na ware "waɗanda" na ƙasa ko kabilanci.
Kalmar Siyasa ta ainihi ta samo asali ne daga ƙarshen karni na ashirin, kodayake tana da masu gabatarwa a cikin rubuce-rubucen mutane kamar Mary Wollstonecraft da Frantz Fanon . [1] Yawancin masu ba da shawara na zamani game da siyasar ainihi suna ɗaukar hangen nesa, wanda suke jayayya da asusun tsarin ma'amala da ke tattare da zalunci wanda zai iya shafar rayuwar mutum kuma ya samo asali ne daga asalin su daban-daban. Ga waɗannan masu ba da shawara, siyasar ainihi tana taimakawa wajen mayar da hankali ga abubuwan da suke gani kamar yadda suke fuskantar zalunci na tsarin don al'umma ta iya fahimtar ma'amala da nau'o'i daban-daban na zalunci na yawan jama'a kuma ta tabbatar da cewa babu wata kungiya da ayyukan siyasa suka shafi.[2][3][4][5] Alamun ainihi na zamani - kamar mutane na takamaiman launin fata, kabilanci, Jima'i, asalin jinsi, jima'in, shekaru, aji na tattalin arziki, matsayi na nakasassu, ilimi, addini, harshe, sana'a, jam'iyyar siyasa, matsayi na tsoho, matsayi na farfadowa, ko wuri na ƙasa - ba su da juna amma, a lokuta da yawa, sun haɗa cikin ɗaya yayin bayyana takamaiman kungiyoyi. Misali shine na mata masu luwadi na Afirka-Amurka, waɗanda zasu iya zama wani nau'i na musamman.[6]
Rashin amincewa da siyasar ainihi sau da yawa ya fito ne daga ko dai tsakiya-dama ko hagu mai nisa a kan bangaren siyasa. Yawancin 'yan gurguzu, masu adawa da Marxists sun soki siyasar ainihi saboda yanayin rarrabuwar ta, suna da'awar cewa tana samar da ainihi wanda zai iya lalata burinsu na hadin kan proletariat da gwagwarmayar aji. A gefe guda, yawancin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kafofin watsa labarai sun soki siyasar ainihi saboda wasu dalilai, kamar su cewa yana da alaƙa da nuna bambanci. Masu sukar tsakiya na tsakiya na siyasa na ainihi sun gan shi a matsayin mai son kai, ya bambanta da universalism da yawancin siyasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi ke tallafawa, ko kuma suna jayayya cewa yana jan hankali daga tsarin da ba na ainihi ba na zalunci da cin zarafi.
Wani mai sukar hagu game da siyasar ainihi, kamar na Nancy Fraser, ya yi jayayya cewa tattara siyasa bisa ga tabbatar da bambancin bambanci yana haifar da sake rarraba ƙasa - wato, sake rarraba a cikin tsarin da ke akwai da alaƙar samarwa wanda ba ya kalubalanci halin da ake ciki. Maimakon haka, Fraser ya yi jayayya, rushewar ainihi, maimakon tabbatarwa, ya fi dacewa da burin hagu na sake rarraba tattalin arziki. Masana kimiyya na Marxist kamar Kurzwelly, Pérez, da Spiegel, suna rubutawa don Dialectical Anthropology, suna jayayya cewa saboda an bayyana kalmar Siyasa ta ainihi daban-daban bisa ga matsayin akidar marubuci ko mai fafutuka, ba daidai ba ne.[7] Marubutan guda ɗaya suna jayayya a cikin wani labarin cewa siyasar ainihi sau da yawa tana haifar da haifuwa da sake fasalin ra'ayoyin ainihi, waɗanda suke ganin ba daidai ba ne.[8]
Kalmomin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]The Oxford English Dictionary ya gano kalmar nan " siyasa ta ainihi" zuwa 1973.
Mark Mazower ya rubuta game da ƙarshen karni na 20: "A gabaɗaya, gwagwarmayar siyasa ta ƙara juyawa ... a kan batutuwan 'gaskiya'. A wani lokaci a cikin shekarun 1970 an aro wannan kalmar daga ilimin halayyar jama'a kuma an yi amfani da ita tare da watsi ga al'ummomi, al'ummoki da kungiyoyi".
A ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, ƙaruwar yawan mata - wato matan Yahudawa, mata masu launi, da 'yan mata - sun soki zaton "kwarewar mace" ta yau da kullun ba tare da la'akari da bambance-bambance na musamman a cikin launin fata, kabilanci, aji, jima'i, da al'adu ba.[9] Kalmar Siyasa ta ainihi ta samo asali ne daga Combahee River Collective a shekarar 1977. Kungiyar mata ta ga siyasar ainihi a matsayin bincike wanda ya gabatar da damar da mata baƙar fata za su shiga cikin siyasa, yayin da suke aiki a matsayin kayan aiki don tabbatar da abubuwan da mata baƙi suka samu. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an yi amfani da kalmar a lokuta masu yawa tare da ma'ana daban-daban dangane da mahallin. [1] Daga baya ya sami kuɗi tare da fitowar gwagwarmayar zamantakewa, [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] yana bayyana a cikin tattaunawa daban-daban a cikin mata, 'yancin farar hula na Amurka, da ƙungiyoyin LGBT, da kuma cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da yawa da na Bayan mulkin mallaka. [10]
A cikin amfani da ilimi, kalmar Siyasa ta ainihi tana nufin ayyuka masu yawa na siyasa da kuma nazarin ka'idoji da suka samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru na rashin adalci da kungiyoyi daban-daban suka raba, galibi an cire su. A cikin wannan mahallin, siyasar ainihi tana da niyyar dawo da ƙarin ƙuduri da 'yancin siyasa ga mutanen da aka ware ta hanyar fahimtar wasu abubuwan da ke cikin salon rayuwa, da ƙalubalanci halaye da iyakokin da aka sanya a waje, maimakon shirya kawai a kusa da tsarin imani ko ƙungiyoyin jam'iyya na gargajiya.[1] Ana amfani da ainihi "a matsayin kayan aiki don tsara ikirarin siyasa, inganta akidar siyasa, ko motsawa da daidaita ayyukan zamantakewa da siyasa, yawanci a cikin babban mahallin rashin daidaito ko rashin adalci kuma tare da manufar tabbatar da bambancin rukuni da kasancewa da samun iko da karbuwa. "
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya amfani da kalmar Siyasa ta ainihi a cikin maganganun siyasa tun aƙalla shekarun 1970. An samo rubutun farko da aka sani na kalmar a cikin sanarwa ta Afrilu 1977 na kungiyar Black feminist socialist, Combahee River Collective, wanda aka buga shi da farko a cikin 1979's Capitalist Patriarchy da Case for Socialist Feminism, daga baya a cikin Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, wanda Barbara Smith, memba mai kafa kungiyar, ya shirya, wanda aka yaba da shi da ƙirƙirar kalmar. A cikin sanarwarsu ta ƙarshe, sun ce:
[A]s children we realized that we were different from boys and that we were treated different—for example, when we were told in the same breath to be quiet both for the sake of being 'ladylike' and to make us less objectionable in the eyes of white people. In the process of consciousness-raising, actually life-sharing, we began to recognize the commonality of our experiences and, from the sharing and growing consciousness, to build a politics that will change our lives and inevitably end our oppression....We realize that the only people who care enough about us to work consistently for our liberation are us. Our politics evolve from a healthy love for ourselves, our sisters and our community which allows us to continue our struggle and work. This focusing upon our own oppression is embodied in the concept of identity politics. We believe that the most profound and potentially most radical politics come directly out of our own identity, as opposed to working to end somebody else's oppression.
Siyasa ta ainihi, a matsayin yanayin rarraba, suna da alaƙa da bayanin cewa wasu kungiyoyin zamantakewa suna zalunci (kamar mata, kabilun kabilanci, da 'Yan tsiraru na jima'i); wato, ra'ayin cewa mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan kungiyoyin, ta hanyar ainihin su, sun fi fuskantar nau'o'in zalunci kamar mulkin mallaka na al'adu, tashin hankali, cin zarafin aiki, warewa, ko mamayewa.[1] Sabili da haka, ana iya ganin waɗannan layin bambancin zamantakewa a matsayin hanyoyin samun ƙarfi ko hanyoyin da za a yi aiki zuwa ga al'umma mai daidaito.[11] A Amurka, ana yawan danganta siyasar ainihi ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru waɗanda ke fama da nuna bambanci. A Kanada da Spain, an yi amfani da siyasar ainihi don bayyana ƙungiyoyin rabuwa; a Afirka, Asiya, da gabashin Turai, ya bayyana rikice-rikicen ƙabilu da kabilanci. Gabaɗaya, a Turai, siyasar ainihi ba ta da ma'ana kuma ta dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa yawancin masu shiru suna buƙatar a kare su daga duniya da shige da fice.[12]
Ta hanyar launin fata ko kabilanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Siyasa ta wariyar launin fata ta mamaye siyasar Amurka a karni na 19, a lokacin Jam'iyyar ta Biyu (1830s-1850s) da kuma Jam'iyyar Na Uku (1850s-1890s). Bayyana launin fata ya kasance babban jigon siyasar Kudancin tun lokacin da An soke bautar.[13]
Irin waɗannan alamu waɗanda suka bayyana a cikin karni na 21 ana yawan ambaton su a cikin al'adun gargajiya, kuma ana ƙara nazarin su a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da sharhin zamantakewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na siyasa da al'umma. Dukkanin mafi rinjaye da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, siyasar asalin launin fata na iya haɓaka azaman martani ga tarihin tarihin zalunci na launin fata na mutane da kuma batun asalin rukuni gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda " siyasar asalin wariyar launin fata ke amfani da sanin launin fata ko ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da gogewa a matsayin muhimmiyar tsari don fassara ayyukan da bukatun duk sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. "
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Heyes, Cressida (16 July 2002). "Identity Politics" (in Turanci). Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Heyes" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Systemic Oppression and Trauma". Center for Hunger Free Communities. Drexel University. June 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
- ↑ Garza, Alicia. "Identity Politics: Friend of Foe?".
- ↑ Smith, Barbara. "It's Really Up To Us: Barbara Smith on Combahee, Coalitions and Dismantling White Supremacy".
- ↑ "A Black Feminist Statement". January 2019.
- ↑ Gray, Mary L. (2009). ""Queer Nation is Dead/Long Live Queer Nation": The Politics and Poetics of Social Movement and Media Representation". Critical Studies in Media Communication. 26 (3): 212–236. doi:10.1080/15295030903015062. S2CID 143122754.
- ↑ Kurzwelly, Jonatan; Pérez, Moira; Spiegel, Andrew D. (2023). "Identity politics and social justice". Dialectical Anthropology (in Turanci). 47 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1007/s10624-023-09686-9. ISSN 0304-4092. S2CID 256894138 Check
|s2cid=value (help). - ↑ Kurzwelly, Jonatan; Rapport, Nigel; Spiegel, Andrew (2020). "Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism". Anthropology Southern Africa. 43 (2): 65–81. doi:10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141. S2CID 221063562.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ Ackelsberg, Martha A. (1996). "Identity Politics, Political Identities: Thoughts toward a Multicultural Politics". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 16 (1): 87–100. doi:10.2307/3346926. ISSN 0160-9009. JSTOR 3346926.
- ↑ Gray, John (26 September 2018). "Divided we stand: identity politics and the threat to democracy". www.newstatesman.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-06-11.
- ↑ Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1 January 1991). "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color". Stanford Law Review. 43 (6): 1241–99. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.5934. doi:10.2307/1229039. JSTOR 1229039. S2CID 24661090.
- ↑ Noury, Abdul; Roland, Gerard (2020). "Identity Politics and Populism in Europe". Annual Review of Political Science. 23: 421–439. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033542.
- ↑ Woodman, Harold D. (February 1997). "Class, Race, Politics, and the Modernization of the Postbellum South". The Journal of Southern History. 63 (1): 3–22. doi:10.2307/2211941. JSTOR 2211941. Retrieved May 6, 2021.